Urban passenger transport (synonyms: public, communal) is intended for use by the majority of the population. Most often it works on a paid basis. Most public transport means are capable of transporting a large number of people both at a time and in a day. In this case, the movement is carried out in accordance with the route established by the transport company. The exception is various types of taxis.
What is public transport
Public transport involves the mass transportation of people. City passenger transport does not include service and school buses and cars, military trains, buses transporting athletes to the match, as well as personal vehicles for the movement of company employees, buses for sightseers, pleasure boats, etc. Such transport has other functions and purposes. Also, elevators and escalators are not public transport, since they operate only within one specific building or object.
Types of passenger transport
- Buses are the most common type of passenger public transport. They are actively used all over the world. There are a huge number of bus models. The main fuel used so far is gasoline and diesel fuel.
- Trolleybus is one of the most popular types of public urban transport in Russia and the CIS countries. It is equipped with an electric motor with continuous feeding from a contact network of wires. Often used in Western Europe, where it is considered a subspecies of the bus.
- Tram is a traditional type of urban transport in Russia and the CIS. It uses narrow gauge railway track and is powered by a contact network. Equipped with an electric motor. It is an intermediate option between a trolleybus and an electric train.
- Trains are actively used all over the world, but in Russia and the CIS countries this type of transport has received the greatest development. For movement, a broad-gauge railway is used, as well as (for electric trains). The locomotive is powered by an electric, diesel, or (rarely) steam engine. The development of this type of transport proceeded in the sequence: steam locomotives - diesel locomotives - electric locomotives. Now they use mainly electric locomotives and (less often) diesel locomotives.
- Monorail transport is used rarely and to a limited extent. It stands out as a separate mode of transport.
- Ships. Actively used all over the world. These include boats, ships, steamboats, sailing ships, yachts. Currently, sailing ships are almost never used. The main type of fuel is oil refining products.
- Aircraft. An actively developing and relatively modern type of public transport. Distributed throughout the world, especially in developed countries. In Russia they are used less often. The movement is carried out through the air using the principle of jet thrust. Petroleum products are still used as fuel.
- Shuttle taxis. A relatively new type of urban transport. Now it is widely used in Russia and the post-Soviet countries. Transportation of people in minibuses is organized by transport private companies. Unlike taxis, the route is determined by these companies and city authorities, not by the passenger.
- Passenger road transport (taxi). A taxi driver can work alone or for a private company. In the second case, fares will be much lower.
Bus
Bus - urban passenger transport with autonomous power supply. The city bus is also called street wheeled transport. It is convenient for its maneuverability and lack of attachment to rails or wires. It can even move on dirt roads. One bus carries from 200 to 4500 passengers per hour. The maximum value for city buses is 9-10 thousand people. It is actively used as the main and auxiliary vehicle. All cities have their own network of bus routes. At any time, the route of movement can be adjusted or changed. This is usually done when expanding cities and adding new districts.
In small towns and villages, the bus is practically the only form of available transport. In larger settlements, it is usually combined with fixed-route taxis. The disadvantages of using such vehicles so far are:
- operating costs,
- air and soil polution,
- noise pollution,
- the need for frequent repairs due to breakdowns.
The gradual transition to electric buses will eliminate all these shortcomings.
Bus in Russia
In our country, bus transport has traditionally been widely used. It is used both for intracity, and for suburban and intercity transportation. More than 1,500 settlements in Russia have bus routes and a bus fleet. The average distance traveled by a bus passenger is 6 km. Despite the prevalence of intercity bus transportation, it is still considered an intracity mode of transport. Buses often break down when traveling long distances. Also in this case, serious accidents are not uncommon, mainly due to driver fatigue on a long journey.
In large cities of Russia, bus stations have been created that are similar in design and operation to railway stations. About the arrival, departure, flight delay, etc., bus station employees notify passengers through a loudspeaker.
The role of the trolleybus in passenger transport
Trolleybus as a mode of transport is not so popular and is used mainly in large cities. Intercity trolleybus routes (trolleybus lines) exist in Crimea and Donbass, where they have existed since Soviet times. However, on a global scale, it is rather exotic.
For the operation of the trolleybus, an overhead contact network of wires is used. Therefore, it belongs to the category of trackless electric transport. The maximum number of passengers carried is 8-9 thousand people per hour. The advantages of using this type of transport are environmental friendliness, low operating costs, and relative reliability. At the same time, there are significant expenses in the construction of trolleybus lines and low maneuverability. Quite often there are violations of the contact of the trolley bus with the cantata wire network, which leads to a forced stop and downtime of the vehicle directly on the route.
