Spelling grid for the primary school course. How to emphasize spellings (emphasize letters, vowels and consonants, signs) Spelling of prefixes before and at

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. It’s not for nothing that the Russian language is called “great and powerful”. It is one of the most difficult in the world, and learning it is a real headache not only for foreigners, but even for natives.

And if with spoken language things are even more or less so (not for everyone, of course, but for the majority), then with written speech everything is much worse.

The fact is that many words in Russian they are written completely differently from how they are pronounced. Each such case requires that a person consult a textbook or dictionary.

Numerous rules – these are spellings. There are a huge number of them, and even certified philologists are sometimes unable to remember everything. But there are about 70 basic rules, and this is exactly the volume that is taught in Russian schools.

Spelling - what is it?

Spelling is the correct spelling of words, based on rules or established traditions and selected from several options.

This term, like many others, came into Russian from Ancient Greece– “orphos” (correct) and “gramma” (letter). That is, it can be literally translated as “correct letters” or “ correct writing».

Thanks to the numerous spelling patterns, even a whole science has emerged that studies and describes them - spelling.

Don’t think that we are only talking about complex words, such as synchrophasotron or izpodvypodverta. No, even in the most in simple words, for example, life, happiness, water, yellow or airplane, have their own spellings. Let's explain what we mean:

ZHI ZN - it is not immediately clear to the ear which letter is the second - “I” or “Y”;
midrange ASTIER - by ear we generally hear that this word begins with the letter “Ш”, and not with “СЧ”;
IN YES - in everyday speech we do not pronounce “O” in the first syllable, but replace it with “A”;
SAME LTY - again, although this color is written with the letter “E”, when pronounced we clearly hear “O”;
SA MO LET – again, by ear there are two letters “A” in this word, that is, we pronounce “samAlet”.

And there are also so-called non-letter spellings. These are the rules of the Russian language, which explain when to put a dash or hyphen, when (for example, not-/ni-) are written together or separately, how to correctly hyphenate words, and so on.

An example of parsing a dictation and underlining spellings

For example, analysis and underlining of spellings in dictation for primary grades (parents of first-graders may find it useful), which well demonstrates the vast scope of their use:

By the way, pay attention to the underlining style - it differs for different spellings. Here is the “legend” according to which this is done:

Here the adult gets confused, what can we say about the child...

The most important spellings

We will not list all existing spellings, but this will take too much time and space (it would be easier to read a textbook then). Let's look at the most important things that children learn in primary school.

ZHI-/SHI, CHA-/SCHA, CHU-/SCHU

Children encounter this rule already in the first grade. And from an early age we learn the phrase: “Write zhi/shi with the letter “I”, write cha/sha with the letter “A”, write ch/shu with the letter “U”.

But the whole point is that by ear we perceive completely different sounds. For example, in the words “lu live" And " shi roko" we can clearly hear the "Y" in " cha shka" and "pi now"respectively "I", and in " chu gum" and "by I feel fall" - "Yu".

Spelling: unstressed vowels in the root

Let's take, for example, the words: le dyanoy, be govaya xo baby, argu meh ntate. The underlined syllables are spellings, since it is not immediately clear in them which vowel letter should be, which means it becomes difficult to write. To avoid making a mistake, you need to choose a check word:

LE DYANOY – from the word ICE, which means you need to write it with an “E”;
BE GOVAYA - from the word RUN and again must be written with an “E”;
U XO DIT is the test word STROKE and accordingly we write through “O”;
ARSU ME NTATE – test word ARGUMENT.

One of the most difficult pairs of words related to this rule is POSV I SHCHENIE and EDUCATION E Pupping. They sound very similar, but at the same time they mean completely different things.

Yes, at POSV I The test word for SHENIA is HOLINESS, which is why the letter “I” is written, and for PROVV E The test word is LIGHT, so the letter “E” is written.

But the Russian language is complicated because it has exceptions to any rule. For example, in this case there are many words for which it is impossible to find test words. Therefore, you just need to learn their spelling by heart. These words include: p e cash, b e cutting, m A Lina, z A water, b A nan, A lmaz, choco okay, wine Gret.

