Every year the plant world, like nature as a whole, suffers more and more from the activities of people. Areas of plants, especially forests, are constantly shrinking, and territories are used to build various objects (houses, businesses). All this leads to changes in various ecosystems and to the disappearance of many species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Because of this, the food chain is disrupted, which contributes to the migration of many animal species, as well as to their extinction. In the future, climate change will follow, because there will no longer be active factors that support the state of the environment.
The reasons for the disappearance of flora
There are many reasons why vegetation is destroyed:
- the construction of new settlements and the expansion of already built cities;
- construction of factories, plants and other industrial enterprises;
- laying of roads and pipelines;
- conducting various communication systems;
- creation of fields and pastures;
- mining;
- creation of reservoirs and dams.
All these objects occupy millions of hectares, and earlier this area was covered with trees and grasses. In addition, climatic changes are also a significant cause of flora extinction.
The need to protect nature
Since people actively use natural resources, very soon they can deteriorate and become depleted. The flora may also perish. To avoid this, you need to protect nature. For this purpose, botanical gardens, national parks and reserves are being created. The territory of these objects is protected by the state, all flora and fauna are in their original form. Since nature has not been touched here, plants have the opportunity to grow and develop normally, increasing their distribution areas.
One of the most important actions for the protection of the flora is the creation of the Red Book. Such a document exists in every state. It lists all types of plants that are disappearing and the authorities of each country must protect this flora, trying to preserve the population.
Outcome
There are many ways to preserve the flora on the planet. Of course, each state must protect nature, but first of all everything depends on the people themselves. We ourselves can refuse to destroy plants, teach our children to love nature, protect every tree and flower from death. People destroy nature, so we all have to correct this mistake, and only realizing this, we need to make every effort and save the plant world on the planet.
The solution of environmental problems, and, consequently, the prospects for sustainable development of civilization are largely associated with the competent use of renewable resources and various functions of ecosystems, and their management. This direction is the most important path of a fairly long and relatively inexhaustible nature management in combination with the preservation and maintenance of the stability of the biosphere, and, consequently, the human environment.
Each biological species is unique. It contains information about the development of flora and fauna, which is of great scientific and applied value. Since all the possibilities of using this organism in the long term are often unpredictable, the entire gene pool of our planet (with the exception, perhaps, of some disease-causing organisms dangerous to humans) is subject to strict protection. The need to protect the gene pool from the standpoint of the concept of sustainable development (“co-evolution”) is dictated not so much by economic as by moral and ethical considerations. Humanity alone will not survive.
It is not out of place to recall one of the environmental laws of B. Commoner: "Nature knows best!" The unforeseen until recently, the possibilities of using the gene pool of animals are now demonstrated by bionics, thanks to which there are numerous improvements in engineering designs based on the study of the structure and functions of organs of wild animals. It has been established that some invertebrates (molluscs, sponges) have the ability to accumulate a large amount of radioactive elements and pesticides. As a consequence, they can be bioindicators of environmental pollution and help humans solve this important problem.
Protection of the plant gene pool. Being an integral part of the general problem of protection of natural resources, protection of the plant gene pool is a set of measures to preserve the entire species diversity of plants - carriers of the hereditary heritage of productive or scientifically or practically valuable properties.
It is known that under the influence of natural selection and through sexual reproduction of individuals, the most useful properties for the species accumulate in the gene pool of each species or population; they are contained in gene combinations. Therefore, the tasks of using natural flora are of great importance. Our modern grain, fruit, vegetable, berry, fodder, industrial, ornamental crops, the centers of origin of which were established by our outstanding compatriot N.I. Vavilov, trace their ancestry either from wild ancestors, or are the creations of science, but on the basis of natural gene structures. By using the hereditary properties of wild plants, completely new species of useful plants have been obtained. Perennial wheat and grain fodder hybrids were created by hybrid selection. According to the calculations of scientists, about 600 species of wild plants can be used in the selection of agricultural crops from the flora of Russia.
The protection of the plant gene pool is carried out through the creation of reserves, natural parks, botanical gardens; formation of a bank of the gene pool of local and introduced species; studying biology, ecological needs and competitiveness of plants; ecological assessment of the habitat of plants, forecasts of its changes in the future. Thanks to the reserves, Pitsunda and Eldar pines, pistachio, yew, boxwood, rhododendron, ginseng, etc. have been preserved.
Protection of the gene pool of animals. A change in habitat conditions under the influence of human activity, accompanied by direct pursuit and extermination of animals, leads to a depletion of their species composition and a decrease in the number of many species. In 1600. there were about 4230 species of mammals on the planet, by now 36 species have disappeared, and 120 species are in danger of extinction. Of the 8684 bird species, 94 have disappeared and 187 are endangered. The situation with subspecies is no better: since 1600, 64 subspecies of mammals and 164 subspecies of birds have disappeared, 223 subspecies of mammals and 287 subspecies of birds are in danger.
Protection of the gene pool of mankind. For this, various scientific directions have been created, such as:
1) ecotoxicology- the section of toxicology (the science of poisons), which studies the ingredient composition, features of distribution, biological action, activation, deactivation of harmful substances in the environment;
2) medical genetic counseling in special medical institutions to find out the nature and consequences of the action of ecotoxicants on the human genetic apparatus in order to give birth to healthy offspring;
3) screening- selection and testing for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of environmental factors (the natural environment surrounding a person).
Environmental pathology- the doctrine of human diseases, in the emergence and development of which unfavorable environmental factors in combination with other disease-causing factors play a leading role.
Animal world is a collection of all species and individuals of wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, as well as insects, molluscs and other invertebrates) that inhabit a certain territory or environment and are in a state of natural freedom.
According to the Federal Law "On the Animal World" (1995), the basic concepts related to the protection and use of the animal world are formulated as follows:
object of the animal world - organisms of animal origin or their population;
biological diversity of the animal world - the diversity of objects of the animal world within the same species, between species and in ecosystems;
steady state of the animal world - the existence of objects of the animal world for an indefinitely long time;
sustainable use of objects of the animal world - the use of objects of the animal world, which does not lead in the long term to the depletion of the biological diversity of the animal world and in which the ability of the animal world to reproduce and sustainably exist.
The fauna is an integral element of the environment and biological diversity of the Earth, a renewable natural resource, an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere.
The main ecological function of animals is participation in biotic circulation substances and energy. The stability of the ecosystem is provided primarily by animals, as the most mobile element.
It is necessary to realize that the animal world is not only an important component of the natural ecological system and at the same time a most valuable biological resource. It is also very important that all types of animals form the genetic fund of the planet, they are all needed and useful. There are no stepchildren in nature, just as there are no absolutely useful and absolutely harmful animals. It all depends on their number, living conditions and a number of other factors. One of the varieties 100 thousand species of various flies - housefly, is a carrier of a number of infectious diseases. At the same time, flies feed a huge number of animals (small birds, toads, spiders, lizards, etc.). Only a few species (mites, pests, etc.) are subject to strict control.
