Slide 2
In the mid-20s, the problem of industrialization came to the fore. This was explained by the need: to create MTB socialism, achieve economic independence of the country, strengthen its defense capability. Stalin, taking advantage of the next crisis of the NEP, announced the “offensive of socialism along the entire front.” The accelerated development of basic industries (fuel and raw materials, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc.) on which the general state of the economy depended came to the fore. 1. Reasons for industrialization. Cultural property intended for sale abroad.
Slide 3
In the West, industrialization was carried out at the expense of funds received from the development of agriculture and light industry. But in the USSR there was no time to implement this approach. Therefore, industrialization was carried out through the plunder of the village and the sale abroad of raw materials, bread, food, etc. cultural values. In conditions of limited resources, management moved to their centralized distribution and to the planning of the entire economy. 1. Reasons for industrialization. American equipment
Slide 4
Millions of people responded to Stalin's call with enthusiasm. It was not possible to fulfill the five-year plan, but a huge step forward was made in the industrialization of the country. Heavy industry production increased 2.8 times, industrial giants were built - the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant , Magnitka, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants, Turksib, aviation, chemical electrical industries, etc. appeared. The USSR reduced the import of foreign equipment 2. The first five-year plan. Dneproges dam.
Slide 5
The huge scale of economic transformations required a huge amount of labor. In 1930, the last labor exchange was closed in the USSR. But the bulk of the workers were unskilled. To solve this problem, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions were opened in the USSR, and evening classes were opened faculties and factories of technical colleges. Over 5 years, 130 thousand specialists were trained, mainly from workers 3. Social aspects of the 1st Five-Year Plan. Announcements about the recruitment of workers.
Slide 6
The 2nd Five-Year Plan did not lead to an increase in the standard of living of the population. Food cards were abolished, but the general price level increased. Workers were forced to sign up for government loans. Housing conditions did not improve, as the number of residents in cities grew. At this time, the Stakhanov movement arose. In 1935, A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production norm by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries. Stakhanovites received up to 2,000 rubles a month and received awards. 5. Stakhanov movement. A. Stakhanov. in mine
Slide 7
This led to stratification in society. Soon, production standards were increased by 20% and the salaries of the majority of workers fell. They often changed places of work and violated labor discipline. In response, work books were introduced, which were required when hiring, and the amount of social benefits was made dependent on continuous work experience in one place. In the 30s. These measures were further tightened. 5. Stakhanov movement. Stakhanovites: M. Mazai, N. Izotov, P. Krivonos, A. Busygin, P. Angelina, E. Vinogradova.
View all slides
I.S.Stallin
Taking emergency measures:
- accelerated pace
- central planning
N.I. Bukharin
- gradual pace
- market elements.
USSR during the first five-year plans:
Produced
Tractors thousand pcs.
Cars
Produced in 1928
Plan for 1932
Stalin's amendments to the plan
Stakhanov movement:
Results of industrialization:
indicators for
industries
Coal, million tons per year
Iron ore, million tons.
Cast iron, million tons per year
Steel, million tons per year
Cars thousand pcs.
Tractors, thousand units
Harvesters, thousand units
29
9
4,2
4,3
0
0
0
189
29
14,6
13,9
200
100
45
Achievements of goals
- Unemployment eliminated
What was the payment for success:
- famine 1932-33
- village robbery
- mass repression
Lesson question!
Industrialization goals:
XIV Party Congress 1925 - course towards industrialization
Alternative approaches to industrialization Stalin and Bukharin Who is right?
Two points of view on industrialization
I.S.Stallin
Taking emergency measures:
- accelerated pace
- development of heavy industry
- collectivization of peasant farms
- liquidation of the kulaks as a class
- central planning
N.I. Bukharin
Inclusion of economic levers:
- gradual pace
- development of light industry.
- development of the cooperative movement in the village
- increased taxation of kulaks
- market elements.
USSR during the first five-year plans:
Produced
Tractors thousand pcs.
