Horseradish in Rus' has long been an indispensable inhabitant of vegetable gardens. And this is no coincidence: the roots and leaves of horseradish were necessarily used for pickling vegetables, for gravy, and in the treatment of various ailments. Young juicy horseradish leaves are added to salads and soups. And products sprinkled with crushed horseradish roots, under the influence of its vapors, retain freshness for a long time.
Now horseradish has somewhat lost its former popularity and is grown in areas owned by the owners of this wonderful plant.
Not only do we need horseradish, it helps our plants get rid of...
Everyone knows the old saying “Horseradish is not sweeter than radishes...”, but I would like to logically complete it with the words “... but it’s very healthy!” This is confirmed by another popular truth: “Eat horseradish while driving - you will survive.”
Horseradish in medicine
The fiery pungent taste and specific, pungent smell of horseradish do not detract from its merits as a valuable food and effective medicinal product. It is not for nothing that this plant has always been considered one of the best antiscorbutic remedies.
Research by scientists has shown that horseradish contains a huge amount of ascorbic acid, B vitamins and other useful substances: carotene, various mineral salts (potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, copper, iron) and organic compounds.
Thanks to antibiotic substances, horseradish poses a barrier to pathogens of various infectious diseases. Therefore, it is especially important to regularly use this plant in winter to prevent sore throat and during a flu epidemic. And the antitumor activity of horseradish is relevant all year round.
The healing properties of horseradish are very diverse: it stimulates appetite and improves metabolism, stimulates intestinal function, and has a diuretic and choleretic effect. Horseradish preparations are used in the treatment of gastritis with low acidity, bladder stones, rheumatism, gout, diabetes, and mild forms of hypertension.
In folk medicine, horseradish juice with honey is prescribed to treat the liver.
Rubbing with a tincture of crushed horseradish roots (alcohol, vodka or moonshine) helps with rheumatism and joint pain.
Horseradish roots boiled with beer and juniper berries are effective against dropsy.
Grated horseradish is used instead of mustard plasters, and half mixed with grated apple tones and cleanses dull and porous skin. Also, as an external remedy, horseradish helps get rid of age spots, baldness, otitis media, stomatitis, and radiculitis.
Growing horseradish
Wild horseradish grows everywhere in Europe and Asia.
Horseradish (Armoracia) is a genus of perennial plants of the cruciferous family, including 2 species. Most common horseradish(Armoracia rusticana), its cultural forms are cultivated.
To obtain good yields of high-quality roots, horseradish is usually grown as a 1-2-year-old plant. Older roots become hard and rotten areas appear in them.
The unpretentiousness of horseradish is also its great advantage. This plant can live on any soil, but prefers fertile loams with sufficient moisture. In overly moist areas, horseradish is planted on a raised bed. Heavy clay soils worsen the taste of horseradish and make harvesting the roots more difficult.
Ripe horseradish roots are dug up in late autumn (they are well stored all winter in a cold place) or early spring, until the leaves have grown.
Horseradish winters well due to its high frost resistance.
The only pest that I have observed on horseradish is cruciferous flea beetles - they indicate their appearance by holes on the leaves. Small flea beetles bother horseradish, like other members of the cruciferous family, in very hot weather.
Horseradish propagation
Most cultivated forms of horseradish do not produce seeds; they reproduce vegetatively.
The thick and branched horseradish root has dormant buds. Therefore, after harvesting horseradish, the remaining pieces of roots in the ground soon germinate. This allows you to grow horseradish in one place for many years, with regular digging of the roots.
Cuttings (about 20 cm long, about the thickness of a pencil or a little more) cut from a thin annual horseradish root give life to new plants. In this case, it is important to immediately note the top and bottom of each cutting: the top cut is made straight, and the bottom cut obliquely.
Horseradish cuttings can be planted throughout the season: in spring, summer and early autumn (so that they have time to take root and sprout before the onset of cold weather).
Horseradish cuttings are planted obliquely: their straight top is buried in the soil by about 3-5 cm, and the lower beveled part - by 12-15 cm.
The apical buds of the root are also used for horseradish breeding. They can be cut and used for propagation even in winter.
I conducted the following experiment: in mid-January, I cut off the hatched apical and root buds from horseradish roots stored in the refrigerator, along with short pieces of root (about 2-3 cm long). I dried the slices a little and planted them in a bowl with a light substrate. These pieces of roots began to develop roots and shoots very quickly. Now all that remains is to transplant the young plants into individual pots, where they will grow until planted in open ground.
Horseradish's cold resistance allows its rooted cuttings to be planted in the garden in the spring along with early vegetables.
