Presentation on the topic of safety signs. Presentation on obzh "road signs"

Ogorodnikov A.V.

Krestyaninov M. Yu.

Practical work report

“Safety signs. Security Posters»

Task number 1 (1 option)

During the operation of the crane, the load may fall, therefore, it is advisable to place a warning sign “Danger. Possible drop of load” (W06).

Since electricity is connected to the building, it is advisable to place a warning sign "Danger of electrical shock" (W08).

Since there is a possibility of slipping during the work, it is advisable to place a warning sign “Caution. Slippery (W28).

Since the load may fall during the operation of the crane, in order to avoid injury, it is forbidden to block the aisles or store, therefore, it is advisable to place a prohibition sign "It is forbidden to block the aisles and (or) store" (P12).

During work, there is a possibility of heavy objects falling on a person from above, therefore it is necessary to work in a helmet or helmet, therefore, it is advisable to place a prescriptive sign "Work in a protective helmet (helmet)" (M02).

In the basement of the building, the evacuation exit is located in the direction up the stairs. Therefore, it is advisable to place the evacuation sign "Direction to the evacuation exit up the stairs" (E16) there.

At the source of drinking water, it is advisable to place an index sign "Drinking water" (D02).

It is safe to work with electrical equipment only in specially designated places, therefore, it is advisable to place the sign "Work here" (2.5.9).

Task number 2 (4 option)

For this room, we propose to place the following safety signs:

Warning sign "Danger of electrical shock" because electrical energy is used in the welding process.

Warning sign "Caution. Hot surface" as the metal melts during the welding process and may remain hot for some time.

The prescriptive sign "Work in a protective shield", because the welding process emits ultraviolet radiation harmful to the eyes, and splashes of hot metal are also possible.

Mandatory signs "Work in protective gloves" and "Work in protective clothing", as hot metal splashes may be emitted during welding.

code table

For the victims, deprived of emergency signaling "tools", another method of emergency signaling was invented - an international code table.

The signals of the code table are laid out in open, clearly visible places from the air - on the slopes of hills, glades. In different sources, the recommended sizes of signals are indicated differently, depending on the tastes and departmental predilections of the authors. Therefore, it is better to stay at the international standard: 10m long, 3m wide and 3m between signs. But in any case, not less than 2.5 m. Otherwise, the sign will be difficult to make out from a great height. There are no restrictions in the big direction - the more significant the signal, the higher the probability that it will be noticed.

For example, in one of my travels I was able to observe a sign with sides much larger than one hundred (!) meters. True, it was not a sign of distress, but rather a symbol of human stupidity. Someone was not too lazy, tore off the slope of a hill rising above the surrounding area in order to perpetuate one very short but capacious Russian word, which I cannot quote here for censorship reasons.

Local pilots, not without pride, claimed that this titanic structure of lovers of Russian literature is used to guide planes to their native airport and is easily readable even from space! So the content is the content, and the example that the more the better is very clear.

What can be used to make a signal? From almost everything. From sleeping bags laid out on the ground, a cut tent, spare clothes, life jackets, pieces of fabric fixed with pegs driven into the ground or stones laid on top. From the wreckage of a vehicle, stones, spruce branches and tree branches. On the seashore - from pebbles or seaweed thrown by the surf.
You can not lay out the signal, but, for example, dig it out, for which you remove the sod with a shovel or knife and deepen the resulting trench. At the same time, the turf itself must be carefully laid along the trench on the grass with the inner, dark side up, which will double its width.
In the snow, the signal is "drawn" with the help of ash from a burnt-out fire or trampled on by the heels of shoes. It is advisable to line the bottom of the trampled trenches with spruce branches, branches, etc. dark material. Only, when trampling trenches in the snow, one should not stomp next to them, so that instead of a clearly readable signal sign, one does not get a meaningless pattern of dozens of paths and paths going in different directions. The construction site should be approached only from one side and only along one pre-marked path.

In all cases, one should strive to ensure the maximum contrast of the color signal and the background on which it is decomposed. In other words, on light soil, signs should be as dark as possible, on dark soil - light.

In the desert, where there is no need to choose building material, low shafts of sand are piled up. Such a sign "works" twice a day - in the morning and in the evening, when the sun is low on the horizon. The thick shadows cast by the artificial sand banks are quite readable from the air. But it is even better to hang on stakes driven into the sand, cloth or even thick paper. The fabric itself can be of any color, even yellow, because the signal will not be drawn by the panels, but by the shadow they cast. In the absence of tissue, one can try to build a similar shadow signal from plants tied into long bundles and stretched between stakes a meter from the ground.

Each character of the code table has a single meaning known to the pilot of the search aircraft.

! ! ! You should not invent your own signals, and if for some reason you have forgotten how this or that sign is deciphered, you can lay out the well-known SOS signal on the ground.

For a long time I doubted whether it was worth telling the reader about one more method of alarm. On the one hand, it is ridiculously simple and therefore accessible to every person, it does not require any additional technical devices, it is effective - solid weighty pluses. On the other hand, it causes objective damage to the environment - at the present time, the minus is very serious. Well, how will people, carried away, begin to use it, where it is necessary and where it is not necessary? But then I thought that it was better than a "signal" fire.

