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Charles Darwin
(1809 -1882) - English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book “The Origin of Species,” Darwin called natural selection and uncertain variability the main driving force of evolution.
The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory of natural selection, as the main explanation of evolution, became generally accepted only in the 30s of the 20th century. Darwin's ideas and discoveries, as revised, form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity.
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Childhood
Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on the family estate Mount House. The fifth of six children of wealthy physician and financier Robert Darwin and Suzanne Darwin.
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Studies
By the time he entered day school in 1817, the eight-year-old Darwin had already become accustomed to natural history and collecting. This year, in July, his mother dies. Since September 1818, he and his older brother Erasmus attended the nearby Shrewsbury Anglican School as a boarder. Before going with his brother Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh in the summer of 1825, he acts as an apprentice assistant and assists his father in his medical practice, caring for the poor of Shropshire.
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Edinburgh period of life 1825-1827
Charles Darwin studied medicine at university. During his studies, he found lectures boring and surgery painful, so he abandoned his medical studies. Instead, he studies taxidermy with John Edmonstone.
The following year, as a natural history student, he joined the Plinian Student Society, which actively discussed radical materialism. During this time, he assisted Robert Grant in his studies of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates. At the meetings of the society, in March 1827, he represented short messages about his first discoveries that changed the way he looked at familiar things.
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Cambridge period of life 1828-1831
Darwin's father, having learned that his son had abandoned his medical studies, was annoyed and invited him to enter Cambridge Christian College and be ordained as a priest of the Church of England. According to Darwin himself, the days spent in Edinburgh sowed doubts in him about the dogmas of the Anglican Church. Therefore, before making a final decision, he takes time to think. At this time, he diligently reads theological books, and ultimately convinces himself of the acceptability of church dogmas and prepares for admission. While studying in Edinburgh, he forgot some of the basics necessary for admission, and so he studied with a private teacher in Shrewsbury and entered Cambridge after the Christmas holidays, at the very beginning of 1828.
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Further studies at Cambridge
Darwin began to study, but, according to him, he did not go very deep into his studies, devoting more time to horse riding, shooting a gun and hunting. His cousin William Fox introduced him to etymology and brought him into contact with a circle of people interested in collecting insects. As a result, Darwin develops a passion for collecting beetles. Some of his findings were published in Stevens's book Illustrations of British Entomology.
As exams approached, Darwin concentrated on his studies. At the conclusion of his studies, in January 1831, Darwin made good progress in theology, studied the classics of literature, mathematics and physics, eventually becoming 10th in the list of 178 who passed the exam.
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Naturalist's Voyage on the Beagle 1831-1836
In 1831, after graduating from university, Darwin set off as a naturalist on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle, from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1936. The journey lasted almost 5 years. Darwin spends most of his time ashore, studying geology and collecting natural history collections, while the Beagle, under the leadership of Fitzroy, carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coast. During the trip, he carefully records his observations and theoretical calculations. From time to time, whenever the opportunity presented itself, Darwin sent copies of the notes to Cambridge, along with letters including copies of parts of his diary, for relatives. During the trip, he made a number of descriptions of the geology of various regions, collected a collection of animals, and also made short description external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates. In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself to be a skilled collector, collecting specimens for specialist study.
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Voyage of the Beagle
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Darwin's main scientific works
Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in writing the five-volume monograph "Zoology of Travel" (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world's best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph "Cirripedes" which zoologists use until so far.
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The history of the writing and publication of “The Origin of Species”
Since 1837, Darwin began keeping a diary, in which he entered data on breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties, as well as ideas about natural selection. In 1842 he wrote the first essay on the origin of species. Beginning in 1855, Darwin corresponded with the American botanist A. Gray, to whom two years later he outlined his ideas. Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Charles Lyell, Darwin in 1856 began preparing a third, expanded version of the book. In June 1856, when the work was half completed, I received a letter from the English naturalist A. Wallace with the manuscript of the latter’s article. In this article, Darwin discovered an abbreviated statement of his own theory of natural selection.
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Two naturalists independently and simultaneously developed identical theories. Both were influenced by the work of T. Malthus on population; both were aware of Lyell's views, both studied the fauna, flora and geological formations of island groups and discovered significant differences between the species inhabiting them. Darwin sent Lyell Wallace's manuscript along with his own essay, as well as sketches of his second draft and a copy of his letter to A. Gray. Lyell turned to the English botanist D. Hooker for advice, and on July 1, 1859, they together presented both works to the Linnean Society in London. In 1859, Darwin published the work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life,” where he showed the variability of plant and animal species and their natural origin from earlier species.