When growing horseradish, it is important to remove excess rosettes of leaves from the plant, leaving no more than two (so that not the tops, but the roots develop better), and also cut out the emerging flower stalks. Many cultivated forms of horseradish have sterile flowers.
In conclusion, one cannot fail to mention the decorative nature of horseradish - its large wavy leaves on long petioles form tall and lush green clumps.
Elena Yuryevna Ziborova (Samara)
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Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is familiar to almost everyone, but it is interesting that they began to use it in Western Europe relatively recently, only 700 years ago, although of course this is much longer than the use of, for example, potatoes or sunflowers. For 700 years, horseradish has been bred almost all over the globe in places suitable for its cultivation. Nowadays, culinary recipes with the addition of horseradish are found in the cuisine of various nations. Horseradish belongs to the so-called boreal species, i.e. northern flora. There are only 4 species in the horseradish genus, two of which grow in Russia. In Siberia, gulyavnikov or meadow horseradish grows wildly, differing from the usual garden horseradish in its thinner roots and leaf shape.
It is now difficult to establish the homeland of garden horseradish, but most authors are inclined to believe that wild horseradish comes from somewhere in Southern Russia or Eastern Ukraine. Its imported nature in Europe is evidenced by its local names. Usually, imported food plants are named by comparing them with local ones according to some characteristics. Just remember the earthen pear (jerusalem artichoke), ground nut (peanut), dog parsley (coriander) or the completely modern “Siberian pineapple”. This is apparently how horseradish got its name. The Germans have sea radishes, the British have horse radishes, and so on. But the Slavs unanimously call horseradish horseradish, which indicates a very ancient appearance of this word.
Garden horseradish is a large perennial; its height during flowering reaches 1.5 meters. The basal leaves are very large, oblong or oblong-oval, on rather long petioles. They are naked, wavy along the edges. Stem leaves are very different from basal leaves. The lower leaves on the stem are pinnately divided, the “cuts” exceed 2/3 of the distance from the edge of the leaf to the vein, then the dissection of the leaves gradually decreases, the uppermost leaves become whole again and have a very narrow leaf blade. The flowering shoot branches in the upper part and bears racemose inflorescences of medium-sized white flowers with 4 petals. The fruit is a rounded pod in each of two nests, which produces 4 seeds. Horseradish blooms in June, bears fruit in August - September, but usually, like many other plants that reproduce mainly vegetatively, it produces very few seeds, or even none at all. For vegetative propagation, horseradish uses powerful root shoots, which are formed from dormant buds on the root at the slightest damage. On loose, moist soils, horseradish is very aggressive and quickly takes over new territory.
Horseradish root is used in medicine. It contains the glycoside sinigrin, which, upon hydrolysis, breaks down into glucose and allyl mustard oil, which has a strong irritant effect. The whole plant contains a mixture of essential mustard oils, the maximum content of which is found in the bark of the root and stem. The juice of the fresh root contains the antibiotic lysozyme. The bactericidal properties of horseradish have long been used for pickling cucumbers, mushrooms and other products, which were transferred with leaves and pieces of horseradish root.
The rhizome of horseradish contains from 50 to 250, and in the leaves up to 350 mg% of ascorbic acid. When horseradish is crushed, it decomposes very quickly. Since ascorbic acid is more resistant to oxidation in an acidic environment, horseradish should be poured with vinegar immediately after grinding. Horseradish leaves, in addition, contain carotenoids, vitamins B1, B2, PP.
Horseradish also contains a lot of mineral salts; potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron, and manganese are found.
Application of horseradish (garden)
Allyl mustard oil, contained in horseradish roots, causes severe irritation of the digestive tract and, in large doses, can cause severe burns and even the formation of ulcers. In small doses, it stimulates the activity of the glands of the gastrointestinal tract and increases appetite.
For acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the intestines, the use of horseradish is not recommended. Since horseradish irritates the renal epithelium, an aqueous infusion of horseradish is prescribed as a diuretic for edema not caused by renal dysfunction. Horseradish is also used as a choleretic, but with a relatively healthy liver; It is contraindicated for patients with hepatitis. In traditional medicine, horseradish root is used to prepare rubs for radiculitis, myositis and other diseases. A water infusion of horseradish is used as an antimicrobial agent for rinses, compresses, lotions for inflammation of the oral cavity and pharynx, some skin diseases, and infected wounds.
To remove freckles and spots, the following recipe is also recommended: pour 50 g of horseradish with 250 g of vinegar and leave for 2 weeks in a cool, dark place. After 2 weeks, drain, strain, add 1.5 liters of cold boiled water. Wipe skin morning and evening.
For internal use, as a stomach stimulant and diuretic, horseradish is prepared by infusing 1 tablespoon of grated horseradish in 400 ml of boiling water for 1 hour. Then take 50 g 4 times a day before meals.