Cars
Produced in 1928
Plan for 1932
Stalin's amendments to the plan
Actually produced in 1932.
Stakhanov movement:
In 1935, coal miner A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production rate by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries.
Results of industrialization:
indicators for
industries
Actual power in 1913
Capacity commissioned during industrialization
Coal, million tons per year
Iron ore, million tons.
Cast iron, million tons per year
Steel, million tons per year
Cars thousand pcs.
Tractors, thousand units
Harvesters, thousand units
29
9
4,2
4,3
0
0
0
189
29
14,6
13,9
200
100
45
Achievements of goals
- The USSR is an industrial-agrarian country
- New industries created
- The country's economic independence has been achieved
- A powerful military-industrial complex has been created
- The material and technical base of the national economy has been reconstructed
- Unemployment eliminated
What was the payment for success:
- decline in living standards of the population
- light industry lag
- famine 1932-33
- village robbery
- mass repression
- Determine the causes, goals and sources of industrialization.
- Consider possible options for industrialization.
- Study the results and consequences of industrialization.
- Find out the origins of the labor heroism of Soviet people during the years of industrialization.
Lesson question!
What helped the Soviet Union to industrialize in a short time?
Industrialization goals:
- To ensure the economic independence of the Soviet Union from foreign countries.
- Create a basis for the development of the Armed Forces.
- Increase the size of the industrial working class—the main support of the ruling party.
- Raise the standard of living of the population.
XIV Party Congress 1925 - course towards industrialization
Alternative approaches to industrialization Stalin and Bukharin Who is right?
Two points of view on industrialization
I.S.Stallin
Taking emergency measures:
- accelerated pace
- development of heavy industry
- collectivization of peasant farms
- liquidation of the kulaks as a class
- central planning
N.I. Bukharin
Inclusion of economic levers:
- gradual pace
- development of light industry.
- development of the cooperative movement in the village
- increased taxation of kulaks
- market elements.
USSR during the first five-year plans:
Produced
Tractors thousand pcs.
Cars
Produced in 1928
Plan for 1932
Stalin's amendments to the plan
Actually produced in 1932.
Stakhanov movement:
In 1935, coal miner A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production rate by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries.
Results of industrialization:
indicators for
industries
Actual power in 1913
Capacity commissioned during industrialization
Coal, million tons per year
Iron ore, million tons.
Cast iron, million tons per year
Steel, million tons per year
Cars thousand pcs.
Tractors, thousand units
Harvesters, thousand units
29
9
4,2
4,3
0
0
0
189
29
14,6
13,9
200
100
45
Achievements of goals
- The USSR is an industrial-agrarian country
- New industries created
- The country's economic independence has been achieved
- A powerful military-industrial complex has been created
- The material and technical base of the national economy has been reconstructed
- Unemployment eliminated
What was the payment for success:
- decline in living standards of the population
- light industry lag
- famine 1932-33
- village robbery
- mass repression
View document contents
"Industrialization in the USSR"
- Determine the causes, goals and sources of industrialization.
- Consider possible options for industrialization.
- Study the results and consequences of industrialization.
- Find out the origins of the labor heroism of Soviet people during the years of industrialization.
- Let's get acquainted with the features of industrialization in the USSR in the 30s.
- Let us consider the social problems of the first five-year plans. The GULAG system.
- At what cost was the success of industrialization achieved? What are the results of industrialization?
AT THE LESSON!!!
Lesson question!!!
What helped the Soviet Union to industrialize in a short time?
Indicate in your notebook!!! Years, events, facts in table form!!!
- To ensure the economic independence of the Soviet Union from foreign countries.
- Create a basis for the development of the Armed Forces.
- Increase the size of the industrial working class, the main support of the ruling party.
- Raise the standard of living of the population.
Task:
“To transform the USSR from a country importing machinery and equipment into a country producing them.”
I.V.Stalin
Grain procurement crisis: causes and ways out
Stalin I.I. .