Reducing the number and species diversity of vegetation and animals is one of the features of the global ecological crisis. Man cuts down forests, picks berries, mushrooms, herbs, catches fish, produces seafood, hunts fur and other wild animals, birds, as a result of which many natural biocenoses are disturbed or destroyed, the biological diversity of species has significantly decreased.
According to the UN Forest Department, currently the total forest area of the world is less than 40 million km 2, that is, 35% of the forest area has been destroyed during the existence of our civilization, and more than half of this amount has been destroyed over the past 150 years. About 114 thousand km 2 of tropical forests are burned and cut down annually.
Deforestation leads, firstly, to a decrease in the biomass and production potential of the biosphere, and secondly, to a reduction in the global resource of photosynthesis. This leads to a weakening of the gaseous function of the biosphere and its ability to strictly regulate the assimilation of solar energy and the composition of the atmosphere. In addition, the contribution of transpiration to the moisture cycle on land decreases, which leads to a change in precipitation and runoff regimes and triggers the mechanisms of land desertification.
It has been established that the gas-producing and dust-, gas-absorbing potential of plantings depends on their age, species composition, bonitet, completeness, condition. For example, it was found by calculation methods that the absorption of CO 2 by pine and linden stands varies in the range of 5–15.8 t / ha per year, and the release of oxygen from 3 to 11.5 t / ha per year. In addition, in forests, the undergrowth and herbaceous layer can absorb up to 0.7 and 0.6 t / ha of carbon dioxide, respectively, and emit 0.5 t / ha of oxygen per year. In green areas, the dust content of the air can be reduced to 40-50%. Multi-row, linear planting of trees and shrubs along roads can reduce air pollution in transport zones by 4 to 70% and their effectiveness depends on the width, height and density of plantings.
The forest also serves as a source and biological reservoir for most of the Earth's biocenoses.
One of the most serious negative consequences of the degeneration of the biosphere into the technosphere is the depletion of natural ecosystems and a decrease in biological diversity.
Biodiversity is not only a condition for the existence of the ecosphere, but should be considered as an important resource of the technosphere. Due to the degradation of the natural environment, pollution, destruction of biocenoses, 10-15 thousand biological species, mainly lower forms, disappear annually.
The measures for the protection of flora and fauna are as follows:
Protecting forests from fires and fighting them;
Protection of plants from pests and diseases;
Protective afforestation;
Improving the efficiency of the use of forest resources;
Protection of certain species of plants and animals;
Species biodiversity monitoring;
Allocation of specially protected areas without economic activity or its significant limitation.
The most effective forms of protection of flora and fauna, as well as natural ecosystems should be attributed to the state system of specially protected natural areas.
Specially protected natural areas(SPNA) - areas of land or water surface, which, due to their nature conservation and other purposes, are fully or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
SPNAs include: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.
Protection and use of protected areas is carried out on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Specially Protected Natural Areas".
As of 1.01. 2011, the system of PAs includes 1296 objects, including one nature reserve (Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve), 4 national parks (Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Braslav Lakes, Narochansky and Pripyatsky), 85 nature reserves of republican significance, 353 nature reserves of local importance, 306 natural monuments of republican and 547 - of local importance. The total area of protected areas in 2010 was 1595.1 thousand hectares or 7.7% of the country's area. The priority category of protected areas remains nature reserves of republican significance, they account for 52.8% of the total area of protected areas.
For the conservation of biodiversity in the republic, there is a network of protected areas of international importance. These include 8 Ramsar territories (republican reserves "Olmanskie swamps", "Middle Pripyat", "Zvanets", "Sporovsky", "Osveisky", "Kotra", "Yelnya", "Prostyr"), where the study and protection of swamps; transboundary specially protected natural areas (reserves "Pribuzhskoe Polesie" and "Kotra") and biosphere reserves.
Thanks to the creation of all these protected areas, unique landscapes and species of animals and plants inhabiting them are preserved in the republic. In total, 2,358 habitats and habitats of 355 rare species of animals and plants have been protected in Belarus. In addition, in 2004, 28 new habitats of 20 species of animals and plants were taken under protection.
The scheme for the rational placement of protected areas of republican significance and the National Strategy for the Development and Management of the System of Natural Protected Areas until January 1, 2015 were approved by the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2007 No. 1919 and 1920.
In accordance with the Resolution of the Ministry of Natural Resources No. 38 on April 16, 2008, a register of specially protected areas is kept in the republic. The main purpose of these documents is to form the National Ecological Network. At the same time, PAs are considered as its main elements. The first automated database of protected areas of republican significance was also developed on the basis of a digital map M 1: 200,000 using GIS technologies (Geo-Information System).
At present, as a result of the negative anthropogenic impact, both due to economic activity and from poaching, the issue of protecting animals and birds living in forest and agricultural lands is especially acute.
In connection with the intensification of agricultural production, many machines and mechanisms appeared that work in the fields, which are the habitat of wild animals and birds. The use of large-scale high-performance equipment practically deprives the inhabitants of the fields of the opportunity to hide and avoid death. Animals hide and die under the working organs of equipment or become easy prey for predators, having lost their shelter.
The use of a large number of powerful agricultural machines, as well as the chemicalization of crop production, have become the main factors in the decline in the number of many species of game animals living in the field. When harrowing, cultivating, mowing and harvesting grain crops in the fields, a disturbance factor is created, which usually leads to the death of game, their burrows, dens and nests are destroyed. Many animals and birds die at night when the headlights make them hide in the furrows. Even more of them perish when mowing in meadows and fields with forage grasses. It has been established that in Belarus, when mowing perennial grasses, 33% of black grouse, 30-45% of partridges with eggs, 25% of corncrake and 75% of quails die. Most of them die when mowing in the dew, as well as when mowing the central section of the field.
Therefore, it is necessary to competently carry out work on haymaking and harvesting grain crops. First of all, it is necessary to abandon the mowing of grasses and harvesting grain "in the corral", but to carry them out "in acceleration", that is, to start these works from the center of the field to its periphery. Studies have shown that this technology of cleaning allows you to save up to 70% of animals and birds. When harvesting grain, it is advisable to use the expanding swath method, in which there is no need for trucks to go around the corral to collect grain from the harvester bunker; the driver drives up from one harvester to another across the mowed field. They carry out work from the edge of the field, and at a distance from it, animals and birds have the opportunity to go to a safe place.
The most effective method of protecting animals and birds is recognized as an integrated one, with the obligatory presence of forest belts in the center of the field, which provide protection and food, as well as protect the soil from water and wind erosion. Forest belts make it possible to start harvesting from the edges of the field to the center along the entire perimeter. It is also advisable to arrange feeders, aviaries, drinkers, sheds in them.