Trolleybuses are actively used in Russia and the CIS countries, mainly in large and medium-sized cities. With a population of more than 250,000 people. the use of this mode of transport may be appropriate.
Tram as a means of transportation
A tram is also a land-based urban passenger transport, typical for large cities in Russia and the countries of the former USSR. However, it gradually goes out of fashion and is now used less and less. They have a long history where they appeared a very long time ago. One such vehicle can serve up to 12-15 thousand people per hour. In the past, trams were popular and carried more passengers than any other type of urban transport. They are considered environmentally friendly, but at the same time quite noisy devices that can break down on the route, which can cause traffic jams. Also a disadvantage is the low maneuverability. Nevertheless, trams in Moscow are a popular form of transport among residents.
Metro - underground transport of large cities
It is also a rail mode of transport, but much more powerful than a tram. The metro can already be classified as a traditional means of transport, while it continues to develop constantly. In Moscow alone, new stations are constantly being introduced and new lines are being built. Many cities have plans to expand the metro network. Much attention is paid to the design of the stations (they are mostly underground). Each of them has a unique, unique look and its own individual characteristics. But the variety of subway cars and locomotives is incomparably lower than that of buses.
The capacity of the subway is very high. In an hour, one train can serve up to 40-50 thousand people. The construction of the subway is expedient in the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. At the same time, the construction of the subway itself requires serious investments.
Shuttle taxis
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this semi-commercial mode of transport became very popular. Minibuses do not have a clear link to stops (although the authorities of the Russian regions have recently been trying to limit their freedom of movement), which is very convenient, especially for people with limited mobility. Their routes can be changed at any time. The disadvantages of using them are that they are stronger than buses, load the streets and contribute to environmental pollution. This type of transport is also actively used for suburban traffic, and in intercity transportation they are used infrequently. The cost of transporting people by minibus has been rising rapidly in recent years.
Trains and electric trains
It is traditional for medium and long distances. As a rule, they do not pollute the environment too much and are more reliable and safe than buses. This type of passenger transport has practically no disadvantages. However, a relative disadvantage is the high price for travel on long-distance trains. They also have a relatively low speed compared to an airplane. Within cities, commuter trains are used, and sometimes monorail transport. Train ticket prices are relatively low. The downside is that there are not many stops and train routes within the cities. But they are optimally suited for suburban transportation.
Air transport
Air transport is widespread throughout the world. In Russia, routes leading to the resorts of the Black Sea coast are popular. The undoubted advantage of aviation is the high speed of movement, which can drastically reduce travel time. Prices for plane tickets are close to those for long-distance trains. However, this mode of transport also has its drawbacks: dependence on the weather and a small risk of crashes, which often have tragic consequences. Nevertheless, statistics show that it is much more dangerous to use a private car for long-distance travel.
Water transport
It is divided into river and sea. In Russia, river water transport is more developed. In general, only a small number of passengers use the services of this type of transport, although in ancient times it was of great importance.
Urban passenger transport management
Relevant ministries and departments have been created to manage various modes of transport. Transport system management implies a set of measures aimed at coordinating the work of transport elements both among themselves and in connection with the external environment. Driving a vehicle requires knowledge of the rules of the road, paying taxes, distributing paid and free sections of the road network, taking into account the peculiarities of traffic during transportation a large number passengers, etc. All this determines the rules for using urban passenger transport.
How will public transport develop in the future?
In many countries of the world, projects are being developed to electrify various types of transport, including public transport. The leaders in this respect are Europe, China and Japan. Buses will be the first to switch to electric traction. In some cities of China, this process is almost completed. Part of the buses can be reoriented to the use of hydrogen fuel. Probable terms of such transfer - 10-15 years. Electric taxis are no less actively developing. In the United States, all these processes are slower, but they can accelerate after the change of the country's president. On the this moment The Trump administration is slowing down the implementation of such projects.
Somewhat later, passenger ships and small-capacity aircraft will be transferred to electric engines. As for large liners, the situation here is still uncertain.
The gradual transfer of transport to electric traction will solve environmental problems, reduce noise levels, improve the technical characteristics of vehicles, and make their operation cheaper.
So, in past posts, I made out, and the city should pursue a policy of reducing the use of personal cars. But by removing cars, we will not remove the need for people to travel from point A to point B. But, as you know, a city is a place where a person can move freely without the help of a personal car on public transport (OT).