Spelling: unpronounceable consonants at the root

We already mentioned the word at the beginning of the article midrange ASTIER, which is pronounced with “Ш”, but written with “СЧ”. And there are many such words, especially when a noun is converted into an adjective, and because of this, one of the consonants may be “lost” by ear. To write correctly, you must also use a check word.

SER D CE – cardiac;
IZVES T NYY – news;
STUDY T NIK – participation;
ZDRA IN STUY - health;
CO L NCE – solar;
SER D CE – cardiac;
CHES T NY – honor.

But, of course, there are words that cannot be verified in any way. Their you just need to remember. This is, for example, a forest T nice, nice d nickname, svers T nicki, chu V stva.

Spelling: prefixes ending in Z-/S-

This rule appeared in the Russian language exactly 100 years ago, when the Bolsheviks carried out a reform. Previously, all prefixes ended with the letter “Z”, and no one had any questions. Now there are divisions: voz-/re-, from-/is, once-/ras, vz-/vs-, without-/bes-, rose-/ros-.

To find out how to write a specific word, you need to pay attention to the letter that comes after the prefix. If it is a voiceless consonant (K, P, S, T, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Shch), then a prefix with “S” at the end is used.

BesK final, disK opal, rosP is, VSP gasped, voS tanning

If the prefix is followed by a voiced consonant (B, V, G, D, Zh, Z, L, M, N, R) or a vowel letter, then prefixes with “Z” are used.

without B solo, vozL come to life fromD alec, timesB cheerful, vzG yad

Spelling: verbs ending -T/-Т

Another spelling that children become familiar with in elementary school. The question is simple - when to put a soft sign after the letter “T”, and when not to. And why?

Compare:

Teach TH it's never too late
He teach T all day long

The rule here is very easy to remember. You just need to look at what question the verb answers – “what to do?” or “what does it do?” And the writing of the soft sign will depend on this.

“I appear in the sky T the first stars (what are they doing?)” and “They began to appear in the sky TH Xia the first stars (what did they start doing?)"

Spelling: adjectives with -Н- and -НН-

Another painful topic for many schoolchildren, especially when preparing for the Unified State Exam. The fact is that there are several rules at once, and which one to apply depends on the specific word.

Rule #1.

If the root of a noun ends in the letter “N”, then the adjective will already have two of them.

LENGTH - length NN y, сН - с NN th

The same applies to words whose roots end in “MYA”.

time - time NN y, seed - seme NN Ouch

At the same time, as always, there are a number of exceptions: young, pork, lamb, green, blue, spicy, peacock, crow. Although in all these words the root ends in the letter “N”.

Rule #2.

If an adjective is formed using the suffixes -ENN- and -ONN-, then two letters “N” are written, regardless of the root.

straw ENN oh, leaves ENN oh, station HE N th

And if the suffixes -AN-, -YAN- and -IN- are used, then the letter “N” remains alone.

lion IN oh, sol YANG oh, leather AN th

Exceptions- TIN, WOODEN, WOOD.

Previously, schools even said that they were easy to remember if you imagined a window. It has a glass base, a wooden frame, and a pewter handle.

Rule #3.

Two letters "N" are also formed from verbs:

washed NN y (wash), offend NN y (to offend), buy NN y (buy), heat NN y (fry).

But again there are exceptions, which include established expressions:

"In the end N th person", "name N oh sister", "plant N oh father", "simpler N Oh Sunday."

Summary

Of course, in our time less attention has been paid to spelling patterns. After all, we now write most tests not by hand, but type them on computers and gadgets. And they have special programs that will correct any errors.

But these technical innovations are unlikely to help schoolchildren when passing exams. And adults also have to write something on their own from time to time. And without knowing the rules (spelling patterns), it is very easy to be considered illiterate.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

Unstressed verifiable vowels in the root and the spelling "cha, sha"

Children begin to learn this rule, as a rule, in first grade or kindergarten. The rule helps you find out which letter is written at the root of a word. For example, in the word "och_rovaniye" you can write both the letter "o" and the letter "a". To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to choose the appropriate word “chara”, because here the emphasis falls on the letter “a”. This means that “charm” is also written with the letter “a” at the root.

