The chemical composition of common blueberries. Vitamins in blueberries

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Astringent, hypoglycemic agent.

Description of the plant

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Rice. 9.24. Blueberry - Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Blueberry fruit- fructus myrtilli
Blueberry shoots- cormi myrtilli
Blueberry- Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Sem. heather(subfamily lingonberry) - Ericaceae (Vaccinioideae)
Other names: blueberry, blueberry, blueberry, blueberry, chernega

Shrub height 15-40 (50) cm (Fig.9.24).
Stem rounded, erect, branched, brown, sharp-ribbed green branches.
Leaves Deciduous, alternate, short-petiolate, slender, ovate or elliptical, with a finely serrate edge, slightly pubescent on both sides.
Flowers small, solitary, bisexual, on short pedicels, located in the leaf axils.
Corolla pitcher-spherical, greenish-pink, with 4-5 bent teeth, drooping. The ovary is inferior, 4-5-celled.
Fetus- black or bluish spherical berry with small seeds.
Blossoms in May - June; fruits ripen in July - August.

Blueberry composition

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The chemical composition of blueberries

Blueberry fruits contain

sugar (fructose, lactose),
P-active substances (catechins and anthocyanins),
carotenoids,
pectin substances,
condensed tannins (5-7%),
organic acids.

The red-purple color of the fruit pulp is due to a mixture of anthocyanins - delphinidin and malvidin glycosides.

The shoots and leaves contain

up to 20% tannins,
as well as hydroquinone,
up to 1% arbutin,
flavonoids (quercetin, quercetin rhamnoside),
up to 250 mg% ascorbic acid.

Biologically important glycosides -

neomyrtillin (2%), the aglycone of which is the vitamin-like substance inositol,
and myrtillin (1%), which belongs to the group of anthocyanins.

Properties and uses of blueberries

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Pharmacological properties of blueberries

Blueberry fruits have

astringent
anti-rot and
antimicrobial properties.

Blueberry tannins interacting with proteins of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, they thicken the surface layer of the mucous membrane. The formed film protects tissue cells from various irritants, due to this, pain and inflammation decrease, secretion decreases, intestinal motility and the absorption process slow down.

Pectin substances of blueberries adsorb intestinal toxins, under the influence of organic acids, the composition of the intestinal flora improves.

Anthocyanin glycosides and carotenoids from the fruit of blueberries contribute to the regeneration of the light-sensitive pigment of the retina - rhodopsin. In this way, the sensitivity of the retina increases to different levels of light radiation and visual acuity is enhanced in low light. Retinal trophism improves , pathological mechanisms of cataract formation are suppressed.

There are reports that anthocyanins from blueberries reduce the aggregation ability of red blood cells in vitro.

Biologically active substances of blueberry leaves have been studied in many countries.

Blueberry leaf preparations have

cardiotonic,
diuretic,
choleretic,
astringent,
anti-inflammatory and
anti-rotting action.
Leaf preparations lower blood sugar.

Blueberry application

Blueberries in the form of a decoction are used as an astringent

for acute and chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by diarrhea,
with dyspepsia associated with increased fermentation and putrefactive processes,
with colitis, enterocolitis, dysentery.

A decoction of blueberries is used locally

with stomatitis and gingivitis as an astringent and antiseptic.

Blueberries are used as dietary and therapeutic agent for

cystitis,
mild forms of diabetes.

For the treatment of visual impairment drugs are used

"Myrtilene Forte" and "Strix", containing flavonoids of blueberries and beta-carotene. They stimulate the synthesis of rhodopsin, a photosensitive pigment of the retina, improving its sensitivity, increasing visual acuity in low light, and improving blood supply to the retina.

Leaves and shoots are consumed

with diabetes,

Spreading

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Spreading. Distributed in Belarus, the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in Western and Eastern Siberia.

Habitat. In coniferous green moss, less often in mixed and small-leaved forests; among shrubs, as well as in swampy coniferous forests. Often forms large thickets, convenient for harvesting.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Blank.Fruit harvested only mature (first half of August) in dry weather, in a small container (buckets, baskets). The collected fruits are cleaned of impurities (moss, twigs, needles, unripe berries). You cannot wash blueberries and transfer them from one container to another.

Escapes harvested from the end of flowering to the end of fruiting (June - July), cutting off leafy non-lignified parts with flowers and fruits up to 15 cm long.

Security measures. When planning harvests, the frequency of fruiting of blueberries should be taken into account. It is necessary to alternate the arrays of blanks. High-yielding thickets of blueberries, suitable for harvesting fruits, are inappropriate to use for harvesting shoots. Shoot harvesting should be concentrated in populations with consistently low fruiting.

Drying. Before drying, blueberries are dried for 2-3 hours at a temperature of 35-40 ºС, and then dried at a temperature of 55-60 ºС in dryers. You can dry the fruits in Russian ovens, in sunny weather - in the open air, spreading them in a 1-2 cm layer on cloth or paper. Can be dried in attics with good ventilation. Drying is complete when the berries stop getting your hands dirty and clumping together.

Blueberry shoots are dried in air or heat dryers with good ventilation.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, Art. 35 (fruits); FS 42-2948-93 (shoots).

Storage. The fruits and shoots of blueberries are stored in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life of fruits 2 years, shoots - 2 years 6 months. Since blueberries are easily affected by berry moths, they are stored in paper or cloth bags weighing 35-50 kg.

External signs of raw materials

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Fruit- berries with a diameter of 3-6 mm, shapeless, strongly wrinkled, spherical when soaked. At the apex of the fetus, the remainder of the calyx is visible in the form of a small annular fringe surrounding the swollen disc with the remainder of the column in the center or with a small depression after it has fallen off.

Rice. 9.25. Black fruits:
A - the fruit and the seed of the bird cherry; B - black elderberry fruit and bone; B - blueberry fruit and seed; G - fruit and seed of black currant.

The fruit pulp contains numerous (up to 30 pieces) ovoid seeds (Fig. 9.25, B). There is sometimes a short peduncle at the base of the fruit.
Fruit color from the surface it is black with a reddish tint, matte or slightly shiny; pulp - red-purple; seeds - red-brown.
Smell weak. Taste sweet and sour, slightly astringent.

Escapes are a mixture of whole or broken tops of shoots, individual stems up to 15 cm long, leaves, less often buds, flowers and fruits. Taste bitter astringent.

Impurities. Possible impurities in blueberries are presented in the table and in Figure 9.25.

Distinguishing features of blueberries and possible impurities

Plant name	Diagnostic signs
			shape and number of seeds or seeds
Edible fruit (permissible impurities)
Blueberry - Vaccinium myrtillus L.	Globular, almost black, with the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular fringe at the apex, a dimple in the center. The pulp is reddish-purple, strongly coloring.			Sour-sweet, astringent.
Blueberry - Vaccinium uliginosum L.	Oval, larger than blueberries, dark blue with a waxy coating, with the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular fringe and a dimple, green flesh.		Seeds are oblong, small, and numerous.	Sweet, slightly astringent.
Black currant - Ribes nigrum L.	Globular, black, with a membranous cone-shaped remainder of the perianth at the apex. The surface is covered with yellow glands visible through a magnifying glass.		The seeds are smooth, numerous, larger than those of blueberries.	Sour, slightly tart; the smell is fragrant.
Bird cherry - Padus avium Mill.	Globular, black, with a white bloom from excreted sugar and a round white scar from the peduncle.		One bone, rounded.	Sour-sweet, strongly astringent.
Inedible fruit (unacceptable impurities)
Black elder - Sambucus nigra L.	Globular, small, black, at the apex the remainder of the calyx is in the form of a five-toothed rim, in the center there is a dimple. The pulp is dark red.	Bones (3) oblong-ovate, transversely wrinkled.			Sweet and sour.
Alder buckthorn -Frangula alnus Mill.	Globular, black, shiny.	Bones (2) are flat with a cartilaginous coracoid outgrowth.			Induce vomiting.
Joster laxative - Rhamnus cathartica L.	Globular, black, shiny. The pulp is brown-green.	Bones (3-4) are triangular, with 2 flat and 1 convex sides.			Bittersweet; the smell is unpleasant.
Common juniper - Juniperus communis L.	Smooth, spherical, black or purple, with a three-rayed suture at the apex. The pulp is yellowish-brown.	Seeds (3) are smooth, light yellow, angular in shape.			Sweet, spicy; the smell is fragrant.

Qualitative reactions

The fruit decoction (1:10) has a dark purple color. When a few drops of 10% sodium hydroxide solution are added to the broth, an olive-green color (anthocyanins) appears; when a few drops of a solution of lead acetate are added, an amorphous precipitate is formed, the solution becomes pink or red (anthocyanins); when adding a few drops of a solution of ammonium ferric alum, a black-green color appears (condensed tannins).

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Course work

Common blueberry

Introduction

blueberry berry biological

Medicinal plants were known to people in the deep past. Perhaps even long before the appearance of man on Earth, animals used the healing properties of plants. There are several little-studied facts about the use of individual plants by animals, which actually tend to act on their physiological functions. No matter how effective the new drugs that are produced by the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the humble herbs of our forests and fields are trusted by hundreds of thousands of patients. And this is quite understandable. Therapeutic value a large number medicinal plants are certified by scientific medicine, they are thoroughly studied in medical and pharmaceutical institutions and still make up 35 - 40% of all medicines dispensed by our pharmacies. The number of plants used as medicinal plants is quite large. Only a small part of them, the most important and often used, are included in the modern pharmacopoeia, but many others are allowed for use and sold in pharmacies.

In our country, it is difficult to find a person who does not know this plant. Almost everyone bought or harvested blueberries. Its fruits have very good taste, they are eaten fresh and processed. Jam, compotes, jams are prepared from blueberries, dried, dried for future use, frozen. The fruits and the plant itself are used as medicinal raw materials.

The healing properties of blueberries have been known to man for a long time. Our ancestors used them to improve vision. During the Great Patriotic War, pilots were given blueberry jelly before night flights, since blueberries improve blood supply to the retina of the eyes and thereby sharpen night vision . This berry, along with joster, raspberry, juniper, black currant and rose hips, is included in the list of 24 medicinal plants subject to priority collection for medicinal use. It is widely used in traditional medicine. Medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal preparations have low toxicity, mild and effective effect on the body, and are increasingly used in medical practice.

1 . Etymology of the name and originblueberry

The scientific name of the genus comes from the Latin word "vacca" - "cow", according to the suitability of the leaves of some species for livestock feed.