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Later works (after Origin of Species)
In 1869, Darwin published his second work related to the theory of evolution, “Variability of Animals and Plants under Domestication,” which included many examples of the evolution of organisms. In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared - “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” where Darwin argued in favor of the natural origin of man from animals (ape-like ancestors). Darwin's other notable late works include Pollination in the Orchids; “The expression of emotions in humans and animals”; “The effect of cross-pollination and self-pollination in flora»
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Literature
- "The Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius 2005 (3CD)"
- Internet
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Before going with his brother Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh in the summer of 1825, he acts as an apprentice assistant and helps his father in his medical practice, providing care to the poor of Shropshire. Charles Darwin aged 7 (1816) Charles Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on the family estate Mount House. The fifth of 6 children of wealthy physician and financier Robert and Suzanne Darwin. In 1817 he entered day school, where he became familiar with natural history and collecting. This year, in July, his mother dies. Since September 1818, he and his older brother Erasmus attended the nearby Shrewsbury school as a boarder.
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Edinburgh period of life (1825 - 1827) At the University of Edinburgh, Charles Darwin studied medicine. During his training, he found the lectures boring and the surgery painful, so he “gave up” on his training. Instead, he begins to study taxidermy. The following year, as a student of natural history, he joined the Plinian Student Society. At this time he helps Robert Grant in his research on anatomy and life cycle marine invertebrates. At the meetings of the society in March 1827, he presented brief reports about his first discoveries, which changed the view of familiar things. During his second year in Edinburgh, Darwin studied geology. However, at that time he had no passion for geological sciences.
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Cambridge period of life (1828 - 1831) Darwin's father, having learned that his son had abandoned his medical studies, was annoyed and invited him to enter Cambridge College and become a priest. According to Darwin himself, the days spent in Edinburgh sowed doubts in him about the dogmas of the church. At this time, he diligently reads theological books. Darwin began to study, but, according to Darwin himself, he did not go too deep into his studies, devoting more time to horse riding, shooting a gun and hunting (fortunately, attending lectures was voluntary). His cousin William Fox introduced him to entomology and brought him into contact with a circle of people interested in collecting insects. As a result, Darwin develops a passion for collecting beetles.
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As exams approached, Darwin concentrated on his studies. At this time he reads "The Proof of Christianity", whose language and presentation delight Darwin. Darwin remained in Cambridge until June. He studies "Natural Theology", in which the author explains adaptation as the influence of God through the laws of nature.
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Darwin pays special attention to A. von Humboldt's book “Personal Narrative”. Descriptions of the island of Tenerife infect Darwin and his friends with the idea of going there to study natural history in tropical conditions. To prepare, he studies geology and then goes to Wales to map rocks. Returning 2 weeks later, he finds a letter in which his teacher recommends Darwin as a suitable person for the position of naturalist to the captain of the Beagle, Robert Fitzroy, under whose command an expedition to the shores of South America is to begin in 4 weeks. Darwin was ready to immediately accept the offer, but his father objected because he believed that a 2-year voyage was nothing more than a waste of time. The timely intervention of his uncle Josiah Wedgwood II persuades his father to agree.
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Voyage on the ship "Beagle" (1831 - 1836) In 1831, after graduating from university, Darwin set off as a naturalist on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship "Beagle", from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1836. The journey lasted almost 5 years. During his journey, Darwin made a number of descriptions of the geology of various areas, collected a collection of animals, and made a brief description of the external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates. In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself to be a skilled collector, collecting specimens for specialist study. Darwin spends most of his time ashore, studying geology and collecting natural history collections, while the Beagle carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coasts. Darwin carefully recorded his observations. From time to time he sends his notes to Cambridge.
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During his first stop off the coast of Santiago, Darwin discovers an interesting phenomenon - volcanic rocks with shells and corals, baked by the high temperature of the lava into solid white rock.
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At Punta Alta in Patagonia, Darwin discovers the fossilization of a giant extinct mammal. The importance of the find is emphasized by the fact that the remains of this animal were located in rocks next to the shells of modern species of mollusks, which indirectly indicates a recent extinction, without signs of climate change or disaster. He identifies the find as an obscure megatherium, with a bony shell that, to his first impression, looked like a giant version of the local armadillo. This find generated enormous interest when it reached the shores of England.
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Traveling deep into South America, Darwin notices that two species of rhea ostrich have different but overlapping ranges. Moving further south, he discovers stepped plains lined with pebbles and mollusk shells, like marine terraces, reflecting a series of land uplifts.
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Darwin witnesses in Chile strong earthquake and saw signs indicating that the ground had just risen. This uplifted layer included bivalve shells. High in the Andes, he also discovered mollusk shells.
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In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that some members of the mockingbird family were different from those in Chile and different from each other on different islands; and also that the shells of land turtles vary slightly in shape, indicating an island of origin.
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The kangaroos, marsupial rats and platypus Darwin saw in Australia seemed so strange that it led him to believe that at least 2 Creators worked simultaneously to create this world.
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CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
Darwin's parents
Susanna Wedgwood
Robert Darwin
Charles with his younger sister Catherine
Dr Butler's School in Shrewsbury
Collecting beetles
In 1825, Darwin began studying at the University of Edinburgh.
He was destined to become a doctor, like his father and grandfather.