It is worth considering that spelling patterns in Russian can overlap. For example, another, no less important rule would be the spelling “cha, sha.” Words starting with "cha, sha" are always written with the letter "a". For example, thicket, chara, charm, cup, etc.

Unverifiable vowels in the root of a word

Unchecked vowels at the root of a word are the least favorite rule of schoolchildren in primary school. After all, when writing words with such a spelling, no rules will help. Spellings of the Russian language with an uncheckable vowel are fundamentally not checked; the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, factory, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.

Unpronounceable consonants at the root of words

It is very important to study the rule because this spelling is often found in writing. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are radically checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silent - rumor, etc.

ending in z-, s-

In fact, people often make mistakes in prefixes ending in z- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Spellings of prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. The prefixes for z- and s- are: voz-/res-, through-/through-, vz-/vs-, voz-/res-, from-/is-, once-/ras-, without-/bes- and roses-/ros-.

In order to understand which letter is being written, you need to look at the next one. If the consonant letter following the prefix is unvoiced (k, p, t, sh, shch, f, x, ch, s, c), then the prefix is written with the letter “s”, this rule is provided for in the Russian language. Spelling patterns indicate that if the subsequent sound is voiced, then a prefix ending in “z” is written. Examples with “s”: flare up, painting, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with “z”: excessive, joyless, product, look, etc.

fundamentally

Alternating vowels in roots is an important rule that will accompany the student from the 5th to the 11th grade. There is no spelling in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Exam.

Spelling patterns for the Russian language provide for the existence of four alternation groups, each of which must be considered in detail:

Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:

Ber-/bir-, -ter-/-tir-, -per-/-pir-, -steel-/-steel-, -brilliant-/-blist-, -der-/-dir-.

At the root of the word the letter “i” is written if the suffix -a- follows: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.

The root of the word is written “a” if the suffix is -a-: touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.

Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress in the word:

Gar-/-gor-, -creature-/-creation-, -clan-/-clone-, -zar-/-zor-.

If the emphasis in a word falls on the letter “a”, then the root is also written “a”: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.

If the stress in a word does not fall on the root, then it is written “o”: creation, bow, sunbathe, dawn, etc.

The spelling of a vowel in the root of a word depends on the letter behind that vowel:

Growing-/-growing-/-grove-, -jumping-/-skoch-.

The letter "a" is written before "st" and "sch": plant, grown, etc. The letter "o" is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, moneylender, Rostov, etc.

“A” is written before “k”, and “o” is written before “h”: jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, gallop, etc.

The spelling of a vowel fundamentally depends on the meaning:

Mak-/-mok-, -equal-/-equal-.

In the first case, it is written “a” if the meaning of the word has the meaning of immersion in water: to dip, dip, etc. It is written “o” with the meaning of liquid: wet, to get wet, wet, etc.

In the second case, it is written “a” when the meaning is synonymous with the word “same”: equal, equal, etc. It is written “o” when the meaning is synonymous with the word “straight”: even, align, etc.

Letters "i", "s" after "ts"

The Russian language is rich in various rules. Spellings occur here and there. This is exactly the case with the letters “i”, “s” after the consonant “ts”, schoolchildren very often get confused in their spelling. In fact, in order to correctly write words with such a spelling, you need to remember in which cases you write “and” and in which “s”:

“and” is written at the root of words: number, quote, circus, cylinder, etc.
“and” is written in words starting with “tion”: nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
“y” is written in the endings and suffixes of words: (no) queen, (shawl) Lisitsyn, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
“s” is written in exception words: gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, chick, tiptoe, etc.

Spelling of prefixes pre- and pre-

The spelling of prefixes makes the Russian language quite complicated. Spellings for this part of the word are contained very often and in large quantities. However, the rule is quite easy to remember.

The prefix pre- is used when:

It has the meaning to stop, block, successor, etc.
Gives the word the highest degree of quality: precious, kind, extol, excel, exceed, etc.