The chemicalization of agricultural production has also greatly influenced the flora and fauna. The uncontrolled use of pesticides, as well as an increase in the volume of their use for the extermination of pests of agricultural crops, cause serious damage to both the hunting fauna and the natural enemies of these pests. Reducing the number of natural enemies of agricultural pests leads to their mass reproduction.
A relatively new problem for the country is the problem of invasive species of plants and animals entering the territory of Belarus and the resulting negative consequences of an ecological, economic and social nature. Monitoring data show that in recent decades, due to human economic activity, a number of species, alien to the fauna and flora of the republic, have entered the territory of Belarus.
First of all, it is a polymorphic zebra mussel (now this species is found in more than 80% of the republic's lakes). The alien species of fish, the Amur sleeper, which eats caviar of other fish species, is rapidly spreading over the river basins of the country, causing serious economic damage.
Invasive plant species do no less harm to the flora of the republic. They penetrate especially easily into cultivated land, where competition from the cultivated flora is negligible. Often, in these cases, alien species become malicious weeds, which leads to loss of yield and the need to develop new agricultural techniques and methods of combating them. Typical examples of such species are small-flowered Halinsoga, Canadian small-petal and Weirich's mountaineer. Some of the alien plant species, such as the Sosnovsky hogweed, many poplar species, and ragweed, have pronounced allergenic properties. The massive distribution of Sosnovsky's hogweed, displacing most of the native species from plant communities and possessing poisonous and allergic properties, is observed practically throughout the territory of Belarus.
On the territory of the republic, almost everywhere there were cases of the negative impact of pesticides on the health of farm animals and humans, especially in areas of open storage of pesticides or their spraying.
It is known that many pesticides are capable of accumulating in the body of warm-blooded animals. Poisonous chemicals quickly spread along food chains, causing developmental anomalies or death of individuals that, it would seem, could not come into contact with the poisonous substance.
The accumulation of pesticides and their decay products in the body causes chronic diseases of the liver, genitourinary and reproductive systems in humans, and also adversely affects the offspring.
In order to reduce the risk of negative effect of pesticides on biota, rules for their storage and use have been developed. So, plant protection products should be applied in limited areas, spraying should be carried out in a calm time away from the nesting areas of birds or the habitat of animals with young animals. Treated vegetation is most dangerous immediately after pollination, so birds should be scared away from these areas and patrolled for 48 hours. In addition, it is recommended to eliminate the most toxic pesticides for animals.
Storage of pesticides should be organized in closed rooms in a special container. It is forbidden to place warehouses of pesticides in the water protection zone of reservoirs and directly in the residential area. Additional precautions must be taken when pouring or pouring pesticides into special units for pollination and spraying.
Sites for special equipment should be isolated from soil and water bodies. Waste water should be collected in special containers and reused.
The best option for pest control is the use of biological methods. At the same time, pests of agricultural plants are destroyed or suppressed with the help of natural enemies. For example, aphids are destroyed by ladybirds, leaf-gnawing caterpillars are destroyed by the larvae of wasps, etc.
Recently, much attention has been paid to microbiological methods of combating harmful insects and pathogens using antagonistic organisms, which can be viruses, bacteria and fungi. However, at the same time, there is a threat of loss of control over their reproduction. In addition, these organisms, when the corresponding species of pests disappear, can switch to other beneficial species of insects, plants and animals. The most problematic is the use of viruses, since they can mutate unusually quickly under the influence of external factors, which can lead to the emergence of new unknown diseases.
An artificial increase in the number of small insectivorous birds can be used as a biological method.
The most correct application of combined methods of protection of agricultural plants and animals, taking into account all the available factors.
Vegetation cover is an integral part of the natural environment, thanks to which
the process of metabolism in nature is carried out, which provides an opportunity
the very existence of life. At the same time, the vegetation cover is one of the
least protected landscape components, ubiquitous
the impact of anthropogenic activity and suffering from it in the first place.
Often the destruction of the vegetation cover leads to the creation of conditions
incompatible with human life, situations are formed, defined as
ecological catastrophy.
Areas where the necessary scientifically grounded balance between
disturbed and undisturbed areas of vegetation, have a chance to avoid
disaster. In addition, vegetation supplies humanity with fodder,
food, medicinal, wood resources, and also satisfies its scientific,
aesthetic and recreational needs. Caring for the conservation of plant
cover is one of the most important and at the same time one of the most difficult tasks.
When assessing the consequences of any type of anthropogenic activity on vegetation
one should proceed from its direct and indirect role in the functioning of landscapes and
human life. The role of vegetation is unusually diverse and,
we can say that all life on Earth depends on vegetation, since
green plants are one of a kind organisms capable of
to produce organic matter from inorganic and also certainly
oxygen necessary for life. The rest of the vegetation functions are based on
this main - the energy function. Resource (including food and
stern), biostation, the health-improving role of vegetation
directly related to its energy function, and landscape stabilizing,
water protection, recreational and other functions depend on it indirectly.
Violation of at least one of the functions leads to destabilization of the balance, as in
plant communities, and in the landscape as a whole.
The fact is that vegetation is such a component of the environment,
which regulates the normal functioning of all others, ranging from
the gas composition of the atmosphere, the regime of surface runoff and ending with the yield
agricultural crops, which V.V.
Dokuchaev. Meanwhile, people tend to forget about vital necessity.
preserving vegetation, because the connection of life on Earth with vegetation
mediated with many other factors. Typically see the end
chain link is not easy, so we often hear disparaging
and ironic statements about some "flowers and herbs" (as well as "birds
and butterflies "), supposedly incomparable in value with the interests of people in connection with
the implementation of an object or project.
In fact, there is a range of flora species in each region, which
are subject to protection because of their rarity or even uniqueness, the tendency to
disappearance. This species is listed in the Red Data Books of various levels, and
when predicting the consequences of a particular type of anthropogenic activity
it is necessary to identify such species, their habitats in this area and, in
if necessary, adjust the design solutions to prevent
death of these species. But the point is not only in the preservation of rare and endangered species.
Assessment of the impact on vegetation also involves an analysis of possible
the consequences of vegetation disturbance, providing a stable
functioning of all ecosystems of the region, including anthropoecosystems. In his
turn, vegetation depends on all natural factors, the manifestation
which is associated with zonal and regional features. Depends on it
composition and phytocenetic structure of vegetation, its biological
productivity, and, consequently, energy efficiency, its
dynamic trends. All these indicators are the basis of estimates.
the consequences of impact on the vegetation cover.