Causes of the crisis
Bukharin N.I. .
Weak industry generates
commodity hunger.
Main culprit
Fist saboteur
implementation of the economic course.
Ways out
Political leader of the country.
Industrialization and collectivization.
Search for economic leverage.
Two points of view for industrialization.
I.V.Stalin
N.I. Bukharin
Taking emergency measures:
- accelerated pace
- development of heavy industry
- collectivization of peasant farms
- liquidation of the kulaks as a class
- central planning
Incorporating economic levers :
- gradual pace
- development of light industry.
- development of the cooperative movement in the village
- increased taxation of kulaks
- market elements.
“There are no fortresses that the Bolsheviks would not take”
“The work proceeded along the lines of correcting and clarifying the five-year plan in the sense of increasing the pace and reducing the time frame... People who chatter about the need to reduce the rate of development of our industry are enemies of socialism, agents of our class enemies”
I.V.Stalin.
Produced
Produced in 1928
Plan for 1932
Tractors
Stalin's amendments to the plan
Cars
Actually produced in 1932.
Industrial production during the first five-year plans
Plan for 1932
Produced in 1932
Produced in 1928
Magnitogorsk,
Kuznetsky
metallurgical plants
Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor factories.
Chelyabinsk Tractor
Results of five-year plans
Dneproges
The first five-year plan 1928-1932
Second Five-Year Plan 1933-1937
Azovstal, Zaporizhstal
Mines of Donbass and Kuzbass
Ural and Kramotor heavy engineering plants. Aviation factories in Kharkov, Moscow, Kuibyshev.
Moscow and Gorky Automobile Plants
Loans from the public
Grain export
Organization of competition and drumming
Sale of raw materials (oil, timber), gold, museum treasures
Work enthusiasm
- Former peasants became workers overnight
- . The workers found themselves completely dependent on labor—if you didn’t work, you starved.
- Thousands of Gulag prisoners - victims of repression - worked and died in the construction of industrial giants
“ Enthusiasm ... and for the years of the first five-year plan you can’t find another word, it was enthusiasm that inspired
the youth
for daily
exploits."
I. Ehrenburg
In 1935, coal miner A. Stakhanov exceeded the coal production rate by 14 times. His initiative spread to other industries.
Alexey Stakhanov
M.Mazay
N.Izotov
P Krivonos
A. Busygin
P.Angelina
E. Vinogradova
Commissioning of critical production facilities
indicators for
industries
Actual power in 1913
Coal, million tons per year Iron ore, million tons Cast iron, million tons per year Steel, million tons per year Cars thousand pcs. Tractors, thousand units Harvesters, thousand units
Capacity commissioned during industrialization
29 9 4,2 4,3 0 0 0
189 29 14,6 13,9 200 100 45
Average annual growth rate of industrial
products in the USSR, USA, England and France
Countries
1918–1929
1. USSR All industry Large industry
2. USA
3. England
4. France
1930–1941
6,9 9,7
16,5 18,0
– 2,2
1.What changes occurred in the economy of the USSR during industrialization?
2.What new industries appeared in the structure of the Soviet economy during industrialization?
3.Which branches of industrialization developed most successfully?
- The USSR is an industrial-agrarian country
- New industries created
- The country's economic independence has been achieved
- A powerful military-industrial complex has been created
- The material and technical base of the national economy has been reconstructed
- Unemployment eliminated
1935 Stalin I.V. .: “Life has become better, life has become more fun”
- decline in living standards of the population
- light industry lag
- famine 1932-33
- village robbery
- mass repression
“Stalin’s industrialization based on the enslavement of the peasantry, mass repressions, forced labor, and state oppression is, although fast, a very one-sided and superficial modernization.”