The specific name myrtillus is a diminutive of myrtus "myrtle", based on the plant's resemblance to small myrtle.

The Russian name "blueberry" is associated with the ability to color - "blacken" lips, teeth, fingers.

In Russia, blueberries were called "rejuvenating berries". It was believed that it rejuvenates the body.

Popular names: blackberry, blueberry, blackberry, blackberry, blueberry, blackberry, blackberry, blueberry, blueberry.

In the old days they called: blue berry, raven eye, black berry, dew berry, myrtle - by the similarity of leaves.

In the Russian Far East, the berry is often mistakenly called dove.

Legends of the Blueberry

Blueberry gnomes.

There is one legend among the people,

That in distant times

Lost shelter, home

Forest wizards are gnomes.

It did not happen by chance -

People found out about their secret.

In the places where the gnomes live,

They guard the wealth.

That they have good in the pantries -

Diamonds, gold, silver,

That there are countless gems ...

Anything, everything is there!

And people took up shovels,

To dig up those treasures.

We dug here and there,

But the treasures will never be found.

And the gnomes, cursing those people,

In the dark of nights and in the light of day

Wandered through the woods without a home

And once they sat down under a green bush.

That bush gave shelter to the dwarfs

And treated with berries,

Those berries were black.

Here the gnomes had a home and dinner.

The gnomes called the blueberry bush

And now for becoming their home,

They settled him in all the forests,

So that there was a shelter for them in the whole world.

Another legend says that somehow the Forest Fairy needed to move from one forest to another, and the night was dark, moonless. The Fairy got lost, sat down on the grass and sulked. Suddenly she hears a quiet voice: "Dear Fairy, eat a handful of my berries, and your eyes will become so keen that they can see any path in the dark." And the Fairy felt, as on the palm of her hand, someone poured something round, like beads, she brought them to her mouth, bit one, the other ... And it seemed to her that it seemed to be brighter around, then she noticed the path ... help blueberries, and it was she, and ordered the forest people to settle them all over the white world. This is how blueberries appeared almost everywhere - in Europe, Russia, Asia, Africa.

2 . Botanical characteristicblueberryordinary

Medicinal plant name:

Ukrainian- Chornitsya is zvichana

Latin- Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Russian- Common blueberry

The name of the medicinal plant material:

Ukrainian- Fruit Chornitsa zvychaynoi;

Leaves of Chornitsa zvychaynoi;

Pagoni Chornitsa Zvychaynoi

Latin - Fructus Vaccinii myrtilli;

Folia Vaccinii myrtilli;

Cormus Vaccinii myrtilli

Russian- Fruits of Bilberry ordinary; Common blueberry leaves; Bilberry shoots

Family :

Ukrainian- Brusnichnі (Veresovі)

Latin- Vacciniaceae (Ericaceae)

Russian- Lingonberry (Heather)

Low shrub 15-35 cm in height, with sharp-ribbed shoots. Leaves falling for the winter, not leathery, smooth, light green, short petiolate, elliptical or ovate, pointed, finely serrated-toothed. Flowers on short pedicels are arranged singly in the axils of the leaves. Calyx in the form of a narrow (about 1 mm) integral margin. Corolla hemispherical, water-lily, 5-6 mm long, pinkish, at the apex with 5 short triangular teeth bent outward. There are 10 stamens, with short wide filaments smooth to the base and with two subulate appendages on the apex of the binder. The ovary is five-celled. The fruit is a spherical black berry with a bluish bloom.

Raw materials: blueberry: the fruit is a polyspermous berry, shriveled, severely deformed; after soaking - spherical shape with a flattened top, up to 0.5 cm in diameter. The top of the berry with the remainder of the calyx in the form of an even, annular roller. The berry is dull or slightly shiny, black with a reddish-brown tint; the flesh is reddish purple. Seeds are numerous (up to 30 - 35), small, ovate, light brown, cellular. The smell is weak; peculiar. The taste is pleasant, sweetish-sour, slightly astringent. When chewing, saliva turns dark red, and the mucous membrane of the mouth and teeth turns blue-violet.

The European Pharmacopoeia regulates two types of blueberries: fresh - Fructus myrtilli recens and dried - Fructus myrtilli siccus.

Blueberry shoots: a mixture of whole or broken tops of shoots, individual stems, leaves, less often buds, flowers and fruits. Stems up to 15 cm long. The taste is bitter-astringent.

Flower formula:

It blooms in May - early June, ripens in July - August.

3 . Distribution and places of growth of common blueberries

Blueberries have a wide ecological range. It is undemanding to humidity, it is found both on the outskirts of bogs and in damp forests, and in dry, clarified areas. Prefers lightened places, but can grow in shaded areas, however, in completely open areas it often dies off completely or partially. It is more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than lingonberry, it suffers from spring frosts. Prefers richer soils than lingonberries. It grows on the plain and in the mountains, rising to a height of 2800 m above sea level. m., but usually does not bear fruit at the upper border of the forest. Blueberry seeds germinate above ground in spring. The sprout grows slowly: over the summer by about 1 cm. In the first years, young blueberries do not shed their leaves (3-4 years), they can be evergreen up to 10-12 years. Common blueberries are widespread in conifers (pine, spruce, fir, cedar), mixed (deciduous-coniferous) and small-leaved (mainly birch), much less often in deciduous forests. It also grows in the tundra. Often dominates in the herb-shrub layer. The range of blueberries covers almost all areas of the forest zone in the European and Asian parts of Russia, including the Arctic regions. It also grows in most of Europe, in North America, Mongolia (North). In a number of countries, blueberries have begun to be cultivated: in the USA, Denmark, England, Germany. In Ukraine, it is distributed mainly in the northwestern part, in the Crimea it is absent.

4 ... Conditions for the procurement and storage of raw materials

For medicinal purposes, fruits (Fructus Myrtilli) and shoots with blueberry leaves are harvested.

When fully ripe in the morning or evening, in dry weather.

Recently, when harvesting berries, small-scale mechanization has been used - a bucket with teeth, but often after using a bucket for collecting (homemade) leaf and fruiting buds are severely damaged, which contributes to a sharp decrease in yield. When harvesting, do not take greenish and spoiled fruits, branches, leaves. Hand-picked fruits are placed in baskets or buckets. It is not allowed to wash and transfer berries from one container to another. In the flowering phase, blueberry shoots are harvested, trying not to damage flowers and fruits.

Young shoots, along with flowers and leaves, are cut with scissors or plucked by hand. In no case should the plant be uprooted!

This raw material can be dried in several ways. One is outdoor drying, the other is microwave or oven drying. If you have chosen to dry in an oven, i.e. artificial drying, then dry the blueberries in it at a temperature of about 40 ° C for about two to three hours, and then, when the berries have dried up a little, the drying temperature should be increased to 60 ° C. During the drying process itself, the berries must be mixed several times. Blueberries should never be overdried. After drying, the berries should be slightly sticky from the fruit sugar. If the method of natural drying in the open air is chosen, then you first need to choose a place that will suit the drying conditions. It is required to spread the blueberries in a thin layer and dry for about three days, also stirring occasionally.

For storage of dried blueberries, special boxes lined with paper are used. You can also use cloth bags. In this case, storage in sealed jars is not recommended, since dry berries in them mold very quickly. It is advisable to store dried raw materials for up to two years, but not more, so then the berries lose all their medicinal qualities and properties.

As mentioned above, in addition to blueberries, its leaves and flowers are dried. But collecting the leaves for drying can negatively affect the harvest of berries, since the collection of leaves is required only during the flowering of the plant. But if, nevertheless, this needs to be done, then the leaves, along with flowers and shoots, are carefully cut off with scissors. Drying is carried out in a place where there is almost always a shade and good ventilation. Drying is carried out for two days, and then the raw material is removed to a dark, dry place for storage, observing all conditions so that the leaves do not become damp and that food moths do not start up in them. The received raw materials are used until the next harvest.

5 ... Types of Blueberries

Hairy blueberries

Blueberry Smo lla -

Vaccinium hirtum Thunb;

Vaccinum smallii

Homeland - Sakhalin and Japan. Grows in coniferous and mixed forests, mainly on watersheds, along the edges of moss bogs and forest edges. The upper part of the belt of dark coniferous forests, less often - mixed and stone birch forests

Deciduous shrub up to 1 m in height. The leaf is oblong-ovate, narrowed at both ends, 3-6 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide, with a pointed apex, finely toothed along the edge, bright green, hairy below along the main vein. The leaf arrangement is next. Flowers in racemose drooping inflorescences located at the ends of branches. The fruit is a blue-black, spherical berry, 5-7 mm in diameter. The plant blooms in the second half of May, and the fruits ripen in early July. The fruits are set and ripen not annually, as they are damaged by late frosts. Winter hardiness is high.

Caucasian blueberry - Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.

The only Tertiary relict of the species growing on the territory of the former USSR, rising into the mountains to the upper forest belt. Distributed in the Caucasus and Northern Asia Minor (as well as in Southeast Bulgaria and Northern Iran). Grows in the mountains mainly at an altitude of 1000-2000 m above sea level. seas, in beech, fir and spruce-beech, less often in chestnut and oak forests. In the belt of subalpine crooked forest it forms thickets. Protected in reserves. It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 2-3 m high, with edible fruits, growing in Colchis forests and glades. Leaves (6-8 cm long) and fruits are larger than those of common blueberries. Blooms in May - July; fruits ripen in July - August. Caucasian blueberries are used on a par with common blueberries. Ripening of fruits from mid-August to autumn, annual fruiting, usually abundant, berries on shoots, wintering under the snow. Low winter hardiness.

Narrow-leaved blueberry, or Pennsylvania - Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.

Distributed in the east of North America. Low shrub up to 0.5 m tall. Tested in St. Petersburg, hardy enough.

Oval-leaved blueberry - Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.

Primorye, Sakhalin, Commander, Kuril, Aleutian, Japan, North America. It grows in coniferous and mixed forests on the slopes of mountains and in marshy lowlands, in thickets of dwarf cedar, often forms large thickets. Shrub up to 3 (4) m in height. It grows slowly, with an annual growth of 1.5 cm, rarely up to 3 cm. Does not bloom. Average winter hardiness.

Panicle blueberry - Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville

North America (Carolina, Alabama, California, Colorado). Creeping shrub up to 20 cm tall. The fruits ripen in July, not annually. Average winter hardiness.

6 ... Impurities of common blueberries

Valid:

Blueberry-VacciniumuliginosumL.