Impacts on vegetation can be direct or indirect. TO
direct impacts include direct destruction
vegetation (deforestation, peeling off sod, burning out areas with
vegetation, plowing of meadows, etc.). Indirect influences are mediated
other factors that change anthropogenic activity: change in the level
groundwater, changes in microclimate, pollution of the atmosphere and soil
Recently, an increasingly significant floristic role is played by
pollution, especially atmospheric. As it turned out, plants are often more
more sensitive to chemical pollution than humans, therefore MPC
air pollutants approved as sanitary
hygienic standards, not suitable for vegetation (especially for
evergreen trees and shrubs). Generally accepted MPCs for vegetation
not yet. There are private ones, such as regulations approved for the territory
Museum-estate "Yasnaya Polyana". In the absence of others, you should use these
regulations, amending the accompanying circumstances (composition and
existing state of vegetation, area of activity).
There are no data on maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in soils for
no vegetation. There are only agricultural standards
optimal fertilization of the soil and the content of pesticides in it, and
it is also known that various plants have a selective ability to
absorption of individual elements: some accumulate a large amount of lead
(lilac), other zinc (violet), etc. Without suffering themselves, the plants
can serve as a transmission link for the spread of pollutants, which, according to trophic
chains enter living organisms. Impact assessments of any kind
anthropogenic activities on the vegetation cover are hampered by the fact that
there are no specific quantitative standards of condition
vegetation. Here only expert assessments are possible, allowing to obtain
a comprehensive assessment of the condition and stability of vegetation, although in this
case, you have to rely on the professionalism and experience of experts.
Among the biotic indicators for assessing the state of ecosystems and geospheric
shells V.V. Vinogradov proposed to distinguish spatial, dynamic
and thematic indicators, of which the most important among the latter
recognized as botanical.
Botanical(geobotanical) criteria are not only sensitive to
violations of the environment, but also the most representative ("physiognomic"),
in the best way to help trace the zones of the ecological state by
dimensions in space and stages of disturbance in time. Botanical
indicators are very specific, since different types of plants and different plant
communities in different geographic conditions have different sensitivity
and resistance to disturbing influences and, therefore, the same
indicators for the qualification of zones of ecological status can significantly
vary for different landscapes. This takes into account the signs of negative
changes at different levels: organismic (phytopathological changes),
population (deterioration of the species composition and phytocenometric characteristics) and
ecosystem (the ratio of the area in the landscape). State ranking example
ecosystems by botanical criteria is given in table. 9 (averaged basic
indicators zoned for certain zonal conditions).
Table 9
Botanical criteria for assessing ecosystem disturbance
| ESTIMATED | Ecosystem State Classes | |||
| INDICATORS | I - norm (N) | II - risk (R) | III - crisis (C) | IV - disaster (B) |
| Deterioration of the species composition and characteristic species of flora | natural change of (sub-) dominants | Decrease in the abundance of dominance. Species | change of dominance. types of secondary. | Reduced abundance of secondary species |
| Damage to vegetation (for example, plant smoke) | no damage | Damage to the most senses. Species | damage to the environment of the senses. species | The damage is weak. Species |
| The relative area of the indigenous (quasi-) comm. (%) | more than 60 | 60-40 | 30-20 | Less than 10 |
| Biodiversity (decrease in Simpson's diversity index, in%) | less than 10 | 10-20 | 25-50 | More than 50 |
| Forest cover (in% of the zonal) | more than 80 | 70-60 | 50-30 | Less than 10 |
| Crop loss (% of area) | less than 5 | 5-15 | 15-30 | Over 30 |
| Projective cover of pasture vegetation (in% of normal) | more than 80 | 70-60 | 50-20 | Less than 10 |
| Productivity of pasture vegetation (in% potential) | more than 80 | 70-60 | 20-10 | Less than 5 |
Biochemical criteria for ecological disturbance of flora are based on
measurements of anomalies in the content of chemicals in plants. For
qualifications of critical ecological disturbance of the territory are used
indicators of changes in the ratio of the content of toxic and biologically active
microelements in mowing plants from test plots and in plant feed. V
forests with a common toxicant, the effect of which on plants leads to
irreversible physiological and metabolic disorders, is dioxide
sulfur. The negative effect of heavy metals on plants is mainly associated with their
penetration into cell structures with soil solution.
In general, the aerotechnogenic pathway of the entry of pollutants into plants through their
assimilation organs determine the degradation of forest biogeocenoses in conditions
the impact of emissions from, for example, metallurgical plants. Accumulation
metals in the assimilating organs of the studied plants increases with the growth
the level of pollution of the environment by their growth, such a pattern is characteristic
only for those metals that are priority for the composition of emissions
metallurgical enterprises. Other metals (non-industrial)
are distributed evenly over the territory, and the accumulation of the zone
defeat has not yet been found. The most informative biochemical indicators
damage to forest ecosystems are given in table. 10.
Table 10
Biochemical criteria for assessing the disturbance of ecosystems
| INDICATORS | Ecosystem State Classes | |||
| (by the content of chemical substances in the dry mass of herbs (mg / kg) | I - norm (N) | II - risk (R) | III - crisis (C) | IV - disaster (B) |
| Maximum Allowable C: N Ratio in Plants | 12-8 | 8-6 | 6-4 | less than 4 |
| Maximum permissible content of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sb | 1,1-1,5 | 2-4 | 5-10 | more than 10 |
| Tl, Se content (by background excess) | less than 1.5 | 2-4 | 5-10 | more than 10 |
| Content of Al, Sn, Bi, Te, Wo, Mn, Ga, Ge, In, It (by exceeding the background) | 1,5-2 | 2-10 | 10-50 | |
| Cu content in plants (kg / kg) | 10-20 | 30-70 | 80-100 | more than 100 |
| Zn content (kg / kg) | 30-60 | 60-100 | 100-500 | |
| Fe content (mg / kg) | 50-100 | 100-200 | 100-500 | |
| Mo content (mg / kg) | 2-3 | 3-10 | 10-50 | more than 50 |
| Co content (mg / kg) | 0,3-1,0 | 1-5 | 5-50 |
(flora) Regulations are recommended to consider
following.
1. Characteristics of forest and other vegetation in the area of influence of the object and
assessment of the state of the prevailing plant communities.
2. Rare, endemic, listed in the Red Book of plant species, their description
habitats.
3. Assessment of the resistance of plant communities to impact.
4. Forecast of changes in plant communities during the implementation of the project.
5. The functional significance of the prevailing plant communities, forecast
changes in their functional significance during the implementation of the project.
6. Assessment of the fire hazard of plant communities.
7. Consequences of projected changes in vegetation for life and health
population, its economic activities.
8. Assessment of recreational impact and forecast of changes in vegetation during
possible changes in recreational loads (taking into account the sustainability
plant communities to impact).
9. Measures to preserve plant communities:
Rare, endemic, listed in the Red Book of plant species;
The productivity of plant communities;
The quality of plant products.