In addition, this method is laborious enough for a person to undertake it only for boredom or pranks. The essence of this method of signaling is that the victims are trying by all means available to them to change the natural appearance of the surrounding area. Large geometric figures are burned out, trampled on the ground, artificial clearings are cut down in dense forests.

Of course, it is more convenient not to fell large trees, such work is too laborious, but, for example, to cut low bushes on the edges of a forest or on the banks of a reservoir. The size of the sign (circle, triangle, etc.) should be 20 m or more, the width of the strip should be 3 - 4 m. Close up, such a sign is almost invisible, but from a height of several hundred meters it immediately catches the eye.

In general, it should be noted that in an emergency it is impossible to limit yourself to installing one or two signals. The signaling must be varied and, so to speak, multi-stage, only then it is effective. For example, having caught a glare from the signal mirror on the cockpit glass, the pilot will examine the area more carefully, notice a geometric figure carved in the bushes.

Having descended, he will make out the signs of the code table and the smoke of the signal fire, and, finally, consider the people themselves. By the way, the latter should make sure that they are clearly visible - put on bright, preferably orange, and white clothes in the steppe, go out of the shade of trees to a sunny, open place, wave bright pieces of fabric over your head, at night - a torch or flashlight.

But it's even better if those in distress know international aviation emergency sign used to transmit information by pilots of search and rescue aircraft and helicopters.

1. Please take me on board.
2. Technical assistance required.
3. It is convenient to land here.
4. Everything is in order.
5. I understand you, I'm doing it.
6. I have a radio station.
7. It is dangerous to land here.
8. I can't move, I need medical help.
9. Ready to accept pennant, written message.
10. Yes.
11. No.

For the same purpose - - another form of signaling is used.
Only it is no longer international, but ours, domestic, adopted by the Air Force.

With whom the victims will have to communicate in an accident - with our or not our aviators, and which of them adheres to which gesture system, it is impossible to say in advance, so it’s better, just in case, to know both:

1. "An incident has occurred, there are victims" - a person lying on the ground, or a circle of cloth (spread parachute), in the middle of which is the figure of a lying person.

2. "We need food, warm uniforms" - a person sitting on the ground, or a triangle of fabric.

3. "Show me which direction to go" - a person with arms raised and slightly spread apart, or a thin, long triangle of fabric in the form of an arrow.

4. "Here you can land" - a person in a shallow crouch with arms outstretched forward, or a square of fabric.

5. "Land in direction indicated" - a standing person with arms outstretched forward in the direction of the approach or a cloth landing "T".

6. "You can't sit here" - a standing person with arms crossed above his head or a cross made of fabric.

! ! ! In addition to special ones, there are simplified distress signals. about which the rescuers of almost all departments are aware to some extent.

For example, universal in all respects SOS signal, or any other light or sound signal repeated three times in a row at short intervals. It doesn't matter what it will be - three lights, three columns of smoke, three loud whistles, three shots, three flashes of light, etc. - as long as the signal is triple.

Between the filing of each group of signals, a one-minute pause should be maintained. Three light or noise signals - a minute of rest - and again three signals. International distress signal received in the mountains, looks a little different: six whistles, light flashes or hand waves per minute, then a minute pause and repeat the signal.

If during the trip you notice someone else's distress signal - take all measures to provide assistance. First of all, fix the place where the signal was given - take the "bearing" using the compass, note the landmarks in the indicated direction. If the victims are in a hard-to-reach place, several of the most experienced travelers should come to their aid. It is unacceptable to send a rescue team light - without a tent, warm clothes, food.

Departing rescuers must be completely autonomous, even if those in distress are several hundred meters away. The remaining (insurance group) should immediately proceed with the equipment of the emergency camp - pitch tents, build shelters, make fires, boil water, install signal signs around the camp and in the direction of the rescue group, organize intermediate camps.

If possible, it is necessary to immediately notify the rescue services and authorities about the incident and then act according to their instructions. During the work of full-time rescuers, independent actions not coordinated with them are unacceptable. You can continue the route only with the permission of the relevant services after the end of the rescue operation.

In the case when the victims of the disaster decided, without waiting for the help of the rescue teams, to get out to the people on their own, they must mark the place where the accident occurred using the methods described above, and in the direction of movement without fail lay out a sign clearly visible from the air - an arrow from the international code table.

At the same time, on the ground, in a conspicuous place, a far-visible tour tower is being built from stones, pieces of ice, and logs. Several two-meter sticks are fixed on its top, to which bright patches of fabric, foil, and cans are tied. Under the tour or next to it, in a weatherproof container - in a bottle with a neck filled with stearin, in a triple plastic bag, a rubber balloon, etc. - a note is left that indicates: the full data of the victims of the accident (surnames, names, home and work addresses), briefly describes what happened, lists the property and equipment at the disposal of the group (food, water, signal means, weapons, clothes, etc.), justification The selected direction of movement is displayed. Be sure to indicate the year, date and time when the note was left.