The prefix is used when:

Proximity matters: seaside, homestead, court, station, etc.
It has the meaning of addition and approximation: fasten, bring, etc.
Indicates the incompleteness of the action: close, lie down, begin, subside, etc.
Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, muffle, etc.

As you know, all spellings of the Russian language have been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, you need to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. Schools go over every spelling rule carefully.

Dear adults! You probably don't want:

1) do lessons and assignments in Russian with your child until grade 11;

2) despite 5 hours of Russian a week - you will get your own illiterate child (the wrong teacher, whom you scolded so much, will remain in school, and you will still have to live with an illiterate family member);

3) on each of these 5 days (when the Russian language is on the schedule) expect a bad grade (and there are more than 30 school weeks in a year. Multiply by all years of study. Very stressful);

4) have big problems with the GIA (Russian exam, which is taken at the end of the ninth grade. And time flies, believe me, very quickly);

5) have big problems with the Unified State Exam (I won’t even explain about the Unified State Exam).

All this CANNOT BE AVOIDED

if your child

WILL NOT LEARN TO SEE SPELLING GRAPHICS.

Spelling is a “mistaken” place in a word. For example, there are no spellings in the word MAMA. As we hear, we write. And in the word WATER, it is not clear how to spell WATER or WADA.

And don’t forget that if this is clear to you personally, then your child has yet to understand all this. And your usual explanations to the baby, like:

What is there that you don’t understand? The hedgehog (hare, ram, giraffe) understands!

Who did you look like?

Since you’re so stupid, I’ll take your tablet (I won’t let you watch a cartoon, I won’t let you go for a walk, you’ll stand in the corner)

And what do they teach you at school?

All your similar explanations (I gave a very incomplete list) will not help. What do they teach at school? They learn to highlight spellings. And this is necessary, first of all, for you and your child. The teacher herself is already quite literate, and she won’t be able to pass the State Examination with the Unified State Exam, as your child will soon be able to do.

Therefore, trust your teacher and make sure that your child never forgets to highlight spelling patterns in his homework.

And another very important thing. Those spelling tests that a child goes through starting from the first grade - ALL OF THEM ARE IN THE GIA and USE.

In the first grade, Russian lessons last a little over a couple of months. During this time, you will study at least 10 spellings in ANY RUSSIAN PROGRAM. Of course, they will be reinforced hundreds of times in second grade. But in second grade new spelling patterns will appear. And so on with each subsequent class. Therefore it cannot be launched. Not at all.

Especially advanced parents - “users” of the Russian language can read an appeal to teachers, which explains the method of finding spelling patterns.

MANDATORY SPELLING REVIEW. FIRST GRADE

For teachers

To achieve practically absolute literacy, the teacher needs, starting from the first grade, to plan Russian language lessons so that at EACH LESSON several sentences are pronounced by the CHILDREN IN A CHAIN IN ALL SPELLING GRAMS.

If you don’t start pronouncing spellings from the VERY BEGINNING of 1st grade, then in 2nd, and even more so in 3rd and 4th grades, teaching children to SEE ALL SPELLINGS, which means it will be very difficult to AVOID MISTAKES, and children will just write at random.

Below is an example dictation for the end of first grade. There are 20 words in the dictation. Of these, only 2 words are WITHOUT SPELLING. In ALL other words, IT IS NECESSARY TO TEACH CHILDREN TO SEE AND SPEAK SPELLING GRAMS. And even such a small dictation is “enough” to work along the chain for at least 31 people in the class.

If there are more children (or there are fewer spellings in another dictation), then you can, for example, invite the children to return to words with the spelling “tested unstressed vowel at the root of the word” or “paired consonant in a weak position” and ask them to come up with other test words.

At first, it takes children even more time to pronounce all the spellings than to write a dictation. But by doing this type of work SYSTEMATICALLY in class, children not only find spelling patterns faster (and therefore understand “mistaken” places), but also begin to write much more competently.