At the same time, he became interested in natural science.
Edinburgh University
Caricature of Charles Darwin – student
In January 1829, Charles began his studies at Cambridge. He called these three years the happiest of his life.
Record of Charles Darwin's enrollment at Cambridge University
Cambridge. Christ's College Dormitory. Modern photo.
Charles Darwin's room in a hostel in Cambridge
John Henslow (1796 - 1861)
Naturalist, primarily a botanist, teacher and friend of Darwin. He taught geology and later botany at Cambridge. During his trip around the world, Darwin took charge of the collections sent to England.
In 1831 - 1836 Darwin made a voyage around the world on the Beagle
Meeting of Darwin and the Beagle Captain Robert Fitz Roy
"Beagle"
The Beagle was "a well built little vessel, of 235 tons, rigged like a barque, and armed with six guns."
Beagle device
"Beagle" in section
Robert Fitz Roy ( 1805 -1865)
Known as a major hydrographer and meteorologist. He was the commander of the Beagle during the expedition to Tierra del Fuego in 1828-1830, as well as during the Beagle's voyage to the shores of South America in 1831-1836. Later he was governor of New Zealand. In recent years he suffered from mental illness. Committed suicide.
“I studied, then traveled around the world, and then studied again: here is my autobiography”
Darwin's Notebook, with entries relating to the problem of the origin of species
Charles Darwin's 1st evolutionary tree
“The present volume contains, in the form of a diary, the history of our journey and a sketch of those observations in natural history and geology, which I believe will be of some interest to a wide circle of readers ... I hope naturalists will remember that for details they should turn to more extensive works , which set out scientific results expeditions" Charles Darwin "Autobiography"
Charles Darwin's book "Diary of research on the natural history and geology of countries visited during the circumnavigation of Her Majesty's ship Beagle under the command of Captain Fitz Roy of the Royal Navy." English edition by J. Murray, 1913
- January 4, 1837- Darwin's first public appearance before the scientific world with a report on the uplift of the coast of Chile at a meeting of the Geological Society
- 1837– Darwin began to work purposefully on the problem of the origin of species
- January 24, 1839– Darwin elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London
- May 18, 1842– Charles Darwin began writing an outline of his theory of the origin of species
- July 5, 1844– completed writing an essay on the origin of species
On 14 September 1842, Charles, his wife Emma and their children moved from London to Down House, an estate located 16 miles south in Kent, near the village of Down. It was here that Darwin spent the rest of his life; works were written that changed the ideas of his contemporaries about the structure of nature. Children were born and raised here.
- November 30, 1853– Charles Darwin received the Royal Society Medal for his three-volume work on the geological results of the Beagle voyage and his study of barnacles
- September 5, 1857– in a letter to the American botanist, professor at Harvard University Asa Gray, Darwin outlined in detail the main provisions of his theory. Subsequently, this letter served as one of the proofs of Darwin's priority in creating the theory of natural selection.
- 1858. - the young scientist Alfred Wallace sent Charles Darwin an essay “On the Tendency of Varieties to Unlimited Deviation from the Original Type” for review. The submitted paper summarized the theory of evolution that Charles had been working on for over twenty years.
Charles Darwin's book "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" or the preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life.” First edition.
IN November 1864 of the year Charles Darwin was awarded the highest award in the scientific world - the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.
IN November 1867 of the year Charles Darwin was elected corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Darwin's theory of evolution is finding more and more supporters around the world.
November 17, 1877 of the year Cambridge University awarded Darwin a doctorate.
He was buried on 26 April in Westminster Abbey. Next to his grave are the graves of Newton and Faraday
List of scientific works 1839 - 1889
- 1839 "A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle"
- 1842 "Structure and distribution of coral reefs"
- 1844 "Geological observations of volcanic islands"
- 1846 "Geological Research of South America"
- 1851-54 . Monograph on barnacles
- 1859 "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" or the preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life"
- 1862 “Various devices by which orchids are fertilized by insects”
- 1865 “On the movement and habits of climbing plants”
- 1868 "Changes in Animals and Plants Under the Influence of Domestication", in 2 volumes
- 1871 "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"
- 1872 "The Expression of Emotions in Humans and Animals"
- 1875 "Insectivorous plants"
- 1876 "The Actions of Cross-Pollination and Self-Pollination in the Plant World"
- 1877 “Different forms of flowers of plants of the same species”
- 1881 “Formation of the soil layer by earthworms and observations of their lifestyle”
- 1889 "Memoirs of the Development of My Mind and Character (Autobiography)"
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Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in writing the five-volume monograph "Zoology of Travel" (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world's best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph "Cirripedes" which zoologists use until Soon after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle (1839). It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times. Darwin also took part in writing the five-volume monograph “Zoology of Travel” (1842). As a zoologist, Darwin chose barnacles as the object of his study, and soon became the world's best expert on this group. He wrote and published a four-volume monograph “Barnacles,” which zoologists still use today.
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