Sem. Lingonberry-Vacciniaceae

The fruits are larger (7 - 8 mm in diameter), oval, gray-gray, with a waxy coating, at the top of the 5-toothed remainder of the calyx, the greenish pulp contains numerous small seeds and does not stain the mucous membrane of the mouth. The taste is sweetish.

Common juniper -JuniperuscommunisL.

Sem. Cypress -Cupressaceae

Fruits are spherical, black, without wrinkles, shiny, with a 3-rayed seam at the top. Seeds are 3-sided, oblong. The smell is resinous, fragrant. The taste is sweet and spicy.

Common bird cherry-PadusaviumMill.

Sem. Rosaceae-Rosaceae

Invalid:

Alder buckthorn -FrangulaalnusMill.

Globular, hard, black drupes, which contain 2 lenticular bones with a coracoid outgrowth.

Joster laxative -RhamnuscatharticaL.

Sem. Buckthorn -Rhamnaceae

Globular, hard, black, shiny drupes with 3 (2 - 4) stones.

7 ... Microscopy

Raw blueberry. I - Leaf, epidermis from the surface: A - the lower side of the plate, B - veins; II - fetal elements: 1 - cuticle foldedness, 2 - thick-walled hair, 3 - glandular, 4 - pulp, 5 - druse, 6 - sclereids

The epidermal cells of the leaf are sinuous, the lateral membranes are porous, the stomata are located mainly on the underside of the leaf and are usually surrounded by 4 cross-on-cross peri-stomatal cells. The glands are club-shaped, with a multicellular stem and head, located on both sides of the leaf, and single-celled thick-walled hairs - only along the veins of the upper side. Some cells of the epidermis, especially along the veins, have a folded cuticle, and calcium oxalate crystals are visible under the veins on the lower side.

The stalk is non-bunchy. The cells of the epidermis are rounded-polygonal, the lateral membranes are bead-like pore. The stomata are numerous, parallel to the stomatal fissure there are 2 narrow peri-stomatal cells, and perpendicularly - one cell, almost indistinguishable from the epidermis. The cortex is represented by several rows of parenchyma with thickened membranes, which alternate with a thin parenchyma, individual cells of which contain crystals. The fetal epidermis has sparse deformed stomata, cells are round-polygonal, of different sizes, with a waxy coating. Under it there are up to 4 rows of parenchyma with slightly thickened collenchymal membranes. In the thin-walled pulp, sometimes containing drusen, round stony cells are found among the parenchyma. In mature fruits, the inner epidermis is represented by thick-walled, porous, clustered cells with very rare stomata.

8 ... Chemical compositionblueberryordinary

The berries contain tannins of pyrocatechol structure (condensed), anthocyanins - glucosides and galactosides of delphinidin and malvidin, a mixture of which is known as "myrtillin", organic acids: citric, malic, benzoic, succinic, quinic, lactic, oxalic and others; ascorbic acid, carotene, thiamine, pectin substances, P vitamins, neomyrtillin (the so-called plant insulin) and carotenoid compounds that improve night vision; red-violet pigment anthocid. Leaves and shoots contain glycosides, essential oil, organic acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, vitamin C (up to 250 mg%), phenols and their derivatives, including hydroquinone, arbutin and other phenol carboxylic acids, catechins: (±) - epicatechin, ( +) - gallocatechin, (-) - epigallocatechin, tannin, flavonoids - quercetin, quercetin rhamnoside, avicularin, meratin, hyperoside, kaempferol, quercetin 3-glucoramnoside, oleanolic acid, salts of manganese, iron, copper, chromium and others. The flowers contain ursolic acid. The seeds contain a fatty oil similar in composition to mint, proteins (up to 18%), amino acids.

Table 1. Chemical composition of common bilberry

	BAV group	Substance name
	Tannins of the pyrocatechol group (condensed)	(flavan-3-ol)
		Leukoanthocyanidin (flavan - 3,4 - diol)
		Anthocyanidin
	Anthocyanins	Delphinidin
	Organic acids	Lemon

		Benzoic acid
		Lactic acid
		Apple
		Oxalic acid
	Vitamins	Vitamin P,
Leaves and shoots	Organic acids	Ascorbic
	Phenols and their derivatives	Hydroquinone

	Flavonoids	Quercetin
	Phenol carboxylic acids	Gallic kilota

9 ... Qualitative reactions to raw materialsblueberryordinary

Crushed leaves in an amount of 0.5 g are boiled with 10 ml of water for 2-3 minutes and filtered through a paper filter. A small crystal of ferrous sulfate is added to 1 ml of the filtrate, a red-violet color appears, turning into a dark purple color, and finally a dark purple precipitate is formed. This reaction demonstrates the presence of phenol glycoside arbutin in the feed.

To 1 ml of the filtrate (in a porcelain cup) add 4 ml of ammonia solution and dropwise 1 ml of 10% sodium phosphate-molybdenum acid solution in hydrochloric acid; appears blue staining, proving the presence of arbutin.

To 2-3 ml of the filtrate (in a porcelain cup) add 2-3 drops of a solution of ammonium iron alum, a black-blue color appears, proving the presence of tannins in the raw material.

10 ... quantitationblueberryordinary

Determination of active substances in blueberry leaves is carried out by the method of iodometric titration based on the oxidation of the substance - arbutin.

11 ... Biological action and applicationblueberryordinary

Preparations from blueberry leaves have a cardiotonic, diuretic, choleretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and anti-putrefactive effect, and lower blood sugar.

Berries are used raw, dried, boiled. They have an antiseptic, vitamin, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic effect and an antiseptic effect for non-infectious diarrhea, colitis, enteritis. Fresh berries regulate the digestive system: with diarrhea, their astringent properties are manifested, and with diarrhea caused by intestinal atony, they have a laxative effect, helping to cleanse the intestines. Berries are useful for catarrh of the stomach (especially with low acidity) and intestines.

Outwardly, in the form of rinses, lotions, compresses, they are used for angina, gingivitis, stomatitis, burns, long non-healing wounds, trophic ulcers, eczema. They are used mainly for diseases of the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, diabetes mellitus and gerontology, as well as topically in the treatment of burns and ulcers, stomatitis and gingivitis.

Blueberries are recommended for the prevention and restoration of vision, in particular with myopia, especially in schoolchildren, a symptom of "fatigue" of the eyes, high visual stress and work at a computer, impaired twilight vision, degenerative diseases of the retina, age-related changes in the structures of the eye to slow aging, normal eye for preventive purposes.

Blueberries are the richest source of so-called anthocyanidins, which are the most powerful of all natural antioxidants. Blueberry extract has been proven to increase the amount of the dopamine substance in the body. This compound regulates the most important processes in the brain. Dopamine promotes the production of growth hormone (somatotropin), which is responsible for the renewal and rejuvenation of cells throughout the body.

The juice and decoction of blueberries are effective for gargling with inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, gums and throat.

Contraindications

You can not use it for gastritis with high acidity, with low blood clotting. Dried fruits are not recommended for constipation. You should also not take preparations from blueberry leaves for a long time, as the toxic effect of hydroquinone may appear.

Blueberry preparations

"Bilberry-forte" - the action is aimed at reducing the fragility of the capillaries of the eyes, to increase the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels that feed the retina. Vitamins of group B ensure the course of intracellular metabolism at the proper level. Due to riboflavin, the drug "Bilberry-Forte" reduces fatigue and eye fatigue, which makes it an indispensable assistant when working at a computer frequently. The presence of zinc provides an improvement in the concentration of vision in difficult conditions, for example, at dusk, and allows the eye to adapt in the shortest possible time to a change in the level of illumination without complications and irritation. In addition, "Bilberry-Forte" is useful in the fight against eye diseases, including cataracts and glaucoma. The dietary supplement has a vegetable basis and does not saturate the body with the action of substances of chemical origin. It is not addictive and has a general strengthening effect on the body. The drug will also be useful for those with a history of intraocular pressure. It has antioxidant properties and promotes the regeneration of damaged tissues.

The drug "Bilberry-Forte"

Preparations, improving the condition of the retina: "Star Ochanka", "Okovit", "Lutein Complex", "Vitrum Vision Forte", "Phytochernika", "Mirtikam".

The drug "Lutein complex"

The drug "Vitrum Vision Forte"

Good for the eyes vitamins Mirtilene Forte.

Anthocyanosides in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) stimulate the synthesis and regeneration of rhodopsin, a photosensitive pigment of the retina, increasing its sensitivity to changes in light intensity, improving visual acuity and adaptation to darkness in low light conditions, and improving blood supply to the retina.

The drug "Mirtilene Forte"

"Strix Kids" - natural product for children, containing blueberry extract, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and the minerals selenium and zinc. The improved production technology guarantees the complete preservation of active compounds - anthocyanosides - in the blueberry extract. "Strix Kids" - care for children's eyesight - for children from 4 to 12 years old; will help schoolchildren who especially need to care for the preservation of vision.

The drug "Strix Kids"

Eye balm "Blueberry-Dragon's Eye" is used in folk medicine in the treatment of various eye diseases, as well as in ophthalmology for the prevention and complex treatment of diseases of the visual apparatus. Biochemical components of the balm have a complex healing effect on the organs of vision, helping to restore functions and improve the functioning of various structures of the eye (fibrous membrane, receptor and accommodative apparatus, as well as the drainage and vascular systems of the eye).

The preparation "Blueberry-Dragon's eye"

Blueberries are part of the gastric harvest.

Preparations from leaves and shoots are recommended for the initial forms of diabetes mellitus (since they contain the glycoside neomyrtillin, which has the ability to lower blood sugar), are part of the antidiabetic preparations "Arfazetin", "Mirfazin".

conclusions

Common blueberry is one of the most medicinal berries. It can improve visual acuity and reduce eye fatigue resulting from prolonged use under artificial lighting. Blueberries relieve eye fatigue well when reading, working with computers, when driving a car in the dark. It enhances the effect of other methods of treating eye diseases (drops, eye gymnastics, the use of synthetic drugs), helps to increase the natural protection of eye tissue against destructive changes in the retina and lens. They help to improve night vision by normalizing the state of cell membranes. Blueberry flavonoids strengthen the retinal capillaries and stimulate the regeneration of rhodopsin, an eye pigment that perceives light in low light conditions. Dried and canned berries are useful for atherosclerosis, hypertension and other pathological conditions associated with reduced strength of the walls of blood vessels. The systematic use of berries in nutrition reduces putrefactive and fermentative processes in the intestines, has an anti-inflammatory effect, improves the condition of patients suffering from gastritis, enteritis, colitis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

List of used literature

1. Muravyov D.A. Pharmacognosy: textbook. / YES. Muravyova, I.A. Samylina, G.P. Yakovlev. - M .: Medicine, 2002.

2. Medicinal herbal raw materials. Pharmacognosy: textbook. Allowance / ed. G.P. Yakovleva, K.F. Blinova. - SPb: SpetsLit, 2004.

3. Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines: manuals for doctors / M.D. Mashkovsky. - M .: Medicine, 2001.

4. Sokolov S.Ya. Phytotherapy and pharmacology / S.Ya. Sokolov - M .: Med. inform. agency, 2000.

5. Kozhevnikov Yu.P. Plant life. In 6 volumes. Vol.5. Part 2. Flowering plants / Ed. A.L. Takhtadzhyan. - M .: Education, 1981.

6. Neustadt M.I. Keys to plants of the middle zone of the European part of Russia. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1948.

7. Neumyvakin I.P. Blueberry. Guarding health / I.P. Neumyvakin - SPb, 2008.

8. Makhlayuk V.P. Medicinal plants in folk medicine. Saratov, 1967.

9. Blueberries: information on the GRIN website

10. Blueberries: information on the website "Encyclopedia of Life" (EOL)

11. G.G. Voronov, L.I. Pokachaylo, D.A. Rozhdestvensky, I.F. Yakimovich, E.K. Klyga "Medicines based on blueberries in modern ophthalmology." Medical news No. 4 2007. P. 7-13

12. Gamerman A.F. Medicinal plants / Gamerman A.F., Nadaev G.N. - M .: Higher school, 1984 .-- 400 p.

14. Instructions for the collection and drying of common blueberries. - In collection: Instructional materials. Issue 4. M., Ed. Vses. conjuncture-inform. Bureau of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1970.- p. 329

15. The current state of the problems of prevention and treatment of sugar

16. Diabetes: a review / S.S. Zhestovsky, L.V. Petrova, A.S. Ametov: // Therapeutic archive. - 2007. - T.79, No. 10.

17. Sokolov S.Ya. Phytotherapy and Pharmacology / S.Ya. Sokolov: - M: Med. inform. agency. - 2000 .-- 976 p.

18. Pharmacognosy. Textbook. - M .: Medicine, 1991 - 560 p.

19. Pharmacognosy. Textbook. / Under the general editorship of V.L. Shelyuto. - Vitebsk, VSMU, 2003 - 490 p.

20. K. Shapiro N.I. Mantsivodo V.A. Mikhailovskaya. "Wild fruits and berries" - Minsk: "Urajay", 1989. - 128 p.

21. Electronic resource / Access mode: http://www.erecept.ru/

22. Russia in figures: stat. Sat. / RF Rosstat - "Moscow", 2001

23. Dedov I.I. Endocrinology / I.I. Dedov, G.A. Melnichenko, V.V. Fadeev: M .: Medicine, 2000.- p. sixteen

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Dissertation abstracton medicine on the topic Pharmacognostic study of fruits and shoots of common blueberries

As a manuscript

Ryazanova Tatiana Konstantinovna

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF FRUITS AND SHOOTS OF REGULAR BLUEBERRY

tsamim muyatishb and

04.14.02 - Pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy

Samara - 2014

The work was carried out in the state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education "Samara State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Scientific adviser:

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor Kurkin Vladimir Aleksandrovich Official opponents:

Kopomiets Natalya Eduardovna, Doctor of Pharmacy, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Department of Pharmacognosy with courses in botany and ecology, Professor of the Department Purygim Petr Petrovich, Doctor of Chemistry, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational institution of higher professional education "Samara State University", Department of Organic, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Head of Department

Lead organization:

state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

The defense will take place on December 5, 2014 at 12:00 pm at a meeting of the Dissertation Council D 208.085.06 at the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Samara State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (443079, Samara, K. Marx Ave. , 165B).

The thesis can be found in the library and on the website of the state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education "Samara State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (443001, Samara, Artsybushevskaya St., 171; http://www.samsmu.ru/science / referats / 2014 / ryazanova)

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council, Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Petrukhina Irina Konstantinovna

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance of the topic. Plants are one of the most important sources of biologically active compounds (BAS), which are widely used in various fields of industry, but the experience of their use in medicine is of particular importance (Kiseleva T.L., 2009; Kurkin V.A., 2009; Samylina I. A. et al., 2007; 2010). A distinctive feature of many herbal preparations is the complex and complementary nature of the action of the combination of ALS contained in them (Kiseleva T.L., 2009; Kurkin V.A., 2009; Samylina I.A. et al., 2004; 2007).

One of the valuable sources of medicines is the common blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), a plant widely used in folk and official medicine. Fruits and shoots are pharmacopoeial raw materials (State Register of Medicines, 2014). However, it is blueberry fruits that are more widely used in the composition of drugs on the pharmaceutical market due to the variety of their chemical composition. Common blueberries are plant raw materials that accumulate a significant amount of anthocyanins, compounds with antioxidant, antiplatelet, angioprotective, anti-inflammatory activity. Such activity of anthocyanins determines their use in the complex therapy of ophthalmic diseases (myopia, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) (Kiseleva T.N., 2007; Egorov E.A., 2004). Bilberry shoots are used as part of antidiabetic preparations ("Arfazetin-E", "Arfazetin-EK") (State Register of Medicines, 2014).

Both for the fruits and for the shoots of common blueberry, the standardization of the groups of active compounds has not been sufficiently developed. At the moment in Russia there is a pharmacopoeia article (State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR XI edition, issue 2) only for air-dry blueberries, while in European countries the quality of both air-dry and fresh fruits is regulated, while the quality source of anthocyanins, only fresh fruits are used. It should be noted that the pharmacopoeial monograph (PC) used in the Russian Federation for blueberries does not meet modern requirements for quality standards for medicinal plant raw materials; in particular, the quantitative content of active substances is not regulated, a number of other indicators are absent (Industry standard 91500.05.001-00 "Quality standards for medicines. Basic provisions"). Perhaps, the lack of quality standards for fresh fruits of common blueberries containing modern requirements is associated with the scarcity of domestic medicines based on them and

the predominance of expensive imported medicines ("Strix", "Mirtilene Forte").

The quality of shoots is assessed by the content of tannins, although according to the literature it is known that shoots also contain flavonoids, which are a more labile group of BAS, and, accordingly, their content is a more reliable indicator of the quality of raw material processing.

In this regard, a more in-depth pharmacological study of the fruits and shoots of common blueberries is relevant to substantiate approaches to the methods of standardization of raw materials, as well as conduct chemical-pharmaceutical research on the development of the composition of drugs from blueberries. Solving the set tasks will contribute to the implementation of the Strategy for the development of the pharmaceutical industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia No. 965 of 23.10.2009.

The purpose of the work and the main objectives of the study. The purpose of this work is a pharmacognostic study of the fruits and shoots of common blueberries, aimed at developing and improving methods for standardizing raw materials and preparations based on them.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Conduct anatomical and histological examination of various organs of common bilberry and other morphologically similar types of medicinal plant materials.

2. To carry out a comparative phytochemical study of various organs of common bilberry, as well as a comparison with other morphologically similar species of medicinal plant raw materials.

3. To study the chemical composition of fruits and shoots of common blueberries.

4. To develop methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAS in raw blueberry.

5. To develop drafts of pharmacopoeial monographs for air-dried blueberries, fresh fruits and common blueberry shoots.

6. Conduct a chemical-pharmaceutical study to substantiate the composition of preparations from fruits and shoots of common blueberries ("Bilberry common syrup", "Bilberry common lozenge", "Bilberry common tablet", "Bilberry shoots tincture").

7. To develop methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of experimental preparations based on blueberry medicinal plant raw materials.

8. Conduct pharmacological studies to study the effect of experimental drugs from fruits and shoots of common blueberries on the excretory function of the kidneys of rats.

Scientific novelty. Using optical microscopy, micrographs were obtained, reflecting the diagnostic features of common blueberry shoots. For the first time, a comparative anatomical, histological and phytochemical study of blueberry shoots with morphologically similar, potentially impurity species (bearberry, common lingonberry) was carried out.

Three compounds of anthocyanin nature were isolated and identified from the fruits of blueberry: 3-O-glucosides of cyanidin, malvidin and delphinidin. The specific absorption rate of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in 0.5% ammonia solution in 95% ethyl alcohol was determined for the first time. Quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside, caffeic acid and daucosterol were isolated and identified from blueberry shoots, growing on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Methodological and methodological approaches to the standardization of fresh and air-dried fruits, as well as preparations of common blueberries, have been developed, which consist in assessing the amount of anthocyanins in terms of cyanidine-3-O-glucoside by direct spectrophotometry in 95% ethyl alcohol containing 1% hydrochloric acid. acid. For the first time, a method was developed for the quantitative determination of anthocyanins in medicinal plant raw materials by differential spectrophotometry in a 0.5% solution of ammonia in 95% ethyl alcohol at an analytical wavelength of 623 nm against the background of the initial solution without the addition of ammonia, diluted in the same way.

Approaches to the standardization of blueberry shoots by the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin by the method of differential spectrometry with aluminum chloride at an analytical wavelength of 420 nm have been substantiated.

The composition and method of producing medicines "Bilberry ordinary tablet", "Bilberry ordinary pastille", "Bilberry shoots tincture", "Bilberry ordinary syrup" are proposed.

Methods have been developed for the analysis of experimental drugs for the content of flavonoids, including anthocyanins, using TLC and spectrometry methods in accordance with the principles of unification required for modern pharmaceutical analysis (Samy-lina I.A. et al., 1994; 2007).

The study of the effect of aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts from fruits and shoots of blueberries on the excretory function of the kidneys in white outbred rats was carried out. The results of the study show that water extracts from shoots and preparations based on fresh blueberries have a moderate diuretic effect. According to indicators of diuretic activity,

natriuresis, kalyiuresis and creatininesis after 24 hours the effect of the extract from fresh fruits of common blueberry was comparable to the effect of hypothiazide. Under the influence of water-alcohol extracts from air-dried fruits and blueberry shoots, there is a decrease in urine output compared with the control group.

Practical significance. The sections "Microscopy", "Quantitative determination" have been developed, the section "Qualitative reactions" (TLC-method and spectroscopy method) has been improved, included in the draft pharmacopoeial monograph on "Bilberry fruits", "Common blueberry shoots", "Fresh common blueberries".

Methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis are proposed, quality indicators are determined, which are reflected in the developed and accepted for consideration by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Center for Expertise of Medicinal Products" FS "Bilberry fruits" and "Common blueberries fresh fruits" and "Common blueberries shoots" (No. 1016 dated 22.01.13, input No. 1020 dated 28.01.13, input) for the purpose of inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XII edition.

Compositions and methods of production, methods of standardization of preparations from fruits and shoots of blueberries have been developed. Received RF patent for invention No. 2484671 from 20.06.2013 “Common blueberry syrup”; certificate for rationalization proposal No. 219 dated 09.21.2012 “Method of obtaining common blueberry syrup”.

The results of dissertation research are used in educational processes at the departments of pharmacognosy with botany and the basics of phytotherapy, pharmaceutical technology, management and economics of pharmacy, chemistry of the pharmaceutical faculty of the Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, the State Budgetary Institution of Public Health "Center for Quality Control of Medicines of the Samara Region", CJSC "Samaralektravy".

Connection of research tasks with plans of scientific work. The dissertation work was carried out in accordance with the thematic plan of research work of the Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (state registration number 01200900568).

Defense Provisions.

1. Results of comparative anatomical and histological studies of common blueberry shoots and morphologically similar, potentially impurity species.

2. Results of a comparative phytochemical study of fruits and shoots of common blueberries and morphologically similar species.

3. The results of research on the development of methods for the qualitative analysis of fruits and shoots of common blueberries.

4. Results of research on the development of methods for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in fruits and shoots of common blueberries.

5. Data on the study of the stability of anthocyanins depending on the conditions of drying of raw materials.

6. The results of research on the development of methods for obtaining medicinal products based on the fruits and shoots of common blueberries.

7. Data on the study of quality indicators of the developed medicinal products ("Bilberry ordinary syrup", "Bilberry ordinary pastille", "Bilberry ordinary tablet", "Bilberry shoots tincture").

8. Results of studies of diuretic activity of experimental drugs based on fruits and shoots of common blueberries.

Approbation of work. The materials of the work were reported and discussed at the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Seminar for Young Scientists with International Participation "Modern Problems of Medicinal Chemistry, Aimed Search for New Medicines" (Volgograd, 2012), the II International Congress "Physical and Spiritual Health: Traditions and Innovations "(Moscow, 2012); XV, XVI, XVII All-Russian Congresses "Ecology and Human Health" (Samara, 2010; 2011; 2012); The First All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists "Problems of the Development of New Medicines" (Moscow, 2013); in the final of the II All-Russian competition UMNIK for START 2011 (Samara region, September 2011); conferences of graduates "Postgraduate readings" (Samara, 2011; 2012; 2013).

Publications. The main content of the dissertation was published in 24 scientific papers, of which 9 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.

Personal contribution of the author. All experimental results presented in the dissertation were obtained by the author himself. The author, in a comparative aspect, carried out studies to study the morphological and anatomical-histological features of the structure of various organs of common bilberry. Three main anthocyanins were isolated and identified from blueberry fruits, and from blueberry shoots - quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside, caffeic acid and daucosterol, p-sitosterol, from which daucosterol was isolated for the first time, and quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside was isolated for the first time from blueberries growing on the territory of the Russian Federation. Methods for standardization of fruits and shoots of blueberries by the content of flavonoids have been developed. The effect of aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts from fruits and shoots on the excretory function of the kidneys was studied. Compositions and methods of obtaining experimental drugs have been developed: "Bilberry com-

new syrup ”,“ Bilberry ordinary pastille ”,“ Bilberry ordinary tablet ”,“ Bilberry shoots tincture ”. Methods for their analysis have been developed, and the main quality indicators have been determined. The author has developed projects of the FS "Bilberry fruits" and "Bilberry ordinary fruits fresh", "Bilberry ordinary shoots".

The volume and structure of the work. The dissertation work is presented on 159 pages of typewritten text, contains 30 tables, 59 figures. The dissertation consists of an introduction, a review of the literature (Chapter 1), a description of objects and research methods (Chapter 2), a discussion of the results of our own experimental research (Chapters 3-6), general conclusions, an appendix and a list of references, including 135 sources, of which 47 are in foreign languages.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, formulates the goal and objectives of the study, shows the scientific novelty and practical significance of the results obtained, sets out the provisions for defense.

Chapter 1 is devoted to an overview of the current state of research on common blueberries, which systematizes information on the study of the chemical composition, pharmacological properties, use in medicine, standardization of raw materials and preparations based on this plant.

Chapter 2 describes the characteristics of objects and research methods. Methods of anatomical-morphological, chemical and physicochemical study of medicinal plant raw materials, individual compounds, methods of assessing pharmacological activity and preparation of drugs are presented.

Chapters 3-6 of the experimental part reflect the results of our own research on the photochemical study of fruits and shoots of common blueberries, improvement of methods for standardization of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal products based on it, development of new medications, assessment of their quality, justification of the feasibility of introducing into medical practice as ophthalmic medicinal products of plant origin. ...

The Appendices contain acts of implementation, draft FS for air-dry and fresh blueberries, shoot blueberries, RF patent for invention, rationalization proposal.

The results obtained during the research were processed statistically and presented in tables, formulas, figures, which are given in the text of the thesis.

1. Objects and methods of research

The objects of the study were samples of raw materials - fruits and shoots of common bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L., family Lingonberry - Vacciniaceae), shoots of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., family Lingonberry - Vacciniaceae) and bearberry shoots, harvested in the period from 2012 to 2013 on the territory of the Penza region, the Republic of Mari El. At the stage of physicochemical methods of analysis, the objects of study were laboratory samples of developed drugs based on the raw materials under study (tablets, syrups, lozenges, tinctures), as well as state standard samples of rutin, arbutin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, daucosterol, ß-sitosterol, caffeic acid, quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside.

The study of micropreparations of fruits, leaves, stems of the plant was carried out using digital microscopes "Motic DM-111" (the ability to magnify 4x10, 10x10,40x10,100x10) and a digital stereoscopic microscope "Motic DM-39C-N9GO-A" (the ability to magnify x20, x40 ).

The study of the chemical composition of fruits and shoots was carried out by the method of adsorption liquid column chromatography. In the study of fruits, elution was carried out in a gradient mode with mixtures of chloroform and ethyl alcohol containing 0.1% hydrochloric acid (chloroform, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% content of acidified ethyl alcohol in chloroform) ... In the study of shoots, chromatographic separation was carried out on a silica gel L40 / 100 sorbent using chloroform, alcohol-chloroform mixtures in various ratios, and 95% ethyl alcohol as eluents. Silica gel L40 / 100 (Czech Republic) and polyamide brand "Woelm" (Germany) are used as sorbents.

For thin-layer chromatographic separation, we used Silufol UV-254, Sorbfil PTSKh-AF-A-UV, Sorbfil-PT-SKh-P-A-UV plates. The spectra were recorded on a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena) in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm. H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM 300 spectrometer. Electron impact mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-30 mass spectrometer at an ionizing electron energy of 70 eV and varying the ion source temperature from 30 ° C to 250 ° C. HPLC analysis was performed on a Biotronic liquid chromatograph; chromatographic column Phenomenex Luna CI 8 (2) (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with

using mixtures of acetonitrile and a buffer solution (0.01 M KH2P04, acidified with H3P04 to pH 3.00 ± 0.01), the flow rate of the mobile phase is 0.6 ml / min; detection at a wavelength of 280 nm.

The study of diuretic and saluretic activity was carried out using various substances from the fruits and shoots of blueberries. Hypothiazide was used as a reference drug at a dose of 20 mg / kg.

2. Morphological and anatomical study of common blueberries

An anatomical and histological study of common blueberry shoots was carried out in comparison with other morphologically similar species of medicinal plant raw materials (bearberry and lingonberry leaves). Diagnostic features were revealed: the characteristic shape of the main vein in the cross section, the presence of single-celled thick-walled straight hairs with a rough ruffled surface along the veins on the upper side, clavate glands on both sides of the leaf blade, the presence of a pronounced crystalline sheath along the vein on the lower side of the leaf, the characteristic structure of chlorophyll the nasal parenchyma under the epidermis of the shoots with strands of intertwining cells extending from it (Fig. 1-4).

Due to the fact that the structure of the petiole is of great importance for the diagnosis of LRS, we studied its diagnostic features from the position of petiolar anatomy (Fig. 5):

1. Cross-sectional shape: semi-lunar shape, slightly flattened on the adaxial side;

2. In the parenchyma of the petiole, one closed collateral bundle (central vein) is localized, located in the center, closer to the adaxial side, reinforced on both sides.

3. Collenchyma is presented along the entire perimeter, heterogeneous; forms larger areas in the ribs, more angular than in other studied species. The number of layers in the abaxial part is 1-3.

4. The main parenchyma is represented by thin-walled cells from 10 to 80 µm in diameter. There are large cells (idioblasts) containing prismatic crystals and drusen of calcium oxalate

5. The epidermis is pubescent on the adaxial side with simple unicellular hairs with a rough bearded surface, 23-52 µm in length.

Rice. 1. Epidermis of blueberry leaf (x400).

Designations: A - clavate glands; B - warty hairs. 1 - the base of the gland; 2 - warty hairs, 3 - two-rowed leg of the gland; 4 - multicellular head of the gland; 5 - stomata.

Rice. 2. Crystalline sheath along the vein (x400).

Designations: 1 - calcium oxalate crystals; 3 - stomata.

ChSh1. G; ...

Rice. 3. Structural features of the blueberry stem (x 400).

Designations: A - Epidermis and subepidermal layers; B - Primary bark and wood. 1 - cuticle; 2 - epidermis; 3 - the main chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma; 4 - phloem; 5 - ring of mechanical fabric; b - wood.

Rice. 4. Main vein (x100).

Designations: 1 - collenchyme; 2 - mechanical fabric; 3 - conducting bundle; 4 - cuticle; 5 - lower epidermis; b - thick-walled hair; 7 - upper epidermis; 8 - columnar parenchyma; 9 - spongy parenchyma.

Rice. 5. Structural features of blueberry leaf petiole.

Designations: A - cross section (xYO); B - cross section (x400); - cross section, staining with aniline sulfate (x400); B - cross section, stained with Sudan III (x400).

3. Phytochemical research of medicinal plant raw materials of common bilberry

In order to develop qualitative analysis methods by thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry, phytochemical analysis of shoots, fresh and air-dried fruits of common bilberry was carried out.