10. Measures to ensure fire safety of forests and other
plant communities.
11. Assessment of damage caused to vegetation due to violation and
environmental pollution (air, water, soil), forest felling
vegetation and redevelopment of territories.
12. The scope of environmental protection measures and the assessment of the cost of measures for
protection of forest and other vegetation, compensation measures, including a
in case of accidents.
Usually, speaking about the protection of the animal world, they mean the preservation of rare,
exotic animals, some of which are on the verge of complete
extinction, or about animals of economic value. However, the problem
the conservation of the animal kingdom is much broader. The animal kingdom follows
considered as a necessary functional part of the biosphere, where each of
systematic groups of animals, ranging from the lower primitive and ending
higher mammals, fulfills its definite role in the life of the biosphere.
The fauna is much more incompatible with anthropogenic activity than
other components of the landscape, which creates great difficulties in preventing
negative consequences of exposure.
The area of influence on the animal world is always wider than the area, directly
occupied by the designed object, since the vital activity of animals
violated, among other things, by the so-called "disturbance factor",
including the noise of construction and transport, the appearance of unfamiliar and unusual
objects, night lighting, finally, poaching and trapping of animals
and fish, sea animals, etc.
When assessing the consequences of impacts on the animal world are much more significant
indirect causes of negative consequences: reduction of ecological niches,
feed stocks, disruption of food chains, pollution of water bodies and much
other. Often negative consequences for the animal kingdom as a result
indirect impact is much wider than from direct.
In the process of developing impact assessments on fauna and animal populations
it is necessary to rely on systematic, spatial and ecological
the structure of the animal world, establishing the interdependencies between these three
aspects of the analysis and identifying the possible negative consequences of their violation.
The basis for establishing the initial spatial and ecological
patterns, you should use materials on typical data
zonal and regional conditions for reserves (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.),
since in areas outside specially protected natural objects
the original patterns are severely violated and can only be established
modern, as a rule, very poor modifications of them. Comparison of those and
others can give an idea of the type of dynamics of the region's ecosystems and adaptation
animals to the changing environment, on the basis of which it is already easier to predict
the consequences of the planned loads. In turn, if the alleged
the activity will be carried out close enough to one of the protected
territories, it is necessary to assess the possible consequences for the protected area
in order to prevent any changes to any of the objects or factors,
significant for this type of protection.
To assess the state of the animal world, as in the previous case, also
there are no clear and definite, incl. quantitative criteria and norms, in
connection with which the method of expert assessments is most often used, which requires
defining the relevant indicators.
Included in the thematic biotic recommended by V.V. Vinogradov,
zoological criteria and indicators for assessing the state of ecosystems, i.e.
disturbances in the animal kingdom can be considered both at cenotic levels
(species diversity, spatial and trophic structure, biomass and
productivity, energy) and population (spatial
structure, number and density, behavior, demographic and genetic
structure).
According to zoological criteria, a number of stages of the process can be distinguished
ecological violations of the territory. The risk zone is allocated mainly by
ecological criteria of the initial stage of violation - synatropization,
loss of herd behavior, change in migration routes, reaction of tolerance.
The subsequent stages of the violation are distinguished additionally according to the spatial,
demographic and genetic criteria. The crisis zone is characterized by
violation of the structure of populations, groups and schools, narrowing of the distribution area and
habitat, violation of the production cycle. The disaster area is different
the disappearance of part of the range or habitat, mass death of age
groups, a sharp increase in the number of synatropic and uncharacteristic species, intensive
the growth of anthropozoon and zoonotic diseases. In view of the strong multi-year
variability of zoological indicators (at least 25%), some of the
criteria are given for a 5-10 year period.
An example of ranking the state of the ecosystem according to these criteria is given in table. eleven.
Table 11
Zoological criteria for assessing the disturbance of ecosystems
Considering all of the above, when justifying and assessing the impact on the fauna
(flora) The SEE regulations are recommended to consider
following.
1. Characteristics of the animal world in the area of influence of the object.
2. Assessment of the territory in the impact zone of the object as habitats of the main
groups of animals (for fish - wintering pits, feeding and spawning grounds, etc.).
3. Forecast of changes in the animal world during the construction and operation of the facility.
4. Assessment of the consequences of changes in the animal world as a result of the project.
5. Measures to reduce damage to aquatic and terrestrial fauna and preserve
the main habitats of animals during the construction and operation of the facility.
6. Assessment of damage to the animal world due to changes in habitat conditions during
implementation of design solutions. Compensatory measures.
7. The scope of environmental protection measures and the assessment of the cost of compensation
measures and measures for the protection of fauna during normal operation
object, as well as in case of accidents.
ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST OF ANTHROPOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS
The socio-economic situation itself is not environmental
factor. However, it creates these factors and at the same time changes under the influence
changing environmental situation. In this regard, the assessment of the impact on
the environment cannot do without an analysis of social and economic
living conditions of the population. That is why the population and economy in
all the variety of their functioning are included in the concept of the environment and
that is why the social and economic characteristics of the area in question
or the site form an integral part of the EIA.
This principle is enshrined in the International Convention on Impact Assessment
environment in a transboundary context ", where it is written:" impact "
means any consequences of the proposed activity on the environment,
including human health and safety, flora, fauna, soil, air, water,
climate, landscape, historical monuments and other material objects or
relationship with these factors. It also covers implications for
cultural heritage or socio-economic conditions being
the result of changes in these factors.
In light of this definition, it becomes clear that the priority dispute
biocentric or anthropocentric approach to environmental issues
the environment is absolutnor senseless, tk. it is practically the same thing, only
the second part of the above definition should not be discarded. And in the end
As a result, we can say that the last EIA debrief (or the last
considered environmental factors) is anthropoecological
grade planned activity that reflects the assessment of all the others
factors in the anthropoecological aspect and including the assessment and forecast of possible
consequences of a social, demographic, economic nature (increase
load on the existing infrastructure, the relationship of the indigenous,
old-timers and newcomers, the emergence of new jobs,
the need for local products, etc.), i.e. all that is possible
attributed to both out- and synecological aspects of life
person.
Anthropoecological direction is one of the youngest in the structure
EIA, as well as in environmental science in general, because before everything
anthropoecological problems were redistributed among many other
sciences: medicine (and hygiene, in particular), anthropology, geography,
ethnography, demography, etc.) and were often considered independently of each
One of the reasons for combining all these aspects into one direction was
environmental protection problems in general, and the need for pre-project and
project EIA, in particular.
Unfortunately, the need for consideration in the EIA materials
anthropoecological assessments are not yet sufficiently understood in the field of management
environmental protection, which can be traced both in legislative acts and in
other regulatory documents. In particular, in the law of the Russian Federation "On
ecological expertise "there are practically no requirements for
anthropoecological assessments of economic activity as an independent
section, although the need for its development is beyond doubt.