At the base of the tour of stones or thick branches, several pointer arrows are laid out, pointing in the direction of the intended direction of movement.

All unnecessary things are left near the tour in a prominent place. Cargo for the journey (except for the mandatory means of signaling and orientation, weapons, polyethylene, with which you can perfectly protect yourself from precipitation, wind, cold, and get water in the desert) should be taken based on the specific climatic and geographical conditions of the route, but not forgetting the wise rule: "Hoping for the best, prepare for the worst!"

In the course of the movement, it is necessary to mark your route as often as possible - break off branches, make cuts on tree trunks, put unnecessary things in conspicuous places, etc. In difficult terrain, the marks should be located within direct detection - from one mark you can see another. In places where the direction of movement changes, 2-3 large marks should be placed - a large notch on a tree trunk, a tour, strips of bright material fixed on tree branches.

Lay out an arrow next to the mark indicating the direction of movement. Once a day, it is necessary to leave in clearly visible places, protected from bad weather, notes indicating your route and other important information for rescuers and the date the note was left. Remember: tagging often makes it easier to find the missing group.

For the same purpose, especially in winter, it is advisable to make your way through open spaces, remembering that search aircraft and helicopters will first of all inspect the edges, clearings, clearings, channels of frozen rivers, on the surface of which traces are distinguishable much better than in thick forests. To facilitate their task on open sections of the route, one should try to leave as many traces as possible, for example, not going one after another, but with a deployed front. It makes sense to leave traces as much as possible on the surface of linear landmarks accessible for inspection from the air: in the middle of wide clearings, on snow-covered ice of reservoirs. It is their aviators who will inspect the most carefully.

For the same reasons, when moving along a river or crossing water barriers, one should choose places with open wide sandy beaches, on which the tracks remain for quite a long time and are clearly visible from the air.

In conclusion, I want to slightly ... disappoint the reader. Alarm signaling is not as simple as it may seem after reading this chapter. There is always the possibility that no one will notice the signal you have given but yourself. This is especially true in cases where the victims are not specifically searched for.

Once at sea, we tried to attract the attention of a small ship passing 10 - 12 cables from us. We shouted, raised and lowered the sails, whistled the boatswain's whistle, remembering that the whistle is heard twice as far as the scream, beat the bottom of the empty pan with a spoon. Finally, they fired a signal cartridge and at the same time "hung" a rocket over the deck of the ship. And what? And nothing - the ship continued to go on its course. It can be seen that the helmsman buried his nose in the compass card, not wanting to see anything around, and his ears were "laid" by the roar of a diesel engine coming from the engine room.

Moreover, once, in exactly the same way, we, unwittingly, “slipped” under the very noses of patrol ships and aircraft into the training firing zone for sky-to-earth missiles and sailed under the very side of the floating targets! On the day and even at the hour of the exercises! And again no one noticed us! But even then we tried to give signals. Including smoke. Nobody saw us! Although to see and not let strangers into the secret zone is the direct duty of negligent guards.

That's when we realized: rely on emergency signaling means, but don't make a mistake yourself.

The last piece of advice concerns not so much alarm technology as human ethics.

Any rescue operation distracts a large number of people from their main work, exposes their lives to increased risk, not counting the large financial costs. Therefore, before deciding to send a distress signal, you need to think seven times! Any distress signal should be used only in a truly critical situation that directly threatens the life or health of people! Several tens of kilometers to be covered, worn legs or non-compliance with the timing of the trip, not to mention such mercantile reasons as the fear of being late from vacation, missing air tickets, etc. - this is not a reason to give an emergency signal and deploy large-scale rescue operations.

For the same purpose, after the successful completion of the accident, all emergency signals should be removed or, if this is not possible, the local authorities, rescue services, aviators should be notified that in the specified areas the signals (specify which ones) are "out of order". Unfortunately, there are cases when travelers have been at home for many days, and rescue teams, alerted, continued to comb the area in search of victims.

In addition to the "external" emergency, it is useful to develop in advance and use an internal alarm at the time of an accident. Some of the possibilities of sound, light, gesture signals are shown in the figure. The signal is given at intervals of Morse code signals using a whistle, a shout, a lantern, a torch, or using a "hand semaphore". The interval between the signals is 4 - 5s - three dashes.

1. Two hands up, or continuous long signals (dash) - "I need attention. Watch me."
2. One hand up, or one short signal (dot) - "I need the help of one or two people."
3. Stand sideways, hand in front of you, thumb up, or one long signal (dash) - "I'm fine."
4. Two hands to the sides or two long signals (dash) - "Do nothing. I act on my own."
5. Hand to the side or two short signals - "Come to me."
6. Frequent waving of raised arms or continuous short signals - "Emergency. Immediate assistance required."
7. One hand up, the other to the side or alternation of short and long signals - "Look around (listen) in the direction I indicated. Remove the azimuth."