It was determined that the optimal separation of anthocyanins under TLC analysis occurs in the n-butanol - glacial acetic acid - water system

(4: 1: 2). There are some differences in the anthocyanin profile of fresh and air-dried fruits due to the fact that anthocyanins are easily destroyed by high temperatures. Common to extracts from fresh and air-dried fruits is the presence of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (R ~ 0.35) and malvi-din-3-O-glucoside (R, ~ 0.50) (Fig. 6 ). Differences are also observed in the electronic absorption spectra of extracts from fruits: extraction from fresh blueberries has absorption maxima at 282 ± 2 nm and 545 ± 2 nm, the ratio (A282 / A546) is approximately 1.0: 1.5; for air-dried fruits, this ratio changes in favor of the short-wave maximum and is 1.0: 0.10- ^ 0.15 (Fig. 7).

The method of adsorption column chromatography in combination with recrystallization and various chemical

Rice. 6. Scheme of TLC in the n-butanol - glacial acetic acid - water system (4: 1: 2).

Legend: 1 - alcoholic extract from air-dried blueberries; 2 - alcohol extraction from fresh blueberries; 3 - malvidin-3-O-glucoside; 4-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; 5 - delphinidin-3-O-glucoside.

Rice. 7. Absorption spectra of aqueous-alcoholic extract from fresh fruits of common blueberries (1), air-dried fruits of common blueberries (2) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (3) in 95% ethyl alcohol containing 1% HCl.

6 individual compounds were isolated from the shoots and fruits of blueberry by means of enzymatic transformations (enzymatic and acid hydrolysis) (Table 1). To establish the structure of the isolated substances, the data of UV, H-NMR and mass spectra were used.

Table 1

Physicochemical constants and spectral characteristics of compounds isolated from fruits and shoots of common blueberries

1. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside C21H21O11 3-O-p-O-glucopyranosyl 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) chromenilium one "YxVU ¿n mass spectrum (m / z) : 287 (fyf "aglycone); m.p. 244-246 ° C; UV spectrum:> .max 281 hm; 537 hm (1% HCl in 95% EtOH)

Malvidin-3-O-glucoside C23H25O12 3-O-p-E-glucopyranosyl 3,5,7-trihydroxy -2- (4-hydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) chromenilium OCH, HO-¿^^ sZ- OH mass spectrum (m / z): 331 (ii aglycone); m.p. 240-245 ° C; UV spectrum. /. max 281 hm; 544 hm (1% HCl in 95% EtOH)

3. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside C21H21O12 3-O-P-E-glucopyranosyl 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl) chromenilium YYW ™ AH Ho ^ j-ri ^ -oH mass spectrum (m / z): 331 (M + aglycone); m.p. 255-260 ° C; UV spectrum: 281 nm; 551 hm (1% HCl in 95% EtOH)

End of table 1

No. Name Chemical formula Physicochemical characteristics

4. Quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside CrOH ^ Oy 3-O- ß-D-xylopyranoside 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one OH ... ...- Xy1 OH O mass spectrum (m / z): 302 (M + aglycone); m.p. 182-185 ° C (aqueous alcohol); UV spectrum: X imx 264 nm (shoulder), 370 nm.

5. Caffeic acid c9H8O4 (3- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -2-propenoic acid Hoi ^^ Y0 OH mass spectrum (t / g): 180; mp 223-225 ° C; UV spectrum. I max 327 nm (shoulder)

6. Daucosterol Cs5HboOb (3-O-glucoside 17- (5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl) -10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14, 15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene-3-ol) f "mass spectrum (t / g): 414 (M + aglycone); mp 315-318 ° С

7.P-sitosterol C29H50O (17- (5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl) -10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16 , 17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta | a ~ | phenanthrene-3-ol) | d T d but "O ^ 1 mass spectrum (m / z): М + 414; mp 136-140 ° С

For cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, the values of the specific absorption index were determined in a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in 95% ethyl alcohol at an analytical wavelength of 546 nm (100 ± 4.3) and in a 0.5% alcohol solution of ammonia at an analytical wavelength 623 nm (250 ± 3.6), which were used in further research in the development of quantitative determination methods.

4. Improvement of methods for quality control of fruits and shoots of common blueberries

In accordance with OST 91500.05.001-00 “Quality standards for medicines. Basic Provisions "the following methods of quality control of shoots, fresh and air-dried fruits of common blueberries have been developed, which are included in the draft FS for these types of medicinal plant products.

4.1. Methods for the qualitative analysis of blueberry shoots.

To assess the authenticity of shoots, methods of TLC analysis using PCO rutin and electronic spectrometry have also been proposed, which are included in the draft pharmacopoeial monograph "Common bilberry shoots".

Conditions for TLC analysis of extracts in 70% ethyl alcohol from blueberry shoots: the system ethyl acetate - anhydrous formic acid - water (80: 8: 12), the plate is developed with a solution of diazobenzenesulfonic acid in a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. The authenticity is confirmed by the presence on the plate of spots with Rs relative to the GSO spot of rutin 2.2-2.4 (the dominant flavonoid is quercetin-3-O-P-O-xylopyranoside), the presence of other spots is allowed (Fig. 9). The electronic spectrum of the extract from blueberry shoots in the region from 190 to 500 nm has characteristic absorption maxima at 292 ± 2 nm and 331 ± 2 nm.

In order to determine the possibility of identifying blueberry shoots when comparing with other closely related species, a comparative phytochemical analysis of common bilberry shoots with morphologically similar species of medicinal plant raw materials was carried out using TLC and HPLC methods. Confirm

Rice. 8. TLC scheme of extracts from bearberry leaves, lingonberry and blueberry shoots in ethyl alcohol 70% before and after filtration through a layer of aluminum oxide in the chloroform-alcohol system

ethyl 96% (6: 4 v / v).

Legend:

1 - extract from bearberry leaves before filtration;

2 - extract from the leaves of bearberry after filtration;

3 - extraction from lingonberry leaves before filtration;

4 - extraction from lingonberry leaves after filtration;

5 - extraction from shoots

blueberries before filtering;

6 - extraction from blueberry shoots after filtration;

7 - standard sample of arbutin.

but that the presence of a spot with relatively

spots GSO rutin 2.2-2.4 is diagnostic for the studied raw materials.

TLC and HPLC analysis of the purified extracts after filtration through a layer of aluminum oxide, irreversibly binding polyphenolic compounds, was carried out (Fig. 8-10).

It should be noted that under the conditions described above for HPLC and TLC analysis, arbutin was not detected in the shoots of common blueberries.

Rice. 9. HPLC chromatogram of 40% ethanol extraction from bearberry leaves after filtration through a layer of aluminum oxide.

Rice. 10. HPLC chromatogram of 40% ethanol extraction from blueberry shoots after filtration through a layer of aluminum oxide.

4.2. Methods for the qualitative analysis of air-dried fruits of common blueberries.

For identification of raw materials, a TLC method was proposed, which provides for obtaining by infusion at room temperature extraction from raw materials using 95% ethanol containing 1% HCl, in a raw material - extractant ratio of 1: 5, chromatography in the n-butanol - glacial acetic acid system - water (4: 1: 2) (Sorbfil-PTSKh-AF-A-UV plates) and spot detection in visible light. The chromatogram shows pink spots with Rf values of 0.47 and 0.51 (malvidin glycosides), purple spots with Rf 0.36 (cyanidin-3-glucoside), and blue spots with Rf 0.20 and 0.33 (delphinidin glycosides ) (fig. 6).

Also, for a qualitative analysis, the spectroscopy method can be used. Electronic spectrum of hydroalcoholic extraction from fruits

blueberries in an acidic environment have two pronounced absorption maxima at 282 ± 2 nm and 545 ± 2 nm (Fig. 7).

4.3. Methods for the qualitative analysis of air-dried fruits of common blueberries.

Thin layer chromatography and spectroscopy methods are also offered for the qualitative analysis of air-dry raw materials.

The conditions for chromatographic analysis are similar to those for the analysis of fresh fruits. The chromatogram shows a pink spot with a value of about 0.5 (malvidin glycoside) and a purple spot with a value of about 0.35 (cyanidin-3-glucoside); other stains are allowed (fig. 6). The electronic spectrum of aqueous-alcoholic extraction from air-dried blueberries in an acidic medium also has two pronounced absorption maxima at 282 ± 2 nm and 545 ± 2 nm. However, for air-dried fruits, the ratio (A546 / A282) changes in favor of a short-wave maximum and is 1.0: 0.10 - ^ 0.15.

4.4. Method for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the shoots of common blueberry.

Carried out by the method of differential spectrometry in the presence of GSO rutin at an analytical wavelength of 420 nm (Fig. 12). The error of a single determination of the amount of flavonoids in the shoots of common blueberry with a confidence level of 95% is ± 3.56% (Table 2). As the lower limit of the content of the sum of flavonoids, a value of "not less than 0.6%" is recommended.

4.5. Method for the quantitative determination of the amount of anthocyanins in fresh fruits of common blueberries.

Quantification is carried out using direct spectrometry in an acidic medium at an analytical wavelength of 546 nm. Optimal conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins: extractant - 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in 95% ethyl alcohol, heating for 30 minutes in a water bath, the ratio "raw material-extractant" - 1:50.

The error of a single determination of the amount of anthocyanins in terms of cy-anidine-3-O-glucoside in blueberries with a confidence level of 95% is 3.52% (Table 2). The lower limit of the content of the sum of anthocyanins is recommended at the level of 3.5%.

4.6. Method for the quantitative determination of the amount of anthocyanins in air-dried common blueberries.

For quantitative determination, direct spectrophotometry in an acidic medium was also used at an analytical wavelength of 546 nm.

Optimal conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins: extractant - 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in 60% ethyl alcohol, heating for 60 minutes in a water bath, the ratio of "raw material-extractant" - 1:50. The error of a single determination of the sum of anthocyanins in blueberry fruits with a confidence level of 95% is 4.54% (Table 2). Based on the results of the analysis of various samples, the lower limit of the content is proposed at the level of 3.0% in terms of absolutely dry raw materials.

4.7. Method for determining the amount of anthocyanins in the fruits of common blueberries (ammonia method)

Was also investigated the possibility of determining anthocyanins by the differential method when the pH is shifted towards the alkaline reaction of the medium (Fig. 13). An alkaline medium was created with a 0.5% ammonia solution in 95% ethyl alcohol. The calculations were performed using the specific absorption rate of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The content of anthocyanins in fresh blueberries was 0.60 ± 0.02%, in air-dry ones 0.325 ± 0.009%. Metrological characteristics are presented in table 2.