What is industrialization Socialist industrialization of the USSR (Stalinist industrialization) is the process of accelerated expansion of the industrial potential of the USSR to reduce the gap between the economy and developed capitalist countries, carried out in the 1930s. Socialist industrialization of the USSR (Stalinist industrialization) is the process of accelerated expansion of the industrial potential of the USSR to reduce the gap between the economy and developed capitalist countries, carried out in the 1930s. The official goal of industrialization was to transform the USSR from a predominantly agricultural country into a leading industrial power. The official goal of industrialization was to transform the USSR from a predominantly agricultural country into a leading industrial power.
First stage The beginning of socialist industrialization as an integral part of the “triple task of radical reconstruction of society” (industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and cultural revolution) was laid by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy (). At the same time, private commodity and capitalist forms of economy were eliminated. The beginning of socialist industrialization as an integral part of the “triple task of a radical reconstruction of society” (industrialization, collectivization of agriculture and cultural revolution) was laid by the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy (). At the same time, private commodity and capitalist forms of economy were eliminated.
During the pre-war five-year plans in the USSR, rapid growth in production capacity and production volumes of heavy industry was ensured. According to popular belief, this later allowed the USSR to win the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. The increase in industrial power in the 1930s was considered within the framework of Soviet ideology one of the most important achievements of the USSR. During the pre-war five-year plans in the USSR, rapid growth in production capacity and production volumes of heavy industry was ensured. According to popular belief, this subsequently allowed the USSR to win the Great Patriotic War. The increase in industrial power in the 1930s was considered within the framework of Soviet ideology one of the most important achievements of the USSR.
GOELRO Plan (short for State Commission for Electrification of Russia) (short for State Commission for Electrification of Russia) The plan provided for the rapid development of the electric power industry, tied to territorial development plans. The GOELRO plan, designed for 1015 years, provided for the construction of 30 regional power stations with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW. The project covered eight main economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan). The plan provided for the accelerated development of the electric power industry, tied to territorial development plans. The GOELRO plan, designed for 1015 years, provided for the construction of 30 regional power stations with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW. The project covered eight main economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan).
From the NEP... Until 1928, the USSR pursued a relatively liberal “New Economic Policy” (NEP). While agriculture, retail trade, services, food and light industry were largely in private hands, the state retained control over heavy industry, transport, banks, wholesale and international trade. Until 1928, the USSR pursued a relatively liberal “New Economic Policy” (NEP). While agriculture, retail trade, services, food and light industry were largely in private hands, the state retained control over heavy industry, transport, banks, wholesale and international trade.
Towards a planned economy From a foreign policy point of view, the country was in hostile conditions, which required thorough rearmament. However, it was impossible to begin such rearmament due to the backwardness of heavy industry. The government believed that one of the factors hindering the development of industry in cities was the lack of food. From a foreign policy point of view, the country was in hostile conditions, which required thorough rearmament. However, it was impossible to begin such rearmament due to the backwardness of heavy industry. The government believed that one of the factors hindering the development of industry in cities was the lack of food. The party leadership intended to solve these problems through a planned redistribution of resources between agriculture and industry. The party leadership intended to solve these problems through a planned redistribution of resources between agriculture and industry.
The first five-year plan The main task of the introduced planned economy was to build up the economic and military power of the state at the highest possible pace. The main task of the introduced planned economy was to build up the economic and military power of the state at the highest possible pace. The developed draft of the first five-year plan (October 1, 1928 October 1, 1933) was approved at the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (April 1929) as a set of carefully thought out and realistic tasks. The developed draft of the first five-year plan (October 1, 1928 October 1, 1933) was approved at the XVI Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (April 1929) as a set of carefully thought out and realistic tasks. The country had to expand the construction of new industries, increase production of all types of products and begin producing new equipment. The country had to expand the construction of new industries, increase production of all types of products and begin producing new equipment.