Yes, according to the hierarchy of transport in the city in terms of efficiency, the pedestrian and cyclist are more preferable for the city than the OT, but, in reality, it is he who takes on the main load during long-distance travel, while the pedestrian and cyclist are, for the most part, limited a couple of kilometers in radius.
For convenience, we will divide the post into 2 parts: what is important for the passenger and what is important for the city.
What is important for passengers?
Ordinary passengers have general requirements for OT, observing which, at least, it will be possible not to provoke people to drive around the city in a private car, and at the maximum, it will be possible to transfer people to OT voluntarily, these are: safety, convenience, speed.
Safety, no matter how trite it may sound, means no fear of traveling on OT. Personally, I basically don’t ride minibuses around the city because I see who drives these buckets of nuts and how, and I’m just scared for my health.
This principle is understood as 1) the presence of qualified workers who are not afraid to entrust the life and health of passengers, 2) serviceable rolling stock, 3) a safe route.
But in addition to the transport itself, boarding and disembarking from it must be safe, for example, situations are unacceptable when disembarking from a tram takes place directly on the roadway, or when a person has to wait for transport and make sure that someone does not knock him down.
WITH convenience m is a bit more complicated. It is pointless to compare the comfort of personal transport and public transport - personal will always be ahead, but here the main task is to reduce the gap between them to a minimum. The range of possible actions here is huge, starting with convenient stopping pavilions and ending with the route network, here I will analyze only the most basic ones.
route network
The city's OT coverage network should be such that it is easy to get from one end of the city to the other, without making detours. Naturally, the OT should be within walking distance, because there will be few people who want to go to the bus stop for a couple of kilometers. But here you need to understand that it is unrealistic to make a person’s journey direct in urban conditions, so the route network should have transfer stations where a person could get off one bus, walk the minimum distance, and take a tram that will take him to his final destination, or , in terminology, OT should be
schedule and transfers
Why do people love the subway so much? That's right - for predictability, because the cases of failures in the movement of trains are minimal, which means that a person can more accurately plan his time. The task of the city is to ensure that the entire OT is predictable, which means that the schedule must be clearly followed.
Actually, that is why, unlike Russia, where electronic route indicators are quite widely used, which show in real time when the route you need arrives: 
In the rest of the world, everything is made simpler and cheaper by simply broadcasting schedule sheets at stops: 
for why complicate everything if OT is already running like clockwork?
But it is not necessary to hang up the schedule either, if the frequency of the routes is within 5-10 minutes, then the person already knows that his buses / tram / trolley bus will arrive soon.
Returning to the intermodal OT model, that is to say, to transfers, routes should be costed in such a way that a person can predict in advance the time of arrival and departure on subsequent routes. In this case, it is desirable that the difference is not more than 5 minutes.
informative
In Russia, it is generally accepted that people by default know everything and everything about urban transport, and that it seems like there is no need to inform them. But we are educated people, and we understand that this is wrong, and each person should be provided with a complete set of information about OT. This is usually done at stops. This is how we inform people: 
How much information can be taken out from here? I think not, especially if a person is from another city, then it will be impossible to figure it out without 2Gis or the help of others, not to mention the ticket menu. Now compare with how people are informed in other countries: 
I think words are superfluous here) At a minimum, a person knows where he can go from this stop.
Well, inside a person should also receive the necessary information, at least where he is going now and what is the next stop.
personal space 
A person, although a social being, is extremely negative about when strangers invade his personal space. The radius of action of this space is an extremely controversial issue, someone talks about a meter around a person, someone else. For example, in Switzerland it is not customary to sit down with strangers in the OT, because this is considered an invasion of this notorious personal space. But in general, as far as I know, it is generally accepted in the world that the optimal load is considered when all seats are occupied. In other words, OT should not be clogged to the eyeballs, this is wrong, and suggests that something needs to be changed in transport.
availability
All transport, as well as all transport facilities, must be suitable for people with limited mobility. These are not only the disabled, as many people think, but also children, pensioners, people with bags, strollers, and so on. For them, movement itself can be difficult, and steps or narrow passages can push them away completely. A small example - try to travel with a suitcase in a minibus and in the subway, where will it be more convenient? I think the answer is obvious (although our metro is not ideal accessibility for passengers either).
ticket menu
A person should be able to buy such tickets, which are most convenient and profitable for him to use (single, temporary, unlimited).
sanitary condition
The rolling stock must be clean both inside and out. And the point here is not only that a dirty OT pollutes the city (this is important, but not in this context), but that a person is psychologically more conducive to cleanliness. Plus, because of the dirt, the route and other important information can be poorly read:
And yet, in a clean transport, you don’t want to pig and spoil it, after all - a terrible thing.
other
Wi-Fi in transport, loyalty programs for regular passengers, and so on are additional amenities for passengers, which is naturally good, but you need to think about this when the issues listed above are resolved.