Socio-economic characteristics of the state of the population, which should
taken into account during the EIA, classified by science - ecology
person as follows: demographic characteristics; indicators,
characterizing the conditions of work and life, rest, food,
water consumption, reproduction and education of the population, its education and
maintaining a high level of health; characteristics of natural and man-made
environmental factors of the population. In this case, the estimates are subdivided into
subjective(given by the working or living people themselves) and
professional(obtained using objective measurement methods
or official information sources).
To characterize the socio-ecological situation at an object or territory
experts in the field of human ecology distinguish two groups of factors,
characterizing the anthropoecological situation, - complex
(integral) indicators: comfort level natural environment and
degree of detriment living space.
The assessment of the comfort of natural conditions is associated with the analysis of more than three dozen
parameters of the natural environment, of which more than 10 refer to climatic
factors, and the rest characterize the presence of natural prerequisites for diseases (in
including relief, geological structure, state of waters, vegetation and
of the animal world and many others discussed in the previous sections). For
mountainous areas, for example, it is additionally important to know the height of the object above the level
sea and the degree of dissection of the relief.
The level of deterioration of the environment also unites rather
a large number of indicators of a very different plan. These include traditional
comprehensive assessments of pollution of geospheres, calculated as a sum
ratios of real concentrations of pollutants and their maximum permissible concentration, specific total indicators
MPE and MPD associated with the estimated area of the territory, and a number of others.
Among demographic indicators taken into account when
anthropoecological assessments, most often given: the coefficient of the total and
child standardized mortality (per 1000 population), taking into account age
structure of the population, fertility rate, linked to the total rate
natural growth, average life expectancy and life expectancy
potential of the population (the number of future years of life, provided that this
age-specific mortality rate, in person-years), marriage rates and
migrations that indirectly indicate environmental problems in the region
placement of the object. There are also more complex in calculations complex
demographic indicators: quality of life and quality of health of the population.
Among the most comprehensive regional indicators is the integral
socio-economic development indicator, including 15 basic
parameters evaluated on a 10-point scale: gross national product (GNP)
per capita, consumption per capita, level of industrialization,
share of exportable products in total agricultural
products, provision of our own industrial products, development
infrastructure, educational level, market public opinion,
orientation of the population to Western living standards, etc.
the region is ranked for each of these 15 parameters, then the assigned points
add up and the result is a total score.
Unfortunately, among these parameters there are still no "purely ecological" ones.
type evaluations the level of ecological consciousness of the population, the level
socio-ecological tensions other. Among others
ecologized socio-economic indicators include: recreational
potential of the area and the degree of its use, hazard (probability)
invasions, epizootics and attacks on humans by representatives of the animal world,
complex indicators of technogenic load and the degree of urbanization
territory, as well as a number of others.
Certain issues in this area are regulated by the existing
regulatory and technical documents.
Of the whole variety of eco-social and cultural indicators during the EIA (in
the following:
1. Assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological state of the territory.
2. Social living conditions of the population.
3. Assessment of the health status of the population.
4. Population migration.
5. Forecast of possible changes in the population size, including the indigenous one.
6. Assessment of predicted changes in socio-economic living conditions
population, comfort of living in the implementation of planned activities.
7. Predictive assessment of the environmental consequences of the operation of the facility (if
normal mode and accidents) for the life and health of the population (increase
mortality, change in life expectancy, the appearance
occupational and other specific diseases, an increase in general, infectious
morbidity in children and adults, etc.).
8. Predictive assessment of the impact of the planned activity on specially protected
objects (natural, recreational, cultural, cult, etc.).
9. Loss of the aesthetic value of the territory.
10. Assessment of predicted changes in the natural environment for the existing
nature management, including national.
11. Measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population at
normal operation of the facility and in emergency situations.
12. Measures to regulate social relations in the process of the planned
business activities, including the investor's commitment to improve
social living conditions of the population.
13. Comprehensive predictive assessment of environmental risk (for the population and
environment) of the planned activity.
14. The scope of environmental protection measures and an estimate of the cost of
measures to preserve favorable living conditions and health of the population.
Atmospheric air protection
The atmosphere is one of the elements of the environment that is ubiquitous
exposed to human activity. The consequences of such
impacts depend on many factors and are manifested in climate change and
the chemical composition of the atmosphere. These changes, indifferent to the most
atmosphere are a significant factor affecting the biotic component
environment, including per person.
The atmosphere, or air environment, is assessed in two aspects.
1. Climate and its possible changes, both under the influence of natural
reasons, and under the influence of anthropogenic influences in general (macroclimate) and
of this project in particular (microclimate). These estimates also assume
forecasting the possible impact of climate change on the implementation
the projected type of anthropogenic activity.
2. Pollution atmosphere, which is assessed by structural
scheme. The potential for contamination is assessed first
the atmosphere using one of the complex indicators: the potential for pollution
atmosphere (PZA), atmospheric scattering power (SAR), etc. Then
assessments of the current level of air pollution in the region are carried out.
Conclusions about climatic and meteorological features, and about initial pollution
atmosphere is based primarily on the data of the regional Roshydromet, in
to a lesser extent - on the data of the sanitary-epidemiological service and
special analytical inspections of the State Committee for Ecology, as well as for other
literary sources. And finally, based on the estimates obtained and data on
specific air emissions of the designed facility are calculated
predictive estimates of air pollution using special
computer programs ("Ecologist", "Garant", "Ether", etc.), which allow not
maps of concentration fields and data on deposition of pollutants
onto the underlying surface.
The criterion for assessing the degree of atmospheric pollution is the maximum permissible
concentration (MPC) of pollutants. Measured or calculated
the concentration of pollutants in the air is compared with the MPC and thus the pollution
atmosphere is measured in values (fractions) of MPC.
The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere should not be confused with their emissions into the atmosphere.
Concentration is the mass of a substance per unit volume (or even mass), and
emission - the mass of a substance received per unit of time (ie "dose").
Emission cannot be a criterion for air pollution, since pollution
air depends not only on the amount (mass) of the emission, but also on a number of other
factors (meteorological parameters, height of the emission source, etc.).
Predictive estimates of air pollution are used in other sections of the EIA
to predict the consequences of the state of other factors from the impact
polluted atmosphere (contamination of the underlying surface, vegetation
vegetation, population morbidity, etc.).
Assessment of the state of the atmosphere during environmental impact assessment is based on
on the integral assessment of air pollution in the study area,
to determine which is used a system of direct, indirect and indicator
criteria. Assessment of the quality of the atmosphere (primarily the degree of its pollution)
quite well developed and based on a very large package of regulatory and
policy documents using direct monitoring measurement methods
environmental parameters, as well as indirect - calculation methods and evaluation criteria.