Mobilizing the Population First of all, using propaganda, the party leadership mobilized the population in support of industrialization. The Komsomol members in particular received it with enthusiasm. There was no shortage of cheap labor, since after collectivization, a large number of yesterday’s rural residents moved from rural areas to cities due to poverty, hunger and the arbitrariness of the authorities. First of all, using propaganda, the party leadership ensured the mobilization of the population in support of industrialization. The Komsomol members in particular received it with enthusiasm. There was no shortage of cheap labor, since after collectivization, a large number of yesterday’s rural residents moved from rural areas to cities due to poverty, hunger and the arbitrariness of the authorities. Millions of people selflessly, almost by hand, built hundreds of factories, power plants, laid railways and subways. Often I had to work three shifts. Millions of people selflessly, almost by hand, built hundreds of factories, power plants, laid railways and subways. Often I had to work three shifts.
First results In 1930, construction began on about 1,500 objects, of which 50 absorbed almost half of all capital investments. In 1930, construction began on about 1,500 facilities, of which 50 absorbed almost half of all capital investments. A number of gigantic industrial structures were erected: DneproGES, metallurgical plants in Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk and Uralmash, tractor factories in Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Kharkov, Uralvagonzavod, GAZ, ZIS (modern ZIL), etc. In 1935 The first stage of the Moscow Metro opened with a total length of 11.2 km. A number of gigantic industrial structures were erected: DneproGES, metallurgical plants in Magnitogorsk, Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk and Uralmash, tractor factories in Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Kharkov, Uralvagonzavod, GAZ, ZIS (modern ZIL), etc. In 1935 The first stage of the Moscow Metro opened with a total length of 11.2 km.
Industrialization of Agriculture Attention was also paid to the industrialization of agriculture. Attention was also paid to the industrialization of agriculture. Thanks to the emergence of the domestic tractor industry, in 1932 the USSR refused to import tractors from abroad, and in 1934 the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began producing the Universal row crop tractor, which became the first domestic tractor exported abroad. During the ten pre-war years, about 700 thousand tractors were produced, which amounted to 40% of their world production. Thanks to the emergence of the domestic tractor industry, in 1932 the USSR refused to import tractors from abroad, and in 1934 the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began producing the Universal row crop tractor, which became the first domestic tractor exported abroad. During the ten pre-war years, about 700 thousand tractors were produced, which amounted to 40% of their world production.
Personnel training Engineers were invited from abroad, many well-known companies, such as Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG and General Electric, were involved in the work and supplied modern equipment Engineers were invited from abroad, many well-known companies, such as Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG and General Electric were involved in the work and supplied modern equipment. In order to create our own engineering base, a domestic system of higher technical education was urgently created. In 1930, universal primary education was introduced in the USSR, and compulsory seven-year education in cities. In order to create our own engineering base, a domestic system of higher technical education was urgently created. In 1930, universal primary education was introduced in the USSR, and compulsory seven-year education in cities.
Reward and Incentive To increase incentives to work, pay has become more closely tied to performance. To increase incentives to work, pay became more closely tied to productivity. First of all, the drummers at the factories were simply better fed. (During the period, the urban population was provided with ration cards for the most important food products). First of all, the drummers at the factories were simply better fed. (During the period, the urban population was provided with ration cards for the most important food products). In 1935, the “Stakhanovite movement” appeared, in honor of the mine miner A. Stakhanov, who, according to official information of that time, on the night of August 30-31, 1935, completed 14.5 norms per shift. In 1935, the “Stakhanovite movement” appeared, in honor of the mine miner A. Stakhanov, who, according to official information of that time, on the night of August 30-31, 1935, completed 14.5 norms per shift.
Negative aspects Since capital investment in heavy industry almost immediately exceeded the previously planned amount and continued to grow, money supply (that is, the printing of paper money) was sharply increased, which led to rising prices and shortages of consumer goods. As capital investment in heavy industry almost immediately exceeded the previously planned amount and continued to grow, money supply (that is, the printing of paper money) was sharply increased, which led to rising prices and shortages of consumer goods. To obtain foreign currency necessary to finance industrialization, methods such as the sale of paintings from the Hermitage collection were used. To obtain foreign currency necessary to finance industrialization, methods such as the sale of paintings from the Hermitage collection were used.