Each class has its own weak points. Therefore, the list of detailed recitation can be expanded. For the first grade, this is an indicator of the softness of a consonant with vowels, the spelling of Y, the transfer of words, and much more - at the discretion of the teacher.

At first, it is better to give the child a star, a sticker, etc. for finding EACH SPELLING, SPEAKING AND CHECKING IT. So that the very process of such an important finding of spellings turns into an exciting game.

List of required first grade spellings

to pronounce IN EVERY WORD

Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence.
Proper names.
Combinations ZHI-SHI, CHA-SHA, CHU-SCHU.
A soft sign is an indicator of softness.
Separating soft sign*.
Combinations CHK-CHN.
Tested unstressed vowels at the root of the word.
Unverifiable unstressed vowels at the root of a word (dictionary words).
Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end of a word.
Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word.*
Proper names.
Prepositions.

* The separating soft sign is not accepted in all first class programs.

* Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word are not covered in all first-grade programs.

A few words about writing a dictation

CHILDREN WILL RECORD THE WORDS IN THE DICTANT IN THE FIRST GRADE, ALWAYS SPEAKING THEM SYLLABLE-BY-SYLLABLE WITH THEIR LIPS OR WHISPERING.
WHEN WRITING, ALL SPELLINGS ARE HIGHLIGHTED WITH A GREEN PEN.
IF YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE ONE HUNDRED PERCENT LITERACY, THEN YOU MUST WRITE MINI-DICTANTS IN CLASS EVERY DAY. AT LEAST 2 SENTENCES WITH 3 WORDS EACH. BUT WRITE EVEN SUCH A MICRODICTANT EVERY DAY.

Dictation.

Masha and I are going for a walk in the thicket. Lilies of the valley are blooming. Here is a prickly hedgehog running quickly. Fluffy mice squeak*. Birds are building* nests. (20 words)

Sample of oral debriefing in class

We
WITH
Mashey- we write with a capital letter. Spelling - a proper name is written with a capital letter.
Let's go- there are no spellings.
They're partying b- spelling - soft sign - an indicator of softness.
IN- this is a pretext. This means that it is written separately from the word.
Cha shu- we write cha with A. Spelling - the combinations cha-sha are written with the letter A.
Cha I feel- we write chu with U. Spelling - the combinations chu-shu are written with the letter U.
.
Ts vetut- we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.
Color it's here- spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word COLOR.
Landes shi
. - At the end of the sentence there is a period.
Here- we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.
Fast O- a dictionary word. Spelled FAST ABOUT.
B e lives- spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word RUN.
Be life- we write zhi with I. Spelling - combinations zhi-shi are written with the letter I.
TO oh darling- spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word INJECTION.
Yo and- spelling - paired consonant in weak position. Test word HEDGEHOG.
. - At the end of the sentence there is a period.
P are looking- we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.
P and chat- spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word SEEK.
Pi now- now we write with A. Spelling - combinations of cha-sha are written with the letter A.
Pu Shitty- we write shi with I. Spelling - combinations zhi-shi are written with the letter I.
We sh ki- spelling paired consonant in weak position. Test word MOUSE.
. - At the end of the sentence there is a period.
Birds- we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.
Petit chk and- spelling - combinations CHK-CHN are written without a soft sign.
IN there- spelling - soft separating sign.
Nests- there are no spellings.
. - At the end of the sentence there is a period

Uzorova O.V.

Underlining spelling patterns is a topic that extends from grades 1-2 all the way up to the 11th grade, and if you understand the principles of underlining in the elementary grades, it will be much easier for your child to study in high school. All the rules of the Russian language are studied in elementary school, then only the development of experience in their application occurs.

Spellings are letters in a weak position. What does it mean? These are the places in words and sentences where someone might make a mistake contrary to the rules or the dictionary. But even if a child has figured out what a spelling is, the question always arises of how to emphasize it.

It is generally accepted to underline spellings with one dash, and identifying features of spellings with two.