Direct evaluation criteria. The main criteria for the state of pollution
air basin are the values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).
It should be borne in mind that the atmosphere occupies a special position in
ecosystem, being a medium for the transfer of technogenic pollutants and
the most changeable and dynamic of all the components of its abiotic
components. Therefore, to assess the degree of air pollution,
indicators differentiated by time: maximum one-time MPCmr (for
short-term effects) and average daily MPCd, as well as average annual MPCg (for
long-term exposure).
The degree of air pollution is estimated by frequency and frequency
exceeding the MPC taking into account the hazard class, as well as summation
biological action of pollutants (pollutants). Air pollution level
substances of different hazard classes is determined by the "reduction" of their concentrations,
normalized by MPC, to the concentration of substances of the 3rd hazard class.
Pollutants in the air basin according to the likelihood of their unfavorable
effects on public health are divided into 4 classes: 1st - extremely
dangerous, 2nd - highly dangerous, 3rd - moderately dangerous and 4th -
little dangerous. Usually, the actual maximum one-time is used,
average daily and average annual MPCs, comparing them with actual concentrations
Pollutants in the atmosphere over the past few years, but not less than 2 years.
Another important criterion for assessing the total air pollution
(various substances in terms of average annual concentrations) is the value
complex indicator (P) equal to the square root of the sum of squares
concentrations of substances of various hazard classes, standardized by MPC and
reduced to the concentration of substances of the 3rd hazard class.
The most common and informative indicator of air pollution is
KIZA is a comprehensive index of average annual air pollution. His
quantitative ranking according to the class of the state of the atmosphere is given in table. one.
The given ranking according to the classes of the state of the atmosphere was carried out in
compliance with the classification of pollution levels on a four-point scale,
class "norm" corresponds to the level of air pollution below average
country towns;
the "risk" class is equal to the average level;
the "crisis" class is above the average;
the "distress" class is well above the average.
KIZA is usually used to compare atmospheric pollution of various
areas of the study area (cities, districts, etc.) and to assess
temporary (long-term) tendencies of changes in the state of atmospheric pollution.
Table 1
Criteria for assessing the state of atmospheric pollution by the integrated index (KIZA)
The resource potential of the territory atmosphere is determined by its ability to
dispersion and removal of impurities, in relation to the actual level of pollution
and the MPC value. The scattering power of the atmosphere is based on the value
complex climatic and meteorological indicators such as
air pollution potential (PZA) and air consumption parameter
(PV). These characteristics determine the features of the formation of levels.
pollution depending on meteorological conditions, contributing to the accumulation and
removing impurities from the atmosphere.
PZA- a comprehensive characteristic of the frequency of occurrence of meteorological
conditions unfavorable for dispersion of impurities in the air basin. In Russia
identified 5 classes of PZA, characteristic of urban conditions, depending on
frequency of surface reversals and stagnation of Yu weak winds and duration
Air consumption parameter (PV) represents the volume of net
air required to dilute pollutant emissions to the level of the average permissible
concentration. This parameter is especially important when controlling the quality of air
environment in the case of establishing a collective regime for users of natural resources
responsibility (the principle of "bubble") in market relations. Based on this
parameter, the volume of emissions is set for the whole region, and only then
the enterprises located on its territory jointly find the most profitable
a way for them to provide this volume, incl. through trade in rights to
pollution.
The assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere is carried out taking into account the hygienic
substantiation of the comfort of the climate of the territory, the possibility of using
territories for recreational and residential purposes. An important initial component for
this assessment is the physiological and hygienic classification of weather (i.e.
combinations of such meteorological factors as temperature and humidity, solar
radiation, etc.) during the cold and warm seasons.
As a criterion for assessing the optimal placement of pollution sources
atmosphere and residential areas, the value is used reserve
(deficiency) of the scattering properties of the atmospheric air (BP).
Atmospheric air is usually considered as an initial link in
the chain of pollution of natural environments and objects. Soil and surface water can
be an indirect indicator of its pollution, and in some cases, vice versa
- be sources of secondary pollution of the atmosphere. This defines
the need, in addition to assessing the pollution of the air basin itself
take into account the possible consequences of the mutual influence of the atmosphere and adjacent media, and
obtaining an integral ("mixed" - indirectly direct) assessment of the state
atmosphere.
Indirect assessment indicators air pollution is
the intensity of the influx of atmospheric impurities as a result of dry deposition on
soil cover and water bodies, as well as as a result of its washing out
atmospheric precipitation. The criterion for this assessment is the value of admissible and
critical loads, expressed in units of deposition density, taking into account
the time interval (duration) of their arrival.
The recommendations of the North European Expert Group are as follows
critical loads for acidic forest soils, surface and ground
waters (taking into account the totality of chemical changes and biological effects for
these environments):
for sulfur compounds 0.2-0.4 gSq.m per year;
for nitrogen compounds 1-2 gN sq.m. year.
The final stage of a comprehensive assessment of the state of atmospheric pollution
air is the analysis of trends in the dynamics of technogenic processes and
their possible negative consequences in the short and long term
(perspective) at the local and regional levels When analyzing spatial
features and temporal dynamics of the effects of atmospheric pollution
the method of mapping is applied to the health of the population and the state of ecosystems
(recently - GIS construction) using the set
cartographic materials characterizing the natural conditions of the region, including
the presence of specially protected (protected, etc.) territories.
According to L.I. Bolt, optimal system of components (elements)
integral(complex) assessments of the state of the atmosphere must
include:
assessment of the level of pollution from sanitary and hygienic positions (MPC);
assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere (PZA and PV);
assessing the degree of influence on certain environments (soil-plant and
snow cover, water);
tendencies and intensity (speed) of anthropogenic development processes
expert natural-technical system to identify short-term and
long-term effects of exposure;
determining the spatial and temporal scales of possible negative
consequences of anthropogenic impact.
Considering all of the above, when justifying and assessing the impact on the atmosphere
1. Characteristics of the existing and projected atmospheric pollution
air. The calculation and analysis of the expected pollution of the atmospheric
air after putting the projected facility into operation at the border of the SPZ, in
residential area, in specially protected and other natural areas and objects,
located in the zone of influence of this object.
2. Meteorological characteristics and factors determining conditions
dispersion of harmful substances in the atmospheric air.
3. Parameters of sources of emissions of pollutants, quantitative and
qualitative indicators of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air at
established (normal) operating conditions of the enterprise and maximum
loading equipment.
4. Substantiation of data on pollutant emissions should, incl. contain a list
measures to prevent and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and
assessment of the degree of conformity of the applied processes, technological and
dust and gas cleaning equipment of the advanced level.
5. Characteristics of possible salvo emissions.
6. The list of pollutants and groups of substances with a cumulative
harmful action.