You can also take a mixture of 400 g of finely grated horseradish with 500 g of honey. Take 1 tbsp. spoon before eating.
Growing horseradish (garden)
To plant horseradish, you need loose and nutritious, sufficiently moist soil. In conditions of too dense soils, horseradish turns out to be small and highly branched, and in drought - dry, hard and not pungent, but simply bitter in taste.
Like all perennials, old horseradish roots become woody and tasteless, so horseradish is usually grown in one place for no more than 3 years. Growing time depends on the quality of the soil. Root cuttings prepared when harvesting roots for raw materials are used as planting material. To do this, cut the side roots of horseradish with a diameter of at least 1 cm and 15-30 cm in length. In principle, horseradish can be divided at any time of the year, except winter, the only difference will be in the timing of the harvest.
If the cuttings were not smaller than the specified sizes, the harvest can be harvested at the end of the year of planting (if planting was carried out in the spring).
To plant horseradish, prepare a bright place, add wood ash or potash fertilizers to the soil, compost at the rate of 1 bucket of compost per 1 m2, add sand to dense soils.
Before planting, wipe all horseradish roots with a rough cloth, not reaching 2-3 cm from both ends. This is done to destroy dormant buds. When such buds awaken, horseradish begins to branch. The roots will produce leaves from the buds of the upper part, and roots from the lower part. When cleaning, be careful not to confuse where the petiole is top and bottom. The horseradish will grow in this case, but will hurt until the green leaves burst to the surface.
The grooves for planting horseradish are made at a distance of 30-40 cm from one another. The depth of the grooves should be such that the upper part of the root, when planted at an angle, is 3-4 cm below the edge of the groove. The cuttings are planted almost horizontally, at an angle of 45° to the soil. Between the top of one petiole and the bottom of the next there should be 20-30 cm for bush growth. The cuttings are covered with soil to a height of 3-5 cm.
During the summer, horseradish can be weeded 2-3 times, although this is not very necessary, since horseradish can choke out almost any weed, and is quite tolerant of many. On a horseradish plantation, weeding is needed not so much by the horseradish itself as by its owners, so as not to litter the area.
Preparation of horseradish (garden)
If the horseradish had enough water and the cuttings were large, it can be dug up in the fall.
They dig with a pitchfork, trying not to damage the roots. By this time, their diameter should be at least 1.5 cm. If possible, you need to dig up all the roots to prevent them from starting to grow after digging. If horseradish has gone wild and began to multiply uncontrollably, it is very difficult to get rid of it. The roots are sorted, new cuttings are left for planting, and the remaining roots are stored. They are stored in the same way as other root vegetables in boxes with sand or peat chips, in soil.
Horseradish is a herbaceous plant, the root of which has been used by humans since ancient times as a spicy food additive. In other European languages, the name of this culture sounds like this:
- German– Kren, Korea, Pfefferwurzel, Bauernsenf;
- English– horseradish;
- French- crane, raifort.
Appearance
Horseradish is a perennial and can grow up to 1.5 meters in height during its life. The plant has a straight, branching stem and long, wide leaves. Small, white inflorescences form fluffy tassels. Horseradish seeds ripen in small pods.
Kinds
The genus “horseradish” unites 3 species of plants:
- armoracia lacustris;
The last type of horseradish is also called “ordinary” or “country”. It is this that grows in our gardens and is an invariable ingredient in some traditional dishes of Russian cuisine.
Horseradish meadow or gulavnikov
Since ancient times, horseradish or common horseradish has been used to treat colds.
Where does it grow?
Europe, or more precisely, its eastern part, is considered the homeland of horseradish. Later it was introduced to America and Asian countries. A large amount of horseradish grows in Russia, including Siberia and the Caucasus. Although considered a cultivated herb, it can often be seen growing in wild places, such as riverbanks and swamps.
Horseradish is an unpretentious plant, so it grows in gardens and in the wild.
Blank
In the summer, horseradish is eaten mainly raw, and it is added to the dish immediately before serving. However, there are many ways to prepare horseradish for future use.
How to cook at home
Homemade horseradish is prepared as follows:
- Dig up the horseradish roots, wash and peel thoroughly. Grind the horseradish using a meat grinder.
- Add 0.5 tbsp per kilogram of twisted roots. salt and 1.5 tbsp. sugar, mix.
- Dilute the mixture with boiling water to the consistency of porridge and pour into prepared glass jars.
- Drop a little lemon juice or acetic acid into each container.
- Roll up the cans.
Store in a cool, dark place for several months.
Where and how to choose?
It is best to grow horseradish on your own plot - then you can be 100% sure of the quality of the raw material. However, if you are deprived of this opportunity, horseradish can be bought on the market. When purchasing, pay attention to the fact that the roots are strong, juicy, and without traces of the presence of any diseases or harmful insects.