Rice. 11. Electronic absorption spectra of aqueous-alcoholic extract from blueberry shoots (1) and a complex of extraction with a solution of aluminum chloride (2).

L "1111111 15" W 1.1 im

Rice. 12. Electronic absorption spectra of the initial extract from air-dried blueberries (1) and in 0.5% ammonia solution in 95% ethyl alcohol (2).

table 2

Metrological characteristics of spectrophotometric methods for quantitative determination, the amount of BAS in fruits and shoots of common blueberries

Type of raw material, group BAS X B R,% HX E,%

Fresh fruits (anthocyanins) 6 4.15 0.0580 95 2.45 0.14 ± 3.52

Air-dried fruits (anthocyanins) 6 4.15 0.0767 95 2.45 0.18 ± 4.54

End of table 2

Type of raw material, BAS group (X 5 P,% 1 (R.O DX E,%

Shoots (flavonoids) 6 0.73 0.027645 95 2.45 0.026 ± 3.56

Fresh fruits (anthocyanins, ammonia method) 6 0.60 0.02160 95 2.45 0.02 ± 3.33

Air-dried fruits (ammonia method) 6 0.325 0.00972 95 2.45 0.009 ± 2.77

The developed methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the fruits and shoots of common blueberries are included in the projects of the FS "Common blueberries fresh fruits", "Bilberry fruits" and "Common blueberry shoots", accepted for consideration by the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medicinal Products.

5. Scientific substantiation of the feasibility of the development and standardization of import-substituting drugs based on the fruits and shoots of common blueberries

As a result of a review of the available data on the state of the market, the feasibility of developing domestic drugs to improve the functional state of the retina based on the anthocyanins of the common blueberry fruits was shown.

As a result of preliminary studies, the optimal conditions for evaporating the juice of blueberries were selected in order to maximize the preservation of anthocyanins (under vacuum at a temperature of + 60 + 2 ° C).

Due to the fact that the main active compounds of common blueberry shoots are flavonoids, conditions were selected for obtaining a tincture (70% ethyl alcohol).

For the first time, the effect of the obtained experimental preparations from the fruits and shoots of blueberries on the excretory function of the kidneys was studied. Research results show that water extracts from blueberry shoots and preparations based on fresh blueberries have a moderate diuretic effect. The increase in urine output, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and creatininesis 24 hours after the administration of the extract from fresh fruits of common blueberries was comparable to the effect of hypothiazide under similar conditions. The introduction of aqueous-alcoholic extracts from air-dried fruits and blueberry shoots contributed to a decrease in urine output in the experimental group compared to the control. In our opinion, such a difference in the action of experimental drugs is due to the high content of tannins.

Taking into account the conditions necessary for the stability of anthocyanins, a scheme for the production of tablets from one stripped off juice of blueberries by direct pressing using microcrystalline cellulose with the addition of Aerosil as a filler is proposed. An original composition of a syrup based on one stripped off juice of blueberries with the use of sucrose, fructose or sorbitol as flavoring agents is proposed, depending on concomitant diseases. A scheme for obtaining pastilles from blueberry juice using agar has been developed.

To standardize the developed preparations from blueberries, the method of direct spectrophotometry was used at an analytical wavelength of 546 nm in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The lower limit of the content of anthocyanins in one tablet 0.3 g - 18.0 ± 0.2 mg; in syrup - not less than 0.3%; in lozenges 1.7 g - not less than 35.0 mg. Preparations from blueberry shoots were analyzed for the content of flavonoids by differential spectrophotometry with aluminum chloride in terms of rutin at a wavelength of 420 nm. The recommended lower limit of the flavonoid content in the tincture is not less than 0.05% in terms of rutin.

1. As a result of anatomical and morphological studies, the leaves, stems, and fruits of common bilberry were studied. Photomicrographs of diagnostic signs were obtained, which are included in the draft pharmacopoeial articles "Bilberry fruits", "Bilberry fruits fresh" and "Bilberry ordinary shoots".

2. For the first time, the anatomical structure of the leaf petiole of common bilberry was studied, which may be important in morphological and anatomical diagnostics of raw materials.

3. As a result of phytochemical research from blueberry shoots, the following were isolated and identified by H-NMR, mass spectrometry: quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside (3-O-xylopyranoside 3,5,7,3 ", 4" -pentahydroxyflavone ), caffeic acid and daucosterol, (5-sitosterol, of which daucosterol was first found in blueberry shoots, and quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside was first isolated from common blueberries growing in the Russian Federation.

4. Three compounds of anthocyanin nature were isolated and identified from the fruits of blueberry: 3-O-glucosides of cyanidin, malvidin and delphinidin. Their spectral characteristics were studied and the specific absorption index of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in 95% ethyl alcohol and in a 0.5% solution of ammonia in 95% ethyl alcohol was determined for the first time.

5. Methods have been developed for the qualitative analysis of aqueous-alcoholic extracts from common blueberries by thin-layer chromatography in the n-butanol - glacial acetic acid - water (4: 1: 2) system and by electron spectrometry by the presence of absorption maxima at 281 ± 2 and 546 ± 2 nm.

6. Methods have been developed for the qualitative analysis of blueberry shoots by thin-layer chromatography in the system ethyl acetate - anhydrous formic acid - water (80: 8: 12) and by the method of electronic spectrometry by the presence of absorption maxima at 291 + 2 and 331 ± 2 nm.

7. A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of anthocyanins in fresh fruits of common blueberries by direct spectrometry at an analytical wavelength of 546 nm in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; as well as a method for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in blueberry shoots by differential spectrometry with aluminum chloride in terms of rutin at an analytical wavelength of 420 nm.

8. Research has been carried out on the possibility of quantitative determination of anthocyanins by differential spectrometry in an alkaline medium (0.5% ammonia solution in 95% ethyl alcohol) on the basis of their ability to tautomeric transformations.

9. As the lower limit of the content of the sum of anthocyanins in the raw material "Bilberry fruits" proposed the value of "not less than 3.0%", in the raw material "Fresh blueberries" - "not less than 3.5%"; for the raw material "Bilberry ordinary shoots" the lower limit of the content of the sum of flavonoids is proposed "not less than 0.6%".

10. On the basis of chemical-technological research, the composition and technology of obtaining the following preparations "Bilberry syrup", "Bilberry tablets" and "Bilberry lozenges" have been developed, as well as their quality indicators have been studied.

11. In the course of pharmacological studies, it was found that the infusion and juice of blueberries at a dose of 50 mg / kg stimulate diuresis, natriuresis and creatininesis in 4 hours of the experiment, and the extract of blueberries by 70% ethanol at a dose of 50 mg / kg increases the renal excretion of water, sodium and creatinine for 4 and 24 hours of the experiment.

12. The projects of the FS "Bilberry fruits", "Bilberry ordinary fruits fresh" and "Bilberry ordinary shoots" were developed, which were sent to the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Center for the Expertise of Medicinal Products" for inclusion in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XII edition.

1. Kurkin, V.A. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bilberry fruit anthocyanins / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanov II Pharmacy. - 2012. -№2.-С. 10-13.

2. Kurkin, V.A. Quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the shoots of common blueberries / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanov // Chemical and pharmaceutical journal. - 2013. - T. 47, No. 4. - S. 34-37.

3. Kurkin, V.A. New approaches in the field of standardization of bilberry fruits / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2011. - T. 13 (39), No. 1 (8). - 2010-2015.

4. Kurkin, V.A. New approaches to the complex use of fruits and shoots of ordinary blueberries / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2012. - T. 14, No. 5 (3). - S. 757-761.

5. Kurkin, V.A. New approaches to standardization of bilberry fruits / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova // Chemistry of vegetable raw materials. - 2012. -№4.- S. 167-173.

6. Ryazanova, T.K. Pharmacognostic study of fruits and shoots of common blueberries / T.K. Ryazanova // Fundamental research. -2013. - No. 8 (part 5). - S. 1136-1140.

7. Ryazanova, T.K. Optimization of temperature conditions for drying the fruits of bilberry ordinary / T.K. Ryazanova // Postgraduate Bulletin of the Volga Region. - 2013. - No. 1. - S. 210-213.

8. Kurkin, V.A. Development of a method for determining anthocyanins in medicinal plant raw materials / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova, A.V. Kurkina, A.V. Egorova // Pharmacy. - 2014. - No. 4. - P. 17-20.

9. Ryazanova, T. K. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids in bilberry shoots / V.A. Kurkin, T. K. Ryazanova // Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. - 2013. -Vol. 47 Issue 4 - P. 213.

10. Ryazanova, T.K. Research on the creation of medicinal products from the juice of ordinary blueberries / T.K. Ryazanova // Postgraduate Readings-2013. - Samara, 2013 .-- S. 195-198.

11. Ryazanova, T.K. Comparative phytochemical study of fruits and shoots of common blueberries and development of approaches to their standardization / T.K. Ryazanov // Collection of abstracts of the First All-Russian scientific and practical

conference of young scientists: Problems of the development of new drugs. - Moscow, June 3-5, 2013 - P. 106.

12. Ryazanova, T.K. Topical issues of standardization of aboveground organs of common blueberry / T.K. Ryazanova // Collection of abstracts "All-Russian youth scientific school" Biomaterials and nanobiomaterials: Actual problems and issues of safety ". - Kazan, 2012 .-- P. 47.

13. Ryazanova, T.K. Questions of standardization of fruits and shoots of common blueberries / T.K. Ryazanova // Abstracts of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Seminar of Young Scientists with International Participation “Modern Problems of Medicinal Chemistry. Directed search for new drugs ”. - Volgograd, 2012 .-- S. 62-63.

14. Ryazanova, T.K. Issues of standardization of common bilberry fruits and preparations based on them / T.K. Ryazanova II Materials of the All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference "Topical issues of creating new drugs." - Kharkov, 2012 .-- S. 108.

15. Ryazanova, T.K. Research on the development and standardization of medicinal products based on medicinal plant materials containing anthocyanins / T.K. Ryazanova // Materials of the reports of the competition of the program UM.N.I.K. - Samara, 2010 .-- S.36-38.

16. Ryazanova, T.K. Research on the development of medicinal products based on the fruits of common blueberries / T.K. Ryazanov // V All-Russian (79th Final) student scientific conference: collection of materials - Samara, 2011. - P. 184.

17. Ryazanova, T.K. Pharmacognostic study of common blueberry shoots / T.K. Ryazanova // Postgraduate Readings-2012. - Samara, 2012. -S. 220-223.