Attention cues:

1. Orange smoke PSND, smoke grenades;
2. Raspberry fire PSND, flares, torch-candles, smoke bombs;
3. Asterisks and flashes of rockets, mortar cartridges, tracer bullets;
4. Glare of signal mirrors;
5. Signs-signals on the ground;
6. Orange color spots on the water;
7. Light and smoke of fires;
8. Bright clothes;
9. Glare of homemade mirrors, foil;
10. Beacons and radio stations;
11. Sound signals;
12. Light signals in Morse code;
13. Flags-signals;
14. Signal tours;
15. Balloons and kites;
16. Rivets and other improvised marks.

Airplane to the rescue

signal mirror

The signal mirror as a means of signaling is used only in sunny weather. The efficiency of its use is quite high. So, at an angle of standing of the sun of 130 °, the brightness of the light "beam" is 4 million candles, and at an angle of 90 ° it increases to 7 million candles. A sunburst can be detected much earlier than any other signal given from the earth's surface during the daytime in sunny weather. From an aircraft flying at an altitude of 1–1.5 km, such a flash is detected at a distance of up to 24 km. It was the solar "bunny" of the signal mirror, made by Chechoni (the mechanic of the Italia airship that crashed in the Central Arctic in the spring of 1928) from a wooden plank pasted over with a frame from under a chocolate bar, turned out to be the only signal that was noticed by the commander of the Italian rescue aircraft.
The signal mirror can be either glass or metal, preferably with sides of 10-12 cm, with a small hole in the center. The glass mirror should be double-sided, and the metal mirror should have well-polished plate surfaces on both sides.
When an aircraft (helicopter or plane) appears, it is necessary to stand against the sun and look through the hole at the flying helicopter (airplane), holding the mirror at a short distance in front of you in a half-bent arm. The tourist will see on the surface of the mirror the reflection of his face and the light spot on it from the hole in the mirror. In order for the rays of the sun reflected from the mirror to be directed to a helicopter or plane, the mirror should be rotated or tilted until the light spot is aligned with the central hole. The bright shiny surface of a mirror or a metal plate, when swaying, gives intermittent flashes, which are easy to draw the attention of the crew of the aircraft in the air ( rice. 10, a).

In case a two-way mirror or metal plate is not available, an ordinary one-way mirror without a hole can also be used for signaling purposes, using the following procedure: a) holding the mirror close to the face with one hand, position it so that the reflected beam is directed approximately in the desired direction, i.e. at a flying helicopter or aircraft; b) stretch out the other hand in the direction of the object of sight and "plant" it on the end of the withdrawn thumb; c) adjust the slope of the mirror so that the abducted thumb is illuminated by reflected light. Now the reflected beam is directed at the flying helicopter. The accuracy of beam guidance by this method is lower than with a special signal mirror ( rice. 10b).

If there is no mirror, as a substitute, you can try to use a shiny bottom from a tin can, a piece of a metal plate, that is, any objects that reflect the sun's rays.

improvised means

Tourists in distress may use the means at their disposal to indicate their location.
Bright items of clothing, equipment (tents, awnings, capes, backpacks, etc.) can be hung in the form of flags on trees, poles and, preferably, on a higher place in relation to the surrounding area. If there is a river or stream flowing in a forest, you can use a brightly colored tent or awning for signaling by pulling them over the river or stream ( rice. eleven).

For signaling purposes, the surrounding area can also be used, making changes to it that are clearly visible from the air. For these purposes, it is possible to cut down a bush in the form of a circle, a square or other geometric figures, to trample similar or other figures in the snow with feet or skis. It is desirable, if the terrain allows, to bring the size of signs or figures to 30-50 m on the sides or diameter, so that they can be more easily seen from the air. If there is a pond with stagnant water, the surface of the water can be painted with fluorescein or uranine powder, the resulting stain from which is clearly visible from the air and, as a rule, attracts the attention of not only search helicopters, but also aircraft crews flying in the area.
As a means of signaling, you can use the made raft, fix it on the surface of the reservoir with the help of anchors and light a fire on it when a helicopter appears.
You can use boulders, adding various shapes from them that could attract the attention of a search helicopter, trees, constructing any geometric shapes from them.
At night, ordinary lights are suitable for signaling. Flashlight signals are more visible if they are signaled by turning them on and off.
In addition to the aforementioned signaling means, participants in tourist groups making trips with active means of movement, whose routes pass far from populated areas, especially in difficult areas, must know the code table of the international visual signals "Earth-Air" given to the crew of any aircraft in the event of an emergency ( rice. 12).
International code tableair signals "Earth - Air":

1 - need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - need medicines; 3 - unable to move; 4 - need food and water; 5 - weapons and ammunition are required; 6 - requires a map and compass; 7 - you need a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - indicate the direction of travel; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - try to take off; 11 - the ship is seriously damaged; 12 - here you can safely land; 13 - fuel and oil are required; 14 - everything is in order; 15 - no or negative; 16 - yes or positive; 17 - did not understand; 18 - requires a mechanic; 19 - operations completed; 20 - nothing was found, we continue the search; 21 - information received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - we found all the people; 23 - we found only a few people; 24 - we are unable to continue, returning to base; 25 - divided into two groups, each follows in the indicated direction.

Note.