Characteristics
- light brown on the outside and off-white on the inside;
- has a burning taste;
- has a sharp, pungent odor.
Nutritional value and calorie content
Nutritional value and calorie content 100 g. raw product
You can learn more about the beneficial properties of horseradish root and its comparison with radish from an excerpt from the program “Live Healthy!”
Chemical composition
The chemical composition of horseradish includes: vitamins PP, E, C, B9, B6, B2, B1, iron, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium.
Beneficial features
- has an antibacterial effect;
- stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid;
- is a valuable source of vitamin C;
- considered an effective antiscorbutic agent;
- regulates the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
- stimulates appetite;
- is a good diuretic;
- has a choleretic effect;
- relieves inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.
Since ancient times, horseradish root has been used to stimulate the production of gastric juices.
Harm
- Horseradish is a very spicy product, so it is strictly not recommended for people with serious stomach or intestinal diseases.
- Eating large amounts of horseradish can cause a sharp rise in blood pressure.
Contraindications
- pregnancy;
- lactation period;
- childhood;
- thyroid diseases;
- dysfunction of the liver or kidneys;
- diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Horseradish is contraindicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, during pregnancy and during breastfeeding
Oil
Horseradish roots contain essential oil that can fight serious diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and salmonellosis. In addition, horseradish essential oil can affect blood vessels: constrict or dilate them, depending on the concentration.
Juice
Horseradish juice is widely used in folk medicine. This healing remedy helps with various inflammatory diseases of the throat and oral cavity, as well as with skin lesions.
Application
In cooking
- Spicy sauces and gravies for meat, poultry and fish are prepared based on horseradish;
- used for canning mushrooms and vegetables;
- is a mandatory ingredient in traditional Russian dishes - jellied meat and fish aspic;
- horseradish is the main component of the homemade seasoning of the same name;
- served with cold appetizers.
Khrenovukha - traditional Ukrainian tincture
Sandwiches with homemade horseradish
Cut a loaf of white bread into slices. Spread each slice with butter. Place 2 tbsp in a bowl. homemade horseradish. Add 1 tsp. mayonnaise, salt to taste and mix. Place the resulting mixture on the slices of bread on top of the butter and smooth it out. Cut two tomatoes into slices, pepper, sprinkle with your favorite spices and herbs. Place tomatoes on bread. Decorate the sandwiches with drops of mayonnaise and fresh herbs.
Beef aspic
- Grind 2 cloves of garlic until pureed. Cut one small carrot into large pieces.
- Cut the onion into 4 parts. Rinse 1 kg of veal, place in a saucepan, pour in 1.5 liters of meat broth, add vegetables (except garlic) and cook over low heat for 2 hours. Then add bay leaf, salt and pepper to taste and leave to cook for another half hour.
- Pour 30 g of leaf gelatin with cold water. Remove the meat and vegetables from the pan, strain the broth and stir the garlic pulp into it. Pour in the gelatin and stir until it is completely dissolved.
- Finely chop the boiled meat, a few sprigs of dill and parsley, then place it all on the bottom of a deep dish. Pour in broth, cool to room temperature.
- Place the mold in the refrigerator. After about 2 hours the jellied meat will harden. Before serving, decorate the dish with fresh herbs. Serve with horseradish.
In medicine
For medicinal purposes, horseradish tinctures with alcohol or water are used.
When losing weight
Today there are many different diets based on eating large amounts of spicy food. Horseradish is one of the most accessible hot foods, so its popularity among those losing weight is very high. In addition, horseradish helps to normalize digestion processes and thereby get rid of several extra pounds.
Elixir of youth for obese people - 1 kg of celery root, 100 g of honey, 100 g of garlic, 2 lemons and 100 g of horseradish root
Growing
- Despite the fact that horseradish is a perennial plant, gardeners prefer to plant it every year and harvest it in the fall. This is due to the fact that the roots of an old plant become hard and small, that is, unsuitable for food.
- It is best to grow horseradish from annual roots, cut into 20-30 cm cuttings. In this case, the upper part of the segment is cut straight, and the lower part is cut at an angle.
- On 1 m2 of land you can grow 5 or 6 horseradish bushes.
- Horseradish is planted in autumn or early spring, after the snow has melted.
- Before planting, the cuttings are cleared of buds and roots, leaving 15 mm at the top and 30 mm at the bottom.
- Horseradish is planted in pre-dug and fertilized soil.
- The cuttings are planted at an angle and sprinkled with a layer of loose soil several centimeters thick.
- Horseradish needs periodic watering and weeding.