7. Proposals for the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions.
8. Additional measures to reduce emissions of pollutants in
atmosphere in order to achieve MPE standards and assess the degree of their compliance
advanced scientific and technical level.
9. Justification of the accepted sizes of the SPZ (taking into account the wind rose).
10. List of possible accidents: in case of violation of the technological regime; at
natural disasters.
11. Analysis of the scale of possible accidents, measures to prevent
emergency situations and elimination of their consequences.
12. Assessment of the consequences of emergency air pollution for
human and OS.
13. Measures to regulate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere
air during periods of abnormally unfavorable meteorological conditions.
14. Organization of control over atmospheric air pollution.
15. Scope of environmental protection measures and assessment of the cost of capital investments
on compensatory measures and measures to protect atmospheric air from
pollution, including accidents and unfavorable weather conditions.
The protection of flora and fauna resources is aimed both at maintaining the optimal level of the number of economically valuable game animals, and at preserving the entire species diversity of animals and plants. The most important documents regulating the protection of flora and fauna are: LK RF, Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ "On the Animal World", Federal Law of March 14, 1995 No. ZZ-FZ "On Specially Protected Natural territories ".
According to the Federal Law "On Animal World":
- animal world- a set of living organisms of all types of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation and being in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
- animal object - an organism of animal origin (wild animal);
- biological diversity of the animal world - a variety of objects of the animal world within one species, between species and in ecological systems;
- protection of the animal world - activities aimed at preserving biological diversity and ensuring the sustainable existence of the animal world, as well as creating conditions for the sustainable use and reproduction of objects of the animal world;
- wildlife habitat protection- activities aimed at preserving or restoring conditions for sustainable existence and reproduction of objects of the animal world;
- use of the animal world - legally conditioned activities of citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities on the use of objects of the animal world;
- users of the animal world - citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities who are given the opportunity to use the animal world by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Vegetable world is a collection of a large number of diverse wild plant species. Crop plants grown by humans for consumption are not part of the plant kingdom.
Of all the plant resources of the Earth, the most important in nature and human life play forests. Under forest protection understand measures to prevent forests from fires, illegal logging, violations of the established order of forest use and other actions that harm the forest fund, as well as to protect against pests and forest diseases.
According to GOST 17.6.1.01-83 protection of the forest gene pool - a set of measures aimed at preserving the entire species diversity of forest flora and fauna, includes the protection of forests from fire and afforestation.
Examples of documents that also regulate the protection of flora and fauna are given below:
- 1) Federal Law of March 12, 2014 No. 27-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Implementation of Federal State Forest Supervision (Forest Protection) and Implementation of Measures for the Protection and Reproduction of Forests";
- 2) Federal Law of July 24, 2009 No. 209-FZ "On hunting and on the preservation of hunting resources and on amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation";
- 3) Federal Law of December 20, 2004 No. 166-FZ "On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources";
- 4) GOST 17.6.3.01-78. Protection of Nature. Flora. Protection and rational use of forests in green zones of cities. General requirements;
- 5) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2008 No. 994 "On approval of the Regulation on the implementation of state monitoring of aquatic biological resources and the application of its data."
To preserve the number and population-species composition of plants, primarily forest plants, a set of environmental measures is being carried out, including:
- fighting forest fires;
- protecting plants from diseases;
- field-protective afforestation;
- increasing the efficiency of the use of forest resources;
- protection of certain species of plants and plant communities.
The protection of rare plant species can be solved in several ways:
- arrangement of reserves, sanctuaries and natural monuments;
- the termination of harvesting of species, the number of which has sharply decreased;
- a decrease in the procurement of valuable species and the introduction of rare species into culture.
Effect of the Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ "O fauna "of the Russian Federation applies to the regulation, protection and use of wild animals, i.e. animals in a state of natural freedom. Protection and use domesticated animals, as well as kept in zoos, zoos, aviaries, fur farms, regulated by other legislative acts.
Protection and operation hunting animals should provide for reasonable prey, but not their extermination. If the withdrawal of individual individuals from the population is biologically justified, then it not only does not harm the population, but on the contrary, contributes to its mobilization. ecological reserve.
Protection and exploitation of sea animals(seals, walruses, fur seals, etc.) are regulated by limits, timing and areas of harvest. The hunting of dolphins is completely prohibited. Discontinued whale fishing. Difficulties in the protection of some species of animals are associated with their migration across state borders and the habitation of many of them in international waters.
Protection of commercial fish It is also based on the observance of the population-species principle. Thus, it was found that the catch of adult fish (up to a certain limit) not only does not harm the entire population, but even contributes to an increase in its growth.
Protection through reasonable exploitation extends to other commercial and non-commercial species of animals, but the ecological basis for their protection and exploitation has not been developed enough, which inevitably affects the effectiveness of the measures taken. Marine commercial invertebrates (oysters, squids, octopuses, etc.), pollinating insects (bees, bumblebees, etc.), turtles, red ants, poisonous snakes, many amphibians, and among them, primarily - frogs, all insectivorous birds, etc.
Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. So, with the correct organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals. Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensure the preservation of conditions for the habitation of many species of animals and birds in the exploited forests. Gradual and selective felling of forests allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting grounds and forage areas for many species of animals. In recent years, wild animals have become an important link in the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks is successfully carried out.
To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals is carried out on a large scale. Under acclimatization means the work on the resettlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reac - air conditioning is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and fuller use of the biological resources of many natural complexes.
The World Conservation Strategy (1980) defines two main ways to conserve species diversity: 1) in the habitat and 2) outside it. Keeping individual representatives of living things outside their habitat, in zoos, is quite expensive. For example, the presence of 750 Amur tigers in all zoos in the world since the early 1980s. and until its end is estimated at $ 49 million. In artificial or non-artificial conditions, it is realistic to conserve a very small part of the species that need protection. Genebanks are also expensive to build and maintain.
It is preferable to preserve species in the habitat by preserving the corresponding ecosystems, where there are also two directions:
- 1) conservation of species in special protected areas;
- 2) in the territories involved in the sphere of economic use.
Species of living organisms, including those of economic importance, in nature are included in systems of a higher order - communities, ecosystems, many animals move long distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined muds of landscapes, therefore, the main and most effective form of vegetation protection , fauna, biodiversity is the protection of ecosystems, landscapes, the creation of protected areas.
Ecosystem protection- a set of measures aimed at preserving the integrity of ecosystems, maintaining their natural state and the balance of nutrients in them, preventing changes in ecological components and biodiversity in them at all levels from correlated communities to the global ecosystem.
Protection of landscapes- a system of administrative, economic, technological, biotechnical, educational and promotional activities aimed at preserving the performance of the landscape of the main socio-economic functions (GOST 17.6.1.01-83).
- Ecological encyclopedic dictionary.