Results of the first five-year plan At the end of 1932, it was announced that the first five-year plan had been successfully and ahead of schedule in four years and three months. Summing up its results, Stalin said that heavy industry fulfilled the plan by 108%. During the period between October 1, 1928 and January 1, 1933, the production fixed assets of heavy industry increased by 2.7 times. At the end of 1932, the successful and early completion of the first five-year plan was announced in four years and three months. Summing up its results, Stalin said that heavy industry fulfilled the plan by 108%. During the period between October 1, 1928 and January 1, 1933, the production fixed assets of heavy industry increased by 2.7 times. The first Five-Year Plan was followed by a Second, with somewhat less emphasis on industrialization, and then a Third Five-Year Plan, which took place during the outbreak of World War II. The first Five-Year Plan was followed by a Second, with somewhat less emphasis on industrialization, and then a Third Five-Year Plan, which took place during the outbreak of World War II.
Results of industrialization By 1940, about 9 thousand new factories were built. By the end of the second five-year plan, the USSR took second place in the world in terms of industrial output, second only to the United States. Imports fell sharply. Open unemployment was eliminated. Employment increased from one third of the population in 1928 to 45% in 1940, accounting for about half of the growth in GNP. By 1940, about 9 thousand new factories were built. By the end of the second five-year plan, the USSR took second place in the world in terms of industrial output, second only to the United States. Imports fell sharply. Open unemployment was eliminated. Employment increased from one third of the population in 1928 to 45% in 1940, accounting for about half of the growth in GNP. Over the period Universities and technical schools have trained about 2 million specialists. Many new technologies were mastered. The foundation was also laid for Soviet science, which over time took leading positions in the world in certain areas. On the created industrial base, it became possible to carry out large-scale rearmament of the army. Over the period Universities and technical schools have trained about 2 million specialists. Many new technologies were mastered. The foundation was also laid for Soviet science, which over time took leading positions in the world in certain areas. On the created industrial base, it became possible to carry out large-scale rearmament of the army.
Reasons for criticism With the beginning of industrialization, the consumption fund and, as a consequence, the standard of living of the population sharply decreased. By the end of 1929, the rationing system had been extended to almost all food products, but shortages for rations still remained. With the beginning of industrialization, the consumption fund and, as a consequence, the standard of living of the population sharply decreased. By the end of 1929, the rationing system had been extended to almost all food products, but shortages for rations still remained. Subsequently, the standard of living began to improve. In 1936, cards were abolished, which was accompanied by an increase in wages. The average level of consumption per capita in 1938 was 22% higher than in However, the greatest increase was among the party and labor elite and did not affect the vast majority of the rural population, or more than half of the country's population. Subsequently, the standard of living began to improve. In 1936, cards were abolished, which was accompanied by an increase in wages. The average level of consumption per capita in 1938 was 22% higher than in However, the greatest increase was among the party and labor elite and did not affect the vast majority of the rural population, or more than half of the country's population.
End of Industrialization The end date of industrialization is defined differently by different historians. From the point of view of the conceptual desire to raise heavy industry in record time, the most pronounced period was the first five-year plan. The end date of industrialization is defined differently by different historians. From the point of view of the conceptual desire to raise heavy industry in record time, the most pronounced period was the first five-year plan. Most often, the end of industrialization is understood as the last pre-war year (1940), but the USSR economy reached the level of GDP characteristic of industrialized countries only in the 1960s. Most often, the end of industrialization is understood as the last pre-war year (1940), but the USSR economy reached the level of GDP characteristic of industrialized countries only in the 1960s. The social aspect of industrialization should also be taken into account, since only in the early 1960s. the urban population exceeded the rural one. The social aspect of industrialization should also be taken into account, since only in the early 1960s. the urban population exceeded the rural one.