- To prevent the plant from growing over the entire garden plot over time, you should limit the area of its growth with a reliable fence.
Varieties
In different regions of Russia, preference is given to different varieties of horseradish. Here are the most popular ones:
- Latvian;
- Suzdal;
- Tatar;
- Atlant;
- Wild;
- Boris Yeltsin;
- Volkovsky;
- Tolpukhovsky.
See the next video for more information about horseradish.
- Horseradish is a natural aphrodisiac and has a beneficial effect on male strength.
- Horseradish belongs to the same plant family as cabbage.
- People have been eating horseradish since ancient times.
- The euphemism “horseradish” has always created great difficulties for translators from Russian.
Distribution and ecology
In nature it grows along river banks, in damp places.
Botanical description
Ascorbic acid (0.35%), carotene, alkaloids were found in the leaves; the seeds contain fatty oil and alkaloids.
Horseradish, mixed with other ingredients, has long been an indispensable seasoning for jellied meat and fish aspic, as well as cold boiled meat. Horseradish is served with fried meat, sausages, smoked meat, ham, fatty pork, boiled beef, tongue and roast beef. Added to various mayonnaises, cottage cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, cucumbers and other vegetables. These mixtures are served with fried and boiled meat, fish, and cold appetizers.
A mixture of grated horseradish with sour cream or apples serves as a good seasoning for fish, especially carp, cod, eel and salmon.
Application in medicine
In Russia and Rus', horseradish has long been widely used in folk medicine. The root juice has pronounced antibacterial properties, is used for influenza, for rinsing the mouth and throat for sore throat, tonsillitis, toothache, and is placed in the ears for inflammation and purulent discharge. Fresh horseradish juice and its aqueous dilutions increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and are effective in the treatment of anacid gastritis (horseradish consumption is dangerous for inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract, liver and kidneys). The experiment showed that an aqueous decoction of horseradish has a positive effect in the treatment of dysentery, liver diseases and giardiasis, as well as hypertension. Due to the high content of vitamin C in all parts of the plant, horseradish is used as an adjuvant in the treatment of viral hepatitis. The root, boiled in beer with juniper berries, is used for dropsy.
In folk medicine, horseradish was used as a means of increasing appetite, to improve the functioning of the digestive tract, for edema, diseases of the kidneys, bladder and liver, and as an expectorant for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. For scurvy, tendency to bleed, physical and mental exhaustion, malaria, tincture of horseradish roots was used internally, and the gruel in the form of a compress as a local irritant and distracting agent (somewhat weaker than mustard) was used externally for radiculitis, gout, rheumatism, as well as for the treatment of purulent wounds . Peter the Great issued a decree according to which each farmstead should have several quarters of horseradish vodka, especially for those people who are engaged in physical labor. Lotions with grated horseradish are used for bruises and fungal infections of the skin.
In cosmetics, horseradish infusion removes freckles, blemishes and tanning on the face.
Proverbs and sayings
- Efrem loves horseradish, and Fedka loves radish.
- In a foreign land, sweets turn into mustard, and at home, horseradish turns into candy.
- The horseradish grater is not happy, but it dances on its sides.
- Greetings for greetings and love for love, and to the envious - horseradish and pepper, and even then not from our table.
- The radish arrived, hell yes, the book Ephraim (Lent).
- The worm hibernated in horseradish for seven years, but did not know the taste.
- The same pike, but to hell.
- Horseradish is cheap, but what good is it?
- The horseradish of the radish is not sweeter (the horseradish of the radish is not sweeter, the devil of the devil is not lighter; the horseradish of the radish is not sweeter, the coal of soot is not whiter).
- Whether it's horseradish or mustard, there's little difference.
Classification
Taxonomy
View Horseradish part of the family Horseradish (Armoracia) family Brassicas ( Brassicaceae) order Brassicaceae ( Brassicales).
| 14 more families (according to APG II System) |
3 more types | ||||||||||||
| order Brassicas | genus Horseradish | ||||||||||||
| Department Flowering or Angiosperms | family Brassicas | view Horseradish | |||||||||||
| 44 more orders flowering plants (according to APG II System) |
more than 330 more births | ||||||||||||
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Notes
Literature
- Bush, N.A.// Flora of the USSR: in 30 volumes / ch. ed. V. L. Komarov. - M.-L. : Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1939. - T. VIII / ed. volumes N. A. Bush. - pp. 142-143. - 696 + XXX pp. - 5200 copies.
- Alekseev Yu. E. et al./ Rep. ed. Doctor of Biology Sciences Rabotnov T. A. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - T. 1. - P. 415-416. - 487 p. - 60,000 copies.
- Gubanov, I. A. et al. 635. Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. - Common horseradish // . - M.: Scientific T. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. research, 2003. - T. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - P. 261. - ISBN 9-87317-128-9.