1. Signals 1–9, 12, 14–17, 20, 22–25 are used by members of the tourist group in which an emergency occurred, or, at the direction of the head of the search and rescue service, take part in the search (rendering assistance) to another tourist group.
2. Signals 19-25 are used mainly in the ground search for a missing tourist group.

Signals of the international code table can be laid out from bright items of clothing and equipment, and with the sudden appearance of a helicopter or aircraft, the tourists themselves can depict the signal, for which they should lie on the surface of the earth or snow cover. In winter, if the snow cover allows, signs can be trampled on open and relatively flat terrain. In order to make the signs more visible from the air, they can (if available in the rescue fund or during underground research work) be painted with fluorescein or uranine powder.
The signal can also be laid out using skis and ski poles, tree trunks and other available material for this purpose.
If a pennant with questions is dropped on a tourist group discovered by a search helicopter, then the questions posed should be answered first of all. For example, a pennant was dropped from a helicopter with the following questions: “Are you a group from school 46 in the city of Novosibirsk ( conditionally), leader Parshin?” If you are, then the answer must be laid out in the form of a sign 16, which means: "Yes." It is quite natural to ask about the need for any assistance. If you need medical assistance, even if you are not the above group, you should lay out one of the signs (1–3) or all three in sequence, depending on the situation.

Water alarm

It is possible that some kind of emergency may occur with a tourist group making a trip across a large water area, and outside assistance will be required to eliminate the consequences. To send a distress signal, you can use:

mobile means of communication;

beacon for signaling through the COSPAS-SARSAT system;

signal mirror (in sunny weather and when an aircraft appears);

rockets, signal cartridges;

flashlights at night and an impromptu torch from improvised means;

special powder (fluorescein or uranine) for coloring water.

Powder for coloring water, a signal mirror, rockets, signal cartridges, flashlights, a torch - all this is used only if a helicopter or plane appears. It should be remembered that the color spot formed from the powder, in the presence of waves or fairly strong surface currents, quickly disappears.
The signals given by a flashlight, as already mentioned, are more noticeable if they are turned on and off. In the absence of an electric flashlight or failure of power sources (batteries), a signal when a helicopter appears can be given using a torch, having previously prepared it from a shirt, T-shirt and other items of clothing or equipment. At the ready, you should keep the required amount of fuel cast from a primus stove or a spare canister, if any. In the absence of metal racks for the tent, you can use an oar to make a torch. In case of loss of oars, you can use utensils (bowl, pot, etc.), putting rags soaked in fuel in them, which should be set on fire at the moment the helicopter appears, observing, of course, all precautions so as not to burn any part of the body.
These are the main subtleties of using a helicopter in search and rescue operations, which were told to us by the rescuers who sheltered us during Andrei Ilyich's recovery.

Conclusion

In the event of an emergency in a tourist group, the search and rescue service often involves in the work carried out not only the participants of the group in which the emergency occurred, but also members of other tourist groups traveling in the area or arriving at the search and rescue service for registration in order to make the declared trip, which is provided for by the Instructions for organizing and conducting hiking trips, expeditions and excursions (travels) with students, pupils and students of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of July 13, 1992 No. 293.
Therefore, both of them need to have, if not skills, then at least elementary ideas about the main points related to the organization and conduct of search and rescue operations using a helicopter. First of all, this concerns tourist groups, which, as already mentioned, make their trips far from settlements and in difficult terrain. In the event of an emergency in a tourist group, the delivery of rescuers in a short time is possible, as a rule, only with the help of a helicopter. And not only the delivery of rescuers, but also the search for a tourist group that has overstayed the deadline for completing the trip. Knowledge and ability to organize the supply of various signals from the ground to the search helicopter, select and equip a temporary landing site for the helicopter, place the victim in a stretcher, lowered from the helicopter, if it is impossible to land at the scene of an emergency - all this is one of the keys to a successful search and rescue operation.

P.S. The story of Marina, a participant in the campaign, was recorded, supplemented, corrected, illustrated, and also wrote a conclusion

Vladislav Nosyrev

Lesson outline on the subject

"Fundamentals of Life Safety"

in 3rd grade

Teacher: Mamchits Tatyana Semyonovna

Theme: Road signs

Lesson objectives:

To form in students a clear understanding of the conditions for the distribution of road signs into groups based on their distinctive features; learn to identify causal relationships; draw conclusions.

To develop cognitive interest, abstract and logical thinking of students, as well as visual memory and attention; improve students' ability to cooperate in groups;

To update the knowledge of the rules of safe behavior on the roads, to cultivate a conscious attitude towards compliance with the rules of the road.

Equipment: didactic handout for group and individual work.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Setting goals and objectives

Listen to the poem and explain why it is so called "Bad History".

The city is full of movement -
Cars run in a row.
Colored traffic lights
Both day and night are burning.
But who at the red light
Walking straight?
And this is the boy Petya -
A braggart and a mischief-maker.
Drivers are worried
All the horns are buzzing
Wheels and motors
They want to stop.
The driver turned abruptly
Sweating like never before
One more minute
There would be trouble.