Speed OT is one of the decisive factors. By general rules OT shouldn't be stuck in traffic at all. Firstly, no one likes to be stuck in traffic jams) Secondly, when personal vehicles are stuck in traffic jams, and a bus with satisfied passengers calmly passes by them, then a normal person will think about whether he should go by car next time, it’s not better can you save yourself time and nerves by driving an OT?
As a rule, the average speed of the ground OT is 15-25 km / h, but on dedicated lines, with rare stops, the speed increases. On the other hand, speed can be made competitive by making life more difficult for motorists, when an OT can drive straight down the street, but a personal car cannot: 
for example, pedestrian and tram streets do just that
What is important for the city?
The city, in addition to the above, must choose the type of public transport for each specific case. As a rule, the main criterion for this is the congestion of the route network, if it is small, then you can get by with buses (or even minibuses, they also have their own), but the higher it is, the more clearly it becomes clear that the buses will not cope. In addition, environmental and economic aspects will be important criteria.
The rules are simple - the cooler the type of public transport, the more expensive it is, but due to economies of scale, the cost is lower. That is why the main OT, which is used by many people, as a rule, is chosen either by the metro or the tram, because they are expensive, but effective and, in terms of cost per person, are more profitable than driving cheap buses. In general, the picture is something like this: 
for vehicles without 100% dedicated lanes
Off-street transport, that is, the metro and the city train, cost even more, but they also carry much more people, but the principle is the same if there is no load, that is, if the cars carry air, it would be better to get rid of such transport, because it will be extremely unprofitable.
In addition, with its powerful hand, the city should create such a ticketing policy that people prefer to take travel cards for many trips or unlimited ones in order to avoid queues at the box office. This is usually done at a barrage price for tickets with few trips. Locals, knowing this, will buy a subscription, and non-residents, if they don’t need more, will be able to spend money once.
It seems to be a trifle, but such a move will significantly save on cashiers and ticket machines, plus there will be fewer queues.
Hello again! This material belongs to a whole series of articles in which answers for the game Puzzles Magic Story in Odnoklassniki.
In turn, we note that this material contains answers to levels from 291 to 300 of the Magic Story Riddles game in Odnoklassniki. You are welcome, use and rejoice!
Game Riddles: Magic story. Answers to levels 291, 292, 293, 294, 295
Level 291 - Riddle:
Transport often needs it, and sometimes a person,
To get around the danger, do not fall off the slope into the river.
The correct answer to riddle No. 291: BRAKE
Level 292 - Riddle:
It is often replenished, there are dissatisfied.
How to go somewhere, everything is missing something.
The correct answer to riddle No. 292: WARDROBE
Level 293 - Riddle:
Often there are flowers,
Cats also keep their belly warm.
The correct answer to riddle No. 293: WINDOWSILL
Level 294 - Riddle:
Previously, birds wore them, aircraft, cars,
And now, to send them, you just need to press a button.
The correct answer to riddle No. 294: LETTERS
Level 295 - Riddle:
This is an important informant.
What you need - he will tell:
Phones, addresses, all searched places.
The correct answer to riddle No. 295: HANDBOOK
Game Riddles: Magic story. Answers to levels 296, 297, 298, 299, 300
Level 296 - Riddle:
Distance is not a problem there.
Everything is close, even far away.
There are many masks, grief, laughter.
It's not easy to get out of there!
The correct answer to riddle No. 296: INTERNET
Level 297 - Riddle:
Yes, Mamai is resting here.
A hurricane smokes on the sidelines.
Runs through the apartment
He's like a mad bullet.
The correct answer to riddle No. 297: CHILD
Level 298 - Riddle:
She brings prosperity to the house
Although the path to it is sometimes not sweet.
Someone rejoices at her, who runs home soon.
The correct answer to riddle No. 298: WORK
Level 299 - Riddle:
This is a necessary attribute, they are often handed out.
To someone at the right time
I could easily find you.
The correct answer to riddle No. 299: BUSINESS CARD
Level 300 - Riddle:
What a lovely creature
Well, the charm!
For love, it is also affection,
But often believes in fairy tales.