- All about medicinal plants in your garden beds / Ed. S. Yu. Radelova. - St. Petersburg. : SZKEO LLC, 2010. - pp. 84-87. - 224 s. - ISBN 978-5-9603-0124-4.
- Goncharova, T. A.// Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. - M.: House of SMEs, 1997.
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Excerpt characterizing Horseradish
But, blinded by the power of the movement, people did not understand this for a long time.The life of Alexander I, the person who stood at the head of the countermovement from east to west, is even more consistent and necessary.
What is needed for that person who, overshadowing others, would stand at the head of this movement from east to west?
What is needed is a sense of justice, participation in European affairs, but distant, not obscured by petty interests; what is needed is a predominance of moral heights over one’s comrades—the sovereigns of that time; a meek and attractive personality is needed; a personal insult against Napoleon is needed. And all this is in Alexander I; all this was prepared by countless so-called accidents of his entire past life: his upbringing, his liberal initiatives, his surrounding advisers, Austerlitz, Tilsit, and Erfurt.
During a people's war, this person is inactive, since he is not needed. But as soon as the need for a common European war arises, this person at that moment appears in his place and, uniting the European peoples, leads them to the goal.
The goal has been achieved. Since the last war of 1815, Alexander is at the height of possible human power. How does he use it?
Alexander I, the pacifier of Europe, a man who from his youth strove only for the good of his people, the first instigator of liberal innovations in his fatherland, now that he seems to have the greatest power and therefore the opportunity to do the good of his people, while Napoleon exile makes childish and deceitful plans about how he would make humanity happy if he had power, Alexander I, having fulfilled his calling and sensing the hand of God on himself, suddenly recognizes the insignificance of this imaginary power, turns away from it, transfers it into the hands of those despised by him and despised people and says only:
- “Not for us, not for us, but for your name!” I am a human being too, just like you; leave me to live as a human being and think about my soul and God.
Just as the sun and each atom of the ether is a ball, complete in itself and at the same time only an atom of a whole inaccessible to man due to the enormity of the whole, so each personality carries within itself its own goals and, at the same time, carries them in order to serve common goals inaccessible to man. .
A bee sitting on a flower stung a child. And the child is afraid of bees and says that the purpose of a bee is to sting people. The poet admires a bee digging into the calyx of a flower and says that the bee’s goal is to absorb the aroma of flowers. The beekeeper, noticing that the bee collects flower dust and brings it to the hive, says that the bee's goal is to collect honey. Another beekeeper, having studied the life of a swarm more closely, says that the bee collects dust to feed young bees and breed the queen, and that its goal is to procreate. The botanist notices that, by flying with the dust of a dioecious flower onto the pistil, the bee fertilizes it, and the botanist sees the bee’s purpose in this. Another, observing the migration of plants, sees that the bee promotes this migration, and this new observer can say that this is the purpose of the bee. But the final goal of the bee is not exhausted by either one, or the other, or the third goal, which the human mind is able to discover. The higher the human mind rises in the discovery of these goals, the more obvious to it is the inaccessibility of the final goal.
Man can only observe the correspondence between the life of a bee and other phenomena of life. The same goes for the goals of historical figures and peoples.
The wedding of Natasha, who married Bezukhov in 13, was the last joyful event in the old Rostov family. That same year, Count Ilya Andreevich died, and, as always happens, with his death the old family fell apart.
The events of the last year: the fire of Moscow and the flight from it, the death of Prince Andrei and Natasha’s despair, the death of Petya, the grief of the Countess - all this, like blow after blow, fell on the head of the old count. He did not seem to understand and felt unable to understand the meaning of all these events and, morally bending his old head, as if he was expecting and asking for new blows that would finish him off. He seemed either frightened and confused, or unnaturally animated and adventurous.
Natasha's wedding occupied him for a while with its external side. He ordered lunches and dinners and, apparently, wanted to appear cheerful; but his joy was not communicated as before, but, on the contrary, aroused compassion in the people who knew and loved him.
After Pierre and his wife left, he became quiet and began to complain of melancholy. A few days later he fell ill and went to bed. From the first days of his illness, despite the doctors' consolations, he realized that he would not get up. The Countess, without undressing, spent two weeks in a chair at his head. Every time she gave him medicine, he sobbed and silently kissed her hand. On the last day, he sobbed and asked for forgiveness from his wife and in absentia from his son for the ruin of his estate - the main guilt that he felt for himself. Having received communion and special rites, he died quietly, and the next day a crowd of acquaintances who had come to pay their last respects to the deceased filled the Rostovs’ rented apartment. All these acquaintances, who had dined and danced with him so many times, who had laughed at him so many times, now all with the same feeling of inner reproach and tenderness, as if making excuses for someone, said: “Yes, whatever it was, there was a most wonderful Human. You won’t meet such people these days... And who doesn’t have their own weaknesses?..”