Why is the poem called "Bad History"?

What trouble could happen? What did Peter not know?

What are roadside assistants for drivers and pedestrians? (Road signs)

That's right, and the topic of our lesson is "Road Signs".

Formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson.

And what is "Road Signs"? Let's try to find the meaning of this word. There are cards on the table. Various definitions are written on them, read, select the one that is most suitable for the phrase "Road signs". We all work together, confer in a group, decide who will be responsible.

(Read, choose)

So which definition did you choose? Right.

Road signs - are figures of a certain shape, size and color.

Road signs- these are signs of a conventional shape, color and size, containing a certain image and installed on the roads in order to inform pedestrians and drivers about the mode and conditions of traffic.

Road signs- this is an element of road equipment in the form of a shield of a certain shape with symbols or inscriptions intended for information of drivers and pedestrians.

Cut and paste the topic of our lesson on your prepared sheets of paper, stick the definition next to it.

What do you think traffic signs are for? Road signs do the same job as traffic lights. They help regulate the movement of cars and pedestrians. Road signs tell you what is waiting for the driver on the road.

Who should know road signs? Only drivers? (and pedestrians too)

Road signs are made in the form of simple drawings, they are always clear, not similar to one another, without unnecessary details and decorations. Why do you think the signs are made in the form of simple drawings? ( so that they can be distinguished from afar and that they are understandable to Russians, Tajiks, and foreign tourists)

What road signs do you know? What do they stand for?

Historical information about the origin of road signs

Scientists were surprised when, during excavations near the Italian city of Livorno, they discovered a “road sign” from the times of Ancient Rome.

The Latin inscription warned "This place is dangerous!". Already in those distant times, people, just like we do today, thought about traffic safety. Our ancestors took care of the roads, even when they rode horses and walked. In the forest they made fences on trees, in the steppe they laid stones and set up pillars.

Under Peter I, the pillars became striped, well visible from a distance. Later, on the pillars located at the crossroads, they began to make inscriptions about where the "path-road" leads.

Road signs, especially those with multiple words, took time to read. Not every driver had time to read them, especially in the dark. Another question arose. If a foreigner who does not know English is driving along the road, how will he be able to know about the danger?

Therefore, it soon became clear that signs and symbols are the best option for everyone.

In Russia, road signs began to be installed in the 20s of the last century. They were made on the basis of reflective colored paint for better visibility in the dark. Road signs are of great importance for road safety. Therefore, it is forbidden to remove, damage, block them. Intentional damage to road signs entails a fine.

Road signs are a wonderful invention. They are understandable without words to the inhabitants of all countries. The problem of ensuring safe movement along the streets became relevant with the advent of horse teams and other first vehicles. It's hard to believe, but even in those distant years, people died from an unorganized movement.

As long as the speed of the horse carriage did not exceed 20 kilometers per hour, no special road signs were thought of.

The first car in the world was invented by Karl Benz in 1886. Traffic rules have been around for a long time. Sometimes they took rather curious forms, for example, there was such a requirement that a boy run in front of the car, loudly announcing the approach of the crew, so that respectable citizens would not faint from horror when a monster appeared on the road at a nightmarish speed of 12 miles per hour.

In 1909, an international road congress was held in Paris, in which Russia also participated. The congress discussed the requirements for the installation of signs. 4 road signs were accepted.

In 1920, the first official rules of the road appeared: "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules)".

In 1961, the first general rules appeared that were in effect everywhere in all cities - "Rules for driving along the streets of cities, settlements and roads of the USSR."

Road signs are used in all countries of the world, and drivers of transport, arriving in another country, without knowing the language, understand the signs on the road signs of this country and have the opportunity to drive on unfamiliar roads. Signs are placed on the right side of the road.

III. Repetition of the studied material

From the message, you learned that not only drivers, but also pedestrians should know the rules of the road. Remember and name, please, the three main rules of a pedestrian.

1. Pedestrian must walk

a) on the sidewalk

b) on the road

c) on the sidewalk and the roadway

2. Pedestrian crossing the street

a) where he wants

b) in the designated place

c) depending on the situation and time

3. You need to cross the street on

a) red light

b) green light

c) yellow light

- Look at the blackboard. Did you correctly name the three main rules of a pedestrian? Guys, if you know the rules of the pedestrian, then any road will be safe for you. Examination.

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson

The teacher's story about road signs

Guys, road signs warn pedestrians and drivers of a possible danger (for example, that the road is slippery, that roadworks are underway, and other dangers), prohibit passage, overtaking, exit, limit the speed of movement, indicate the place for a U-turn and parking. Road signs are used in all countries of the world, and drivers of transport, arriving in another country, without knowing the language, understand the signs on the road signs of this country and can drive on unfamiliar roads. Guys, when you grow up, you will also drive vehicles. Knowledge of road signs will be useful to you not only today as pedestrians, but also in your future life.

Road signs are divided into 5 main groups: warning, forbidding, prescriptive, information-indicative, service signs.