List of required first grade spellings

Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence.
Proper names.
Combinations ZHI-SHI, CHA-SCHA, CHU-SCHU.
A soft sign is an indicator of softness.
Separating soft sign*.
Combinations CHK-CHN.
Tested unstressed vowels at the root of the word.
Unverifiable unstressed vowels at the root of a word (dictionary words).
Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end of a word.
Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word.*
Proper names.
Prepositions.

* The separating soft sign is not accepted in all first class programs.

* Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word are not covered in all first-grade programs.

An example of a dictation with analysis and underlining of spellings

Masha and I are going for a walk in the thicket. Lilies of the valley are blooming. Here is a prickly hedgehog running quickly. Fluffy mice squeak*. Birds are building* nests. (20 words)

Sample oral debriefing

We write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.

S is a preposition. This means that it is written separately from the word.

We write Mashey with a capital letter. Spelling - a proper name is written with a capital letter.

Let's go - there are no spellings.

Walk - spelling - a soft sign indicating softness.

B is a preposition. This means that it is written separately from the word.

C h a shu - cha is written with A. Spelling - combinations of cha-scha are written with the letter A. Ch is underlined with 2 dashes, A with one

Thicket u - schu is written with U. Spelling - combinations chu-schu are written with the letter U. Shch is underlined with 2 dashes, U one.

Ts vetut - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.

Color here - spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word TsVÉ T. (We must put an accent to show that the vowel is unstressed).

Lily of the valley and - shi are written with I. Spelling - the combinations zhi-shi are written with the letter I. Sh is underlined with 2 dashes, and with one dash.

. – At the end of the sentence there is a period.

In from - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.

Quickly is a dictionary word. It is written FAST. At the end O. Emphasis on the sound Y.

Bezhit - spelling - the unstressed vowel at the root of the word being checked. Test word BE G.

Bezh and t - zhi are written with I. Spelling - the combinations zhi-shi are written with the letter I. Zh is underlined with two, and one.

Kolyuchy - spelling - a verifiable unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Test word UKÓ L.

Hedgehog - spelling - paired consonant in a weak position. Test word YOZH AND K.

. – At the end of the sentence there is a period.

When looking for P, we write it with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.

Pi shát - spelling - a verifiable unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Test word pi sk.

Pish a t - we write it with A. Spelling - the combinations cha-sha are written with the letter A.

Push and stye - we write shi with I. Spelling - the combinations zhi-shi are written with the letter I.

Mice ki - spelling paired consonant in a weak position. Test word mouse and .

. – At the end of the sentence there is a period.

P birds - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter.

Ptichk and - spelling - combinations CHK-CHN are written without a soft sign. Cheka is emphasized by two features.

V yu t – spelling – soft separating sign.

Nests - no spelling.

. – At the end of the sentence there is a period.

Selecting spellings

1. Capital letters, punctuation marks, b the indicator of softness must be emphasized with one line.

2. We underline the letters where you can make a mistake in dictionary words and put emphasis.

3. We emphasize the combinations cha-sha, chu-shu, zhi-shi. The consonant in these letter combinations is two strokes, the vowel is one.

4. We emphasize the combinations chk-chn with two features.

5. We underline the unstressed vowels being tested with one line and place emphasis. In the test word, the vowel on which the stress falls is underlined by two strokes.

lo vil - ulo in

6. We underline the paired consonants being tested with one line. In the test word, we also emphasize this consonant with one line, and the vowel behind it with two.*

oak - oak s, lodge ka - lodge e k

7. We emphasize unpronounceable consonants at the roots of words with one line. In the test word, the same consonant must also be underlined with 1 line, and the letter following it with two lines. If there is no unpronounceable consonant, we underline the suspicious letter combination with one line, and in the test word, the first letter of the letter combination with one line, and the second letter after it with two lines.*

local - local, dangerous - dangerous

8. The separating soft sign or hard sign must be underlined with one line, and the letters that it separates with two.

9. We emphasize the doubled consonant with one line.

*some teachers require that in a test word the consonant being tested be underlined with two lines, and the vowel behind it with one line.

From the fourth grade, when indicating a spelling, the teacher may require that the part of the word in which the spelling is found be identified - a prefix, root, suffix or ending.