It was at a time when the count’s affairs were so confused that it was impossible to imagine how it would all end if it continued for another year, he unexpectedly died.
Nicholas was with the Russian troops in Paris when news of his father's death came to him. He immediately resigned and, without waiting for it, took a vacation and came to Moscow. The state of financial affairs a month after the count's death became completely clear, surprising everyone with the enormity of the amount of various small debts, the existence of which no one suspected. There were twice as many debts as estates.
Relatives and friends advised Nikolai to refuse the inheritance. But Nikolai saw the refusal of the inheritance as an expression of reproach to the sacred memory of his father and therefore did not want to hear about the refusal and accepted the inheritance with the obligation to pay debts.
The creditors, who had been silent for so long, being bound during the count's lifetime by the vague but powerful influence that his dissolute kindness had on them, suddenly filed for collection. A competition arose, as always happens, to see who would get it first, and the very people who, like Mitenka and others, had non-cash bills of exchange - gifts, now became the most demanding creditors. Nicholas was given neither time nor rest, and those who, apparently, pitied the old man, who was the culprit of their loss (if there were losses), now mercilessly attacked the young heir, who was obviously innocent before them, who voluntarily took upon himself to pay.
None of Nikolai's proposed turns succeeded; the estate was auctioned off at half price, and half of the debts still remained unpaid. Nikolai took the thirty thousand offered to him by his son-in-law Bezukhov to pay that part of the debts that he recognized as monetary, real debts. And in order not to be thrown into a hole for the remaining debts, which the creditors threatened him with, he again entered the service.
It was impossible to go to the army, where he was in the first vacancy of a regimental commander, because the mother was now holding on to her son as the last bait of life; and therefore, despite the reluctance to remain in Moscow in the circle of people who knew him before, despite his aversion to civil service, he took a position in the civil service in Moscow and, taking off his beloved uniform, settled with his mother and Sonya in a small apartment, on Sivtsev Vrazhek.
Natasha and Pierre lived at this time in St. Petersburg, without a clear idea of Nicholas' situation. Nikolai, having borrowed money from his son-in-law, tried to hide his plight from him. Nikolai's position was especially bad because with his one thousand two hundred rubles salary he not only had to support himself, Sonya and his mother, but he had to support his mother so that she would not notice that they were poor. The countess could not understand the possibility of life without the conditions of luxury familiar to her from childhood and constantly, not understanding how difficult it was for her son, she demanded either a carriage, which they did not have, in order to send for a friend, or expensive food for herself and wine for son, then money to give a surprise gift to Natasha, Sonya and the same Nikolai.
Sonya ran the household, looked after her aunt, read aloud to her, endured her whims and hidden dislike, and helped Nikolai hide from the old countess the state of need in which they were. Nikolai felt an unpaid debt of gratitude to Sonya for everything she did for his mother, admired her patience and devotion, but tried to distance himself from her.
In his soul he seemed to reproach her for the fact that she was too perfect, and for the fact that there was nothing to reproach her for. She had everything for which people are valued; but there was little that would make him love her. And he felt that the more he appreciated, the less he loved her. He took her at her word, in her letter, with which she gave him freedom, and now he behaved with her as if everything that had happened between them had long been forgotten and could not in any case be repeated.
Coriander is one of the most popular spices in the world, and its greens are called coriander or coriander. Interestingly, cilantro leaves no one indifferent. Some people adore it and happily use it in any salads and sandwiches, and they love Borodino bread for the special flavor of coriander seeds. Others, citing the smell that evokes associations with forest bugs, hate coriander and flatly refuse to approach bunches of cilantro even at the market, let alone plant it in their own garden.
Watermelon and summer are inseparable concepts. However, you won’t find melons in every area. And all because this African plant takes up a lot of space, is quite demanding of both heat and sun, and also of proper watering. But still, we love watermelon so much that today not only southerners, but much more northern summer residents have learned to grow it. It turns out that you can find an approach to such a capricious plant, and if you want, you can get a decent harvest.
You can make red gooseberry jam in 10 minutes. However, it should be borne in mind that this is the time required to cook the jam without preparing the berries. It takes a lot of time to harvest and prepare the berries for processing. Cruel thorns discourage any desire to harvest, and you still have to cut off the noses and tails. But the result is worth it, the jam turns out excellent, one of the most aromatic, in my opinion, and the taste is such that it is impossible to tear yourself away from the jar.