Guys, in front of each of your groups is a file. In it you will find material. Read the text, study (what are the road signs, what does this or that group of road signs mean, what is the difference between this or that group of signs, what do the signs in the red triangle, in the blue circle, in the red circle, in the blue rectangle mean)

- First group, find everything about warning signs tell others about it.

- Second, To prescriptive signs.

- third, find and read everything related To prohibition signs.

- Fourth, find and read everything related to informational signs.

- Fifth find and read everything related to service marks.

Material for self-study in groups

Road signs perform the same role as traffic lights, marking lines for the carriageway of streets and roads. They help regulate and organize the flow of cars and people, facilitate the work of drivers, help them and pedestrians to navigate correctly in difficult traffic conditions.

What is the purpose of road signs?

Road signs warn pedestrians and drivers of a possible danger, indicate a possible danger, oblige drivers to be extremely careful; establish the order of crossing intersections or narrow sections of streets; prohibit any actions of drivers and pedestrians; order drivers to move in a certain direction, i.e. Follow the instructions indicated on them; inform drivers of various road conditions; contain various information, explanation and help drivers and pedestrians to navigate along the way; notify about places of rest, gas stations, etc. etc.

On which side are road signs placed?

Road signs are placed on the right side of the road.

Road signs, road markings and other technical means of organizing traffic are of great importance for traffic safety. Therefore, it is forbidden to remove, damage, obstruct signs, damage the road surface, stack and leave any objects on the roads and create other obstacles to traffic. Deliberate damage to roads, railway crossings and other road structures or technical means of traffic control, deliberate obstruction of traffic entail a fine.

All road signs are divided into different groups according to their purpose: warning signs, forbidding, prescribing, informational signs, service signs.

Prescriptive signs. Mandatory signs - signs of a round shape of blue color with a white pattern. These signs tell the driver which way to move on the road.

warning signs- These are triangular signs with a red border, which are clearly visible from afar. The main function of such signs, as their name implies, is to warn the driver and pedestrian of possible dangers and warn him against traffic accidents. Warning signs are installed on dangerous sections of roads and are easy to distinguish from all other signs.

prohibition signs- signs of a round form of red color. These signs prohibit the driver from doing anything. For example, entry, stop, overtaking. Often you can find the following prohibitions road signs: no entry (brick road sign), no traffic, no turning, no overtaking, no maximum speed limit, no stopping or parking. Prohibition signs are white or blue circles with a red border. Many of them have a red cross line.

Information - indication signs. Most of these signs are blue rectangles or squares with various designs.

Among the signs that are directly intended for pedestrians are the following signs: "Bus and (or) trolley bus stop", "Tram stop", "Taxi parking", "Pedestrian crossing", "Artificial unevenness".

Service marks is a blue rectangle with a pattern. Service is service. Service signs tell the driver where to eat and rest, get the car repaired, where the gas station, hospital, etc. are located. Service marks are a blue rectangle with a pattern.

Cut out the name of the signs of your group, select in the file the model of the signs of your group, paste the name and model of the signs.

Decide who in the group will answer about their group of signs, tell the rest of the groups.

V. Checking the progress of work(Each group comes up with their own message.)

warning signs

Guys, maybe one of you knows what any of the signs mean? They will help you get to know them better and remember riddles and verses.

Men at work

- Why is there no way

Man is digging the earth.

Maybe he's looking for a treasure

and old coins

They are in a large chest.

They must have been hidden away

Under the earth, a greedy king.

ABOUT pass turn

There's a dangerous turn here

The sign warns

Don't fly like an airplane

Nobody gets hurt

Rough road

Rough road

threw up a little

It's good that the sign is worth-

Here the driver will slow down.

Railway crossing with barrier

That's the sign

I don't believe my eyes!

What is the battery for?

Does steam heating help the movement?

This is a much needed sign!

Says to the driver:

“Here the barrier is a crossing,

Wait, the express will pass!”

Well done! And here you can see the sign slippery road, other dangers, railway without a barrier.

There are a lot of warning signs. Guys, you must remember that the distinguishing feature is a white triangle with a red border.

prohibition signs

The next group of signs are prohibition signs. Name some of these signs you know.

Stop prohibited

Autumn, winter and summer,

And in the spring where the sign weighs
Drive on, don't slow down!

Well, if you want to get up,

You will definitely get a fine.

No entry

Brake driver. Stop!

The sign is in front of you.

This sign is the strictest

So that you do not drive into a mess.

You must follow the sign

Don't go under the brick.

Bicycle traffic is prohibited

Remember this sign, my friend:

Bicycle here and circle

With a large red border.

You stand in front of this sign!

Carry a bike in your hands

There is no way for you here!

No Pedestrians

Rain and clear weather
There are no pedestrians here.
One sign tells them:
"You're not allowed to go!"

Remember that the hallmark of these signs are white or blue circles with a red border.

Mandatory signs

Movement right and left.

Does anyone know these signs? The first sign tells us that you can only move to the left. The second sign is straight ahead.

Dad goes hunting

Goes to the Niva - "Russian Jeep"

Suddenly grabbed his head

I forgot my gun - here I am!