Description of the presentation individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
Topic: The idea of building socialism in one country and the rise of I.V. Stalin. USSR in the 1930s: collectivization and industrialization Goal? Homework: §17,18, story about the cultural revolution (p. 118-121)
2 slide
Slide description:
Plan - tasks! Reasons for the collapse of the NEP Industrialization: reasons, course, result, significance Collectivization: reasons, course, result, significance Cultural Revolution: reasons, course, result, significance (D/Z)
3 slide
Slide description:
Reasons for abandoning NEP Results of NEP: by 1927 - agricultural - to the level of 1913, were decided by social. problems in the village - kulaks, middle peasants, hired labor But! Lack of land and landlessness in the countryside, in the city - factory production did not provide jobs for everyone - unemployment, concessions - 1% of production, Nepmen do not invest in long-term projects, trade turnover between city and countryside dried up: industry did not provide peasants with fertilizer, affordable technology, peasants lived by subsistence farming
4 slide
Slide description:
The defeat of the “right deviation” and new guidelines Grain procurement crisis N.I. Bukharin (Comintern), A.I. Rykov (chairman of the Council of People's Commissars), M.P. Tomsk (trade unions): continue the NEP, assistance from abroad, flexible purchasing prices, development of light industry I.V. Stalin: curtailment of NEP, peasants to be held criminally liable for disruption of bread supplies, rationing system, development of heavy industry at a rapid pace due to collectivization in agriculture Right kulak deviation
5 slide
Slide description:
Progress of industrialization Industrial breakthrough - in less than three five-year plans: 1928-1933. - the first five-year plan; 1933-1937 - second five-year plan; 1938-1942 - third five-year plan (interrupted in June 1941).
6 slide
Slide description:
The base of industrialization is the European part of the RSFSR and Ukraine. Ural, Siberia - perestroika. Since the late 30s. - construction of backup enterprises. Dneproges (1932) Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants (1932) Tractor plants: Stalingrad (1930) Kharkov (1931) Chelyabinsk (1933) Rostselmash (R-n-D) (1930) Combine-harvester plant "Kommunar" (Zaporozhye) Ural machine-building plant Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) Moscow and Gorky automobile plants Moscow metro (it and the canals were built by prisoners) White Sea-Baltic canal Moscow-Volga canal
7 slide
Slide description:
Results of industrialization Forced industrialization independence from the West for economic supplies. The USSR overcame the gap, overtook or came very close (coal, oil, cast iron, steel, cement, wood - Germany, England, France). BUT! in terms of production per capita there is a strong lag. BUT! imbalances: manufacturing/extractive industries, heavy/light.
8 slide
Slide description:
Socialist competition Until the mid-30s. - movement of shock workers (3.5 million people). Miner Nikita Izotov from Donbass, 1933. 5 norms per shift. Autumn 1935 - Stakhanov movement. A. Stakhanov, miner, Central-Irmino mine. On the night of August 31, 1935 - 14 times the norm. In the fall of the same year, he broke his record twice and was transferred to administrative work. Blacksmith A. Busygin, weavers Evdokia and Maria Vinogradov, machinist P. Krivonos.
Slide 9
Slide description:
“Socialist competition” was also used in the labor camps of 1928 - for the first time camp labor was used in logging. Ideologists: “re-education through labor” - Gorky! Formed concentration camps - forced labor camps (ITL) Solovetsky special purpose camp (SLON) 1930 - OGPU, renamed the Main Directorate (GULAG) OGPU 1934 - 500,000 camp inmates 1940 - >1.5 million people
10 slide
Slide description:
Collectivization in the USSR is the process of uniting small individual peasant farms into large, collective ones through production cooperation.
11 slide
Slide description:
Progress of collectivization The first stage - November 1929 - spring 1930. Through the forces of local authorities and “twenty-five thousanders” - the universal forced unification of individual farmers into communes. Socialization of the means of production, personal farming, property. Through the forces of the OGPU and KA - the eviction of the “dispossessed” (all dissatisfied) and into camps (5 million). Discontent: mass cattle slaughter, flight to the cities, anti-collective farm uprisings. They are suppressed by the army and aviation.
