Get to know your native land. Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Russian commander, Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was born on September 16 (5 according to the old style) 1745 (according to other sources - 1747) in St. Petersburg in the family of an engineer-lieutenant general.

In 1759 he graduated with honors from the Noble Artillery School and was retained as a mathematics teacher there.

In 1761, Kutuzov was promoted to the officer rank of ensign engineer and sent to continue serving in the Astrakhan infantry regiment.

From March 1762, he temporarily served as adjutant to the Governor-General of Revel, and from August he was appointed commander of a company of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment.

In 1764-1765 he served in the troops stationed in Poland.

From March 1765 he continued to serve in the Astrakhan regiment as a company commander.

In 1767, Mikhail Kutuzov was recruited to work on the Commission for the drafting of a new Code, where he acquired extensive knowledge in the field of law, economics and sociology.

Since 1768, Kutuzov took part in the war with the Polish Confederates.

In 1770, he was transferred to the 1st Army, located in southern Russia, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, Kutuzov, while in combat and staff positions, took part in the battles at the Ryabaya Mogila tract, the Larga and Cahul rivers, where he proved himself to be a brave, energetic and enterprising officer.

In 1772, he was transferred to the 2nd Crimean Army, where he carried out important reconnaissance assignments, commanding a grenadier battalion.

In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Verkhnyaya Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Mikhail Kutuzov was seriously wounded in the left temple by a bullet that came out near the right eye. For his courage, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George, IV class, and sent abroad for treatment. Upon his return, he was tasked with the formation of light cavalry.
In the summer of 1777, Kutuzov was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk engineering regiment.

In 1783, he commanded the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment in Crimea. For successful negotiations with the Crimean Khan, who ceded his possessions from the Bug to the Kuban to Russia, at the end of 1784 Kutuzov was promoted to major general and headed the Bug Jaeger Corps.

In 1788, during the siege of Ochakov, while repelling a Turkish attack, he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time: a bullet pierced his cheek and flew out into the back of his head.

In 1789, Kutuzov took part in the battle of Kaushany, in the assaults on Akkerman (now the city of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky) and Bender.

In December 1790, during the storming of Izmail, commanding the 6th column, Kutuzov showed high strong-willed qualities, fearlessness and perseverance. To achieve success, he timely brought reserves into battle and achieved the defeat of the enemy in his direction, which played an important role in capturing the fortress. Suvorov praised Kutuzov’s actions. After the capture of Izmail, Mikhail Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed commandant of this fortress.

On June 15 (4 old style), Kutuzov defeated the Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the battle of Machinsky, commanding a corps, he showed himself to be a skilled master of maneuverable actions, bypassing the enemy from the flank and defeating the Turkish troops with an attack from the rear.

In 1792-1794, Mikhail Kutuzov headed the emergency Russian embassy in Constantinople, managing to achieve a number of foreign policy and trade advantages for Russia, significantly weakening French influence in Turkey.

In 1794, he was appointed director of the Land Noble Cadet Corps, and in 1795-1799 - commander and inspector of troops in Finland, where he carried out a number of diplomatic assignments: negotiated with Prussia and Sweden.

In 1798, Mikhail Kutuzov was promoted to infantry general. He was a Lithuanian (1799-1801) and St. Petersburg (1801-1802) military governor.

In 1802, Kutuzov fell into disgrace and was forced to leave the army and resign.

In August 1805, during the Russian-Austro-French War, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army sent to help Austria. Having learned during the campaign about the capitulation of the Austrian army of General Mack near Ulm, Mikhail Kutuzov undertook a march maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz and skillfully withdrew Russian troops from the blow of superior enemy forces, winning victories at Amstetten and Krems during the retreat.

The plan of action against Napoleon proposed by Kutuzov was not accepted by his Austrian military advisers. Despite the objections of the commander, who was actually removed from the leadership of the Russian-Austrian troops, the allied monarchs Alexander I and Francis I gave Napoleon a general, which ended in a French victory. Although Kutuzov managed to save the retreating Russian troops from complete defeat, he fell into disgrace from Alexander I and was appointed to secondary posts: Kiev military governor (1806-1807), corps commander in the Moldavian army (1808), Lithuanian military governor (1809-1811).

In the conditions of the impending war with Napoleon and the need to end the protracted war (1806-1812) with Turkey, the emperor was forced in March 1811 to appoint Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army, where Mikhail Kutuzov created mobile corps and began active operations. In the summer, near Rushchuk (now a city in Bulgaria), Russian troops won a major victory, and in October, Kutuzov surrounded and captured the entire Turkish army near Slobodzeya (now a city in Transnistria). For this victory he received the title of count.

Being an experienced diplomat, Kutuzov achieved the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, which was beneficial for Russia, for which he received the title of His Serene Highness.

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militia. After the Russian troops abandoned Smolensk in August, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief. Having arrived in the army, he decided to give a general battle to Napoleon's troops at Borodino.

The French army did not achieve victory, but the strategic situation and lack of forces did not allow Kutuzov to launch a counteroffensive. In an effort to preserve the army, Kutuzov surrendered Moscow to Napoleon without a fight and, having made a bold flank march-maneuver from the Ryazan road to Kaluzhskaya, stopped in the Tarutino camp, where he replenished his troops and organized partisan actions.