Monsteras, anthuriums, caladiums, dieffenbachias... Representatives of the Araceae family are considered one of the most popular categories of indoor plants. And not the last factor in their widespread distribution is diversity. Aroids are represented by aquatic plants, epiphytes, semi-epiphytes, tuberous plants and lianas. But despite such diversity, because of which it is sometimes difficult to guess about the relationship of plants, aroids are very similar to each other and require the same care.
Donskoy salad for the winter is a savory appetizer of fresh vegetables in a sweet and sour marinade with olive oil and balsamic vinegar. The original recipe calls for regular or apple cider vinegar, but with a combination of wine vinegar and light Balsamico it turns out much tastier. The salad can be prepared without sterilization - bring the vegetables to a boil, put them in sterile jars and wrap them warmly. You can also pasteurize the workpieces at a temperature of 85 degrees, then quickly cool.
The main mushrooms collected are: porcini, obabka, boletus, chanterelles, boletus, moss mushrooms, russula, milk mushrooms, boletus, saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms. Other mushrooms are collected depending on the region. And their name (other mushrooms) is legion. As well as mushroom pickers, of whom there are more and more every year. Therefore, there may not be enough for all known mushrooms. And I know for sure that among the little-known there are very worthy representatives. I’ll tell you about little-known, but tasty and healthy mushrooms in this article.
The word "ampel" comes from the German word "ampel", meaning a hanging container for flowers. The fashion for hanging flower beds came to us from Europe. And today it is very difficult to imagine a garden where there is not at least one hanging basket. In response to the growing popularity of container floriculture, a large number of hanging plants have appeared on sale, whose shoots easily fall outside the pots. Let's talk about those that are valued for their beautiful flowers.
Apricots in syrup - aromatic apricot compote with cardamom from peeled fruits. These are very useful preparations for the winter - bright and beautiful halves of canned apricots can be used to prepare fruit salads, desserts or decorate cakes and pastries. There are many varieties of apricots; for this recipe, I advise you to choose ripe, but not overripe fruits, from which it is easy to remove the pit so that the peeled slices retain the correct shape.
Today in pharmacies you can buy many different medications with a general strengthening, tonic effect that are used for colds. Despite this, I always prepare my own nettles and St. John’s wort for the winter, as I consider them indispensable medicinal herbs for the prevention and treatment of colds and many other diseases. Why these plants are valuable, how and when to collect them, dry them, store them and prepare healing infusions, I will tell you in the article.
Among species of orchids, phalaenopsis are real Spartans. And one of the hardiest species is Phalaenopsis four-scutellum, or Tetraspis. He is content with minimal care, is not capricious at all, and easily adapts. And, unfortunately, it almost completely disappeared from the windowsills. Varietal hybrids with their spectacular flowering are found at every step, but you will have to hunt for each species specimen. But if you love the exotic, then Phalaenopsis tetraspis is worth it.
Boiled chicken stewed with vegetables is a delicious hot dish that is very easy to prepare from available ingredients. This dish will appeal to both adults and children; it can also be included in a not very strict diet menu, when you need to eat something satisfying, but not fried or fatty. The recipe for stewed boiled chicken can be classified as “healthy recipes”! Legs or thighs are ideal for cooking, but breast fillet will turn out dry, it is better to make cutlets from it.
I fell in love with roses fifteen years ago. My first roses often upset me: either with multi-colored spots on the leaves, or with a white powdery coating of powdery mildew, or with some other nuisance. What I haven’t done to treat rose bushes and prevent diseases... For the last five years, fungal diseases have only occurred on my site twice and have not caused any harm to the rose garden. I will share the secrets of preventing fungal infection in the rose garden.
Fragrant, aromatic apricots with soft, velvety skin and pulp that melts in your mouth are loved by adults and children. They make excellent preserves, marmalade, pastilles, dried fruits and juices. It is not surprising that apricot trees are grown in almost every garden in regions with a suitable climate. In this article we will tell you which apricot varieties are most suitable for central Russia. In addition, the material will discuss how to properly care for the plant.
Puff pastries with sorrel from ready-made yeast-free puff pastry - crispy, rosy, piping hot, ready for your table. You don’t need a lot of sorrel for the filling; you can even mix it with fresh spinach, it will be delicious! Sorrel adds sourness to the traditional puff pastry filling of eggs and onions. Take the puff pastry out of the freezer 30 minutes before cooking and leave it at room temperature until it thaws a little and becomes pliable.
Among the huge community of indoor representatives of the Araceae family, syngonium is the only plant that cannot boast of an increase in popularity in the last decade. Everyone seemed to have forgotten about this vine. Perhaps due to the rather capricious nature of syngoniums or their similarity to many large-leaved indoor plants. But not a single indoor vine can boast of such variability. This is one of the most modest vines, but non-standard.