12 slide
Slide description:
The country is on the brink of civil war On behalf of the Central Committee, Stalin in Pravda dated March 2, 1930 - the article “Dizziness from success.” Stalin seemed to “condemn” the “excesses”. Local authorities and workers sent to create collective farms are to blame. RESULT: by the summer of 1930 - collective farms accounted for 1/5 of all peasant farms
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The second stage - autumn 1930 - January 1933. Only agricultural artels that allow the existence of personal subsidiary plots. Summer 1931 - “total collectivization” - not “total collectivization”. Need: 70% in grain regions, 50% in the rest. It was already: 80% in grain regions, 50% in the rest. RESULTS July 1931 - the plenum of the Central Committee stated that the collective farm peasantry is the basis of agriculture, collective farms are the main producers of agricultural products. January 1933 - the eradication of exploitation and the victory of “socialism” in the countryside.
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1930 - I All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers 1935 - II All-Union Congress of Collective Farmers Approximate charter of an agricultural artel (instead of the Charter of 1930) According to the Charter of 1930: land - for collective farms for “eternal use”; brigades are the main form of labor organization on collective farms; accounting and payment - by workday; determination of the size of private household plots. According to the Charter of 1935: new production - “equal-socialist” relations of 1935-1936. - transition of collective farms to a new charter. The final formation of the collective farm system in the USSR.
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Late 1920s - 1930s
Industrialization in the USSR
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Causes of the NEP crisis. Goals of industrialization. Means for achieving industrialization. First Five-Year Plan 1928 – 1932 Results. Second Five-Year Plan 1933 - 1937 Results. Results of industrialization.
Lesson plan:
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* The group's enterprises include: ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, energy.
Industrialization goals:
Overcoming the technical backwardness of the USSR from the main economically developed countries.
Elimination of the technical dependence of the USSR on economically developed countries.
Creation of a powerful military-industrial complex.
Creation of a new industry. Focus on enterprises of group “A”*.
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Sale of raw materials abroad. Sales of agricultural products on the European market. Funds received from the robbery of a village during collectivization. The enthusiasm of Soviet workers and peasants. (Stakhanov movement). Active use of the GULAG* system for government construction projects. Sale of state valuables at international auctions. *GULAG is a state system of camps. System of criminal executive power.
To implement such a complex plan, all available resources of the country were used:
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The tasks of the first five-year plan were not fulfilled. Production of heavy industry products has increased over 5 years by 2.8 times, mechanical engineering - by 4 times. Built: Dneproges (1932), Magnitogorsk (01. 1932) and Kuznetsk (09. 1932) metallurgical plants, large coal mines in Donbass and Kuzbass, Stalingrad (1930) and Kharkov (10. 1931) tractor plants, Moscow (11. 1930) and Gorky (01. 1932) automobile factories. The Turkestan-Siberian Railway was put into operation (04. 1930).
First Five-Year Plan: 1928 – 1932 Main events.
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The Ural (1933) and Kramatorsk (09.1934) heavy engineering plants were built and put into operation. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (05. 1933). Metallurgical plants "Azovstal" (08. 1933), "Zaporizhstal" (11. 1933). Aviation factories in Moscow (01. 1933), Kharkov (1934), Kuibyshev (1930) The Moscow Metro began operating (05. 1935). Since the autumn of 1935, socialist competitions received the name Stakhanov movement, named after the young miner Stakhanov. Fulfillment of the tasks of the second five-year plan (1933 - 1937) transformed the country from an agricultural one into a powerful industrial power, economically independent of other countries. By pace economic development The USSR took 2nd place in the world. By the end of 1937, production of the entire industry increased by 2.2 times compared to 1932, and by 4.5 times over the two five-year periods. Over 80% of all production came from newly built or reconstructed enterprises.
Second Five-Year Plan - 1933 - 1937