Direction only,

Can't turn back home

Mom told dad

What a hurry he is in vain.

Bike Lane

Who has a bike

they say, "No problem.

Sit down, pedal

Wherever you want - roll there!

Everything is not easy, everything is not so -

Drive where this sign is:

The circle is colored blue.

And in the circle - a bicycle!

Footpath

Along the footpath
Only the legs move.
Only in a stroller and in the movies

It is allowed to drive here.

The guys of prescriptive signs are also a large number, their distinguishing feature is blue circles with a white pattern.

Information - index

Did you see familiar signs here?

Bus stop location

Under this sign, oddly enough,
Everyone is waiting for something all the time.
Some are sitting, some are standing...
What kind of place is this?

Crosswalk

A pedestrian! Decided the road

Is it safe to go?

I will help you with this!

Hurry to find me!

What are the other signs called?

(parking place, elevated pedestrian crossing, underground pedestrian crossing)

Look at the distinguishing feature of these signs is a blue rectangle or square with a pattern.

Service marks

A distinctive feature of these signs is a blue rectangle with a pattern. Does anyone know what these signs are called? (telephone, food service, hospital, gas station, first aid station).

VI. Physical education minute

On the path, on the path we jump on the right leg

And along the same path we jump on the left leg.
Let's run along the path
Let's run to the lawn.
On the lawn, on the lawn we'll jump like bunnies.
Stop. Let's rest a little and go home on foot.

VIІ . Checking the assimilation of the material

Children are given tasks - to connect the name of a group of road signs with a line with a sign.

Consolidation of the passed. Independent work

(on leaves)

And now I would like to check whether you can really be called traffic experts now. Answer the questions:

1. Road signs in all countries

C) different

H) the same

2. If a person entered public transport, he

H) passenger

M) driver

3. Signs: telephone, food service, gas station are

O) prescriptive signs

A) service marks

4. The sign "Pedestrian crossing" looks like this:

T) a blue square, inside a white triangle with a picture of a person

E) a red triangle with a picture of a person

5. Mandatory signs are shaped

O) a triangle

6. From what age is cycling allowed on the roads?

D) from 10 years old

K) from the age of 14

If all answers are correct, you should get a word. Which?" ZNATOK»

I am satisfied with you. You are all experts. With the tasks that I have prepared for you, you, too, I think, will cope with "excellent!"

"Traffic Situations"

Situation 1.

Two boys and three girls left the school. When they approached the pedestrian crossing, the green signal had already begun to flash. The boys ran across the road at a run, while the girls stayed to wait for the next signal. How many children crossed the road correctly?

(Three girls. The safest thing is to wait for the next green signal.)

Situation 2.

Six people got off the bus. Three of them crossed the road at a pedestrian crossing, two went around the front of the bus, and one remained at the bus stop. How many people got it right?

(One. It's best to wait until the bus has left the bus stop before crossing the road.)

Situation 3.

Seven guys were playing ball on the roadway. Two went home. The rest were left to play on the road. How many kids did the right thing?

(None. You can't play on the roadway.

IX. Summary of the lesson. Reflection

What did you learn in class today that you didn't know before?

Who remembered the signs of which group you collected in the task in groups?

What did you like most about the lesson?

How do you end this lesson?

Well done! Today you did a very good job at the lesson, repeated the rules of the road again, learned a lot of new road signs.

On the board Traffic light

Children in an envelope have 3 yellow, red, green emoticons. They must assess the degree of assimilation of new material in the lesson and attach the appropriate emoticon to the traffic light.

Green- If everything was clear to you at the lesson, you remember the new topic well.

Yellow - If you still have questions on the topic, you need to read the article again at home in order to better remember.

Red- the material seemed difficult, it was difficult for you at the lesson.

Task for observers

Carefully consider the road signs that you met on the way home or are located near the house, shop. Memorize them or draw them. Determine their name and the group to which they belong.

Quest for the Curious

And for the most curious one more, very difficult task. In the lesson, we learned only about 5 groups of road signs. In fact, there are a little more of them. Try to find out from adults which groups of road signs are not mentioned in the textbook, and draw such signs.

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Slides captions:

Fire safety signs

The main safety signs are divided into: Fire safety signs Prohibition signs Evacuation signs Warning signs Auxiliary signs Electrical safety signs Mandatory signs

Fire safety signs Direction arrow Fire hydrant Fire escape Fire extinguisher Telephone for use in case of fire Location of several fire protection equipment Fire water source

Prohibition signs Passage prohibited Access by unauthorized persons No open flames and smoking No smoking No obstruction and/or storage No use of mobile (cellular) telephones or walkie-talkies Prohibition (other hazards or dangerous activities) No trucks allowed

Evacuation signs Exit here Direction arrow Direction to the emergency exit Direction to the emergency exit by stairs Collection point (place) Exit sign For access, open here Open by moving away from you To open, move Exit sign

Warning signs Fire hazard. Flammable substances Caution. Pinching Hazard Warning! Danger (other hazards) Electric shock hazard Caution. Forklift Explosive Dangerous. Radioactive substances or ionizing radiation Gas bottle

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