18. Kurkin, V.A. Prospects for the creation of import-substituting neurotropic, immunomodulating, antioxidant and hepatoprotective phytopreparations / V.A. Kurkin, A.B. Dubishchev, E.V. Avdeeva, O. L. Kulagin, V.B. Braslavsky, T.K. Ryazanov et al. // Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference "Means and methods of traditional Chinese medicine in Russia", - Moscow, 2011. - pp. 23-24.

19. Kurkin, V.A. Research on the standardization of common blueberry shoots / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova // Collection of scientific materials of the II International Congress "Physical and Spiritual Health: Traditions and Innovations". - Moscow, 2012 .-- S. 257-261.

20. Kurkin, V.A. Study of phenolic compounds of common blueberry shoots / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanov // Materials of the VIII International

Symposium "Phenolic Compounds: Fundamental and Applied Aspects". Moscow, October 2-5, 2012 - S. 641-645.

21. Petrukhina, I.K. Study of factors influencing the choice of drugs used to improve the functional state of the retina / I.K. Petrukhina, L.V. Loginova, T.K. Ryazanova // Medical and social ecology of personality: state and prospects: materials of the XI International conference, May 17-18, 2013, Minsk. - Minsk, 2013 .-- S. 89-91.

22. Petrukhina, I.K. The results of marketing research of the nomenclature of medicines used for eye diseases / I.K. Petrukhina, L.V. Loginova, T.K. Ryazanova // Medical and social ecology of the individual: state and prospects: materials of the X International conference, April 6-7, 2012, Minsk. - Minsk, 2012 .-- S. 435-437.

23. Ryazanova, T.K. Phytochemical research of common blueberry fruits and development of medicinal preparations based on them / T.K. Ryazanova // Postgraduate Readings-2011. - Samara, 2011 .-- S. 327-331.

24. Patent 2484671RF.MPK A23Y / 30, A231L / 212, A61K36 / 45 Common blueberry syrup / V.A. Kurkin, T.K. Ryazanova. - Date of receipt of the application 11/15/2011. - Publ. 06/20/2013.

Blueberry Fruit - FructusMyrtilli

Common blueberry - Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Sempropertyheather - Ericaceae

Other names:

- blueberry

- chernyshnik

- blueberry

- chernega

Botanical characteristics. Shrub up to 30 cm high. The stem is round, erect, branched, brown, with edges visible on green branches. The leaves are alternate, round-ovate, simple, short-petiolate, with a serrate-toothed margin. Flowers are small, solitary, bisexual. Corolla, water lily, greenish-pink, with 5 bent teeth, drooping, on short pedicels, located in the leaf axils. The fruit is a black spherical berry with small seeds. Blossoms in May-June; fruits ripen in July-August.

Spreading. Northern and middle parts of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Siberia. A different kind of blueberry grows in the Caucasus.

Habitat. In spruce, pine and mixed forests, in raised bogs, mainly in humid places, it often forms large thickets, convenient for harvesting.

Blank. When fully ripe in the morning or evening. Recently, when harvesting berries, small-scale mechanization has been used - a bucket with teeth, but often after using a bucket for collecting (homemade) leaf and fruiting buds are severely damaged, which contributes to a sharp decrease in yield. When harvesting, do not take greenish and spoiled fruits, branches, leaves. Hand-picked fruits are placed in baskets or buckets. It is not allowed to wash and transfer berries from one container to another. In the flowering phase, blueberry shoots are harvested, trying not to damage flowers and fruits.

Distinguishing features of blueberries and possible impurities

Plant name	Diagnostic signs
Plant name		shape and number of seeds or seeds
Edible berries
Common blueberry - Vaccinium myrtillus L.	Spherical, with the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular fringe at the top, a dimple in the center. The pulp is black-purple.	Seeds are oblong, small, and numerous.	Sweetish astringent.
Common blueberry - Vaccinium uliginosum L.	Oval, larger than blueberries, with a waxy coating, with the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular fringe and a dimple. the pulp is green.		Sweet, slightly astringent.
Black currant - Ribes nigrum L.	Spherical, with a filmy cone-shaped remainder of the perianth at the apex. The surface is covered with yellow glands visible through a magnifying glass.	The seeds are smooth, numerous, larger than those of blueberries.	Sweet and sour, aromatic smell.
Bird cherry - Padus racemosa Gilib.	Spherical, grayish-black in color with a white bloom from released sugar and a round white scar from the stalk.	One bone, rounded.	Sour-sweet, strong astringent.
Inedible berries (unacceptable)
Black elder - Sambucus nigra L.	Spherical, small, at the top the remainder of the calyx is in the form of an annular fringe, in the center there is a dimple. The pulp is dark red.	Achenes (3) oblong, transversely wrinkled.	Sweet and sour.
Buckthorn alder -Frangula ainus Mill.		Bones (2) are flat with a beak-like outgrowth.	Induces vomiting.
Joster laxative - Rhamnus cathartica L.	Globular, black, shiny.	Bones (3-4) are triangular, with 2 flat and 1 convex sides.	Bittersweet.
Common juniper - Juniperus communis L.	Smooth, spherical, not wrinkled, at the top there is a three-beam suture.	Seeds (3) are smooth, light yellow, angular in shape.	Sweet. The smell is fragrant.

Security measures. When planning harvests, the frequency of fruiting of blueberries should be taken into account. It is necessary to alternate the arrays of blanks.

Drying. The fruits are laid out in a thin layer in the sun for 2-3 days, and then dried in Russian ovens, fruit and vegetable or other heated dryers, stirring occasionally. Dried until the berries stop getting your hands dirty and clumping together.

External signs. According to GOST and GF XI, the fruits are harvested during ripening. Dried fruits are very wrinkled, small, after soaking they take a spherical shape; black, with a bluish bloom, up to 10 mm in diameter. At the top of the fruit, the remainder of the calyx is visible in the form of a small annular fringe. In the reddish-purple pulp of the fruit, there are numerous small ovoid seeds. The smell is weak. The taste is sweet and sour, slightly astringent. When chewing, saliva turns dark red, teeth and oral mucosa turn blue-violet. Unripe and burnt fruits, other parts of the plant, fruits of other plants, mineral impurities reduce the quality of raw materials.

Qualitative reactions. The fruit decoction (1:10) has a dark purple color. When a few drops of NaOH solution are added to the broth, an olive-green color (flavonoids) appears; adding a few drops of a solution of lead acetate - an amorphous precipitate (tannins); when adding a few drops of a solution of ammonium iron alum - black-green coloration (condensed tannins). When harvesting, black, similar berries accidentally fall. The presence of other berries in the raw material is not allowed. Impurities can be detected according to the characteristics indicated in the table.

Chemical composition. Blueberries contain up to 12% tannins of the pyrocatechol group; up to 7% organic acids, including citric, malic, succinic, cinchona, benzoic, lactic, oxalic; up to 30% sugar, 60 mg% ascorbic acid, 0.75-1.6 mg% carotene, 0.04% B vitamins. Blueberries contain 6 mg% sodium, 51 mg% potassium, 16 mg% calcium, 6 mg% magnesium, 13 mg% phosphorus, 7 mg% iron, manganese.

Polyphenolic compounds are represented by anthocyanins, leukoanthocyanins and catechins. The amount of polyphenolic compounds increases with better lighting of the plants. Ripe fruits contain more anthocyanins (up to 985 mg%), semi-ripe fruits contain more catechins and leukoanthocyanins.

Tannins (18-20%), sugar, arbutin (0.47-0.58%), hydroquinone (0.47%), saponins (2.2-2.8%), organic acids ( gallic, benzoic, lemon, apple, acetic, oxalic, wine), minerals (potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, iodine 1.9-2.4 μg / kg). Glycosides are biologically important - neomyrtillin (2%), the aglycone of which is the vitamin-like substance inositol, and myrtillin (1%), belonging to the anthocyanin group, its aglycone is a coloring matter.

Storage. In bags, on pods, in a constant draft, since berries are easily affected by berry moths. Shelf life is 2 years.

Pharmacological properties. Water infusions and decoctions, alcohol-water tinctures and extracts of blueberry leaves have been studied in many countries. Bilberry leaf preparations have a cardiotonic, diuretic, choleretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and anti-putrefactive effect. Leaf preparations in animal experiments lower blood sugar. Alcohol extracts of the leaves prevent the death of dogs with a removed pancreas (animals that do not receive these drugs die).

Alcoholic extract and infusion of blueberry leaves reduce blood sugar in rabbits with alimentary and adrenaline hyperglycemia by 30-40%.

Blueberries are astringent, anti-rot and anti-microbial. There are reports that anthocyanins from blueberries reduce the aggregation ability of red blood cells in vitro. Blueberry kapinoids improve night vision and visual function.

Medicines. Fruits in packs, decoction, collection "Arfazetin" (blueberry shoots).

Application. Blueberries in the form of a decoction, jelly are used as an astringent for acute and chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by diarrhea, with dyspepsia associated with increased fermentation and putrefactive processes, with colitis, enterocolitis, dysentery. Blueberry decoctions are used locally for stomatitis and gingivitis as an astringent and antiseptic.

Blueberries are used as a dietary and therapeutic agent for cystitis, mild forms of diabetes mellitus.

Leaves and shoots are used for diabetes, since the glycoside neomyrtillin contained in them has the ability to lower blood glucose (in the collection "Arfazetin" - blueberry shoots).

Berries are consumed fresh, dried and in the form of infusions. The infusion is prepared hot and cold. Cold method: 10 g of chopped berries (4 teaspoons of dry fruits) are insisted in a glass of cold boiled water for 8 hours and taken in tablespoons throughout the day. Hot method: 2 teaspoons of chopped berries are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for 2 hours and taken in equal portions throughout the day. Infusion is used for gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus, used for inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat for rinsing.

Blueberries are widely used in food as a delicacy, for making jams, compotes and jelly. Used for scurvy, hypovitaminosis. A positive effect of blueberries (fresh, dried, in the form of a decoction, infusion, fruit drink, etc.) on visual acuity has been noted.

For the treatment of visual impairments, the proposed drug "Difrarel" (France), consisting of bioflavonoids of blueberries and (b-carotene, which has P-vitamin activity and is used to normalize capillary permeability, improve tissue trophism, accelerate regeneration, treatment of arteriopathies.

The chemical composition of common blueberries. Vitamins in blueberries

Description of the plant

Blueberry composition

The chemical composition of blueberries

Properties and uses of blueberries

Pharmacological properties of blueberries

Blueberry application

Spreading

Procurement and storage of raw materials

External signs of raw materials

Qualitative reactions

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