On October 18 (6 old style), Kutuzov, near the village of Tarutino, defeated Murat’s French corps and forced Napoleon to accelerate the abandonment of Moscow. Having blocked the path of the French army to the southern Russian provinces near Maloyaroslavets, he forced it to retreat west along the devastated Smolensk road and, energetically pursuing the enemy, after a series of battles near Vyazma and Krasnoye, he finally defeated his main forces on the Berezina River.

Thanks to Kutuzov's wise and flexible strategy, the Russian army won a brilliant victory over a strong and experienced enemy. In December 1812, Kutuzov received the title of Prince of Smolensk and was awarded the highest military Order of George, 1st degree, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in the history of the order.

At the beginning of 1813, Kutuzov led military operations against the remnants of Napoleonic army in Poland and Prussia, but the commander’s health was undermined, and death prevented him from seeing the final victory of the Russian army.
On April 28 (16 old style) April 1813, His Serene Highness died in the small Silesian town of Bunzlau (now the city of Boleslawiec in Poland). His body was embalmed and transported to St. Petersburg, buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

Kutuzov's general art was distinguished by the breadth and variety of all types of maneuver in offensive and defensive, and the timely transition from one type of maneuver to another. Contemporaries unanimously noted his exceptional intelligence, brilliant military and diplomatic talents and love for the Motherland.

Mikhail Kutuzov was awarded the orders of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamonds, St. George I, II, III and IV classes, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Vladimir I class, St. Anna I class. He was a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, awarded the Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1st class, and the Prussian Orders of the Black Eagle and Red Eagle, 1st class. He was awarded a golden sword “for bravery” with diamonds and was given a portrait of Emperor Alexander I with diamonds.
Monuments to Mikhail Kutuzov were erected in many cities of Russia and abroad.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, I, II and III degrees were established.

Kutuzovsky Prospekt (1957), Kutuzovsky Proezd and Kutuzovsky Lane were named after Kutuzov in Moscow. In 1958, the Filyovskaya metro station of the Moscow Metro was named after the commander.

Mikhail Kutuzov was married to Ekaterina Bibikova, the daughter of a lieutenant general, who later became a lady of state, His Serene Highness Princess Kutuzova-Smolenskaya. The marriage produced five daughters and a son who died in infancy.

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GOLENISHCHEV-KUTUZOV - an old Russian noble and count family, a branch of the noble family of the Kutuzovs, who traced their origins to the “honest husband” Gatusha (baptized Gavri-la), who left “from Prus” for Novgorod in 1263.

Ro-do-na-chal-nik Go-le-ni-sche-vykh-Ku-tu-zo-vykh - Va-si-liy Anan-ich Go-le-ni-sche Ku-tu-zov (? - no earlier than 1476), Nov-gorod boy-rin of the Ne-rev-skogo end, from 1471 on-sad-nik, step-pen-noy on-sad-nik (August - November 1475), on November 26, 1475, he was arrested and sent to Moscow, and then to Mu-rom, where he died “in the coffles” . Two of his seven sons (Va-si-liy Va-sil-e-vich and Ti-mo-fey Va-sil-e-vich) became ro-do-na-chal-ni -ka-mi two branches of the family Go-le-ni-sche-vykh-Ku-tu-zo-vyh.

V.V. Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-zov had six sons, of which four were (Ste-pan Va-sil-e-vich, Mat-vei Va-sil -e-vich, Kon-stan-tin Va-sil-e-vich Usa-toy and Va-si-liy Va-sil-e-vich) became ro-do-na-chal-ni-ka-mi li-niy senior vet-vi ro-da.

Sy-no-vya S.V. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va (Se-myon Ste-pa-no-vich and Va-si-liy Step-pa-no-vich), in turn, os -but there are two lines of the same line. Son of the first - Stepan Se-me-no-vich (? - not earlier than 1640), military officer in Balakh-ne (1608-1609), ob-ez-zhi g-lo-va in Mo-sk-ve (1627), vo-vo-da in Bo-rovsk (1629), Sta-ri-tse (1631-1634), Po-she-kho-nye ( 1636-1637). His name was in the 5th corps - Pa-vel Va-sil-e-vich, general of the cavalry (1826), co-manager of Ka-va-ler-gard-sko -th regiment (1801-1803), chief of the White Russian Gu-sar regiment (1803-1807). Participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812, fought in battles near Bu-kha-re-st, Tur-ba-tom, Zhur-zhey, in 1807, during the siege of Iz-mai-la, the Turkish gar-ni-zon (ra-nen, na-gra-zh-den or-de-nom) St. George, 3rd degree), in 1807-1809, in retirement due to illness, general-adju-tant (1810), chief of staff -tsey-mey-ster of St. Petersburg (1810-1811). During the Patriotic War of 1812, he was wounded in the battle of Ostrov, and in September the Tver-Yam Ka-za was formed. whose regiment, during the overseas campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814, participated in Lutsensky, Bau-tsensky, Kulmsky battle, Leipzig battle of 1813 (on-gra-zh-den golden saber with above-pi-sue “For bravery” with al -ma-za-mi) and others, sent to St. Petersburg by Emperor Alexander I with news of the capture of Pa-ri-zha, chief director of military educational institutions and the Tsarsko-rural lyceum (1823-1826), member (1823-1832), chairman (1832-1841) Council on military schools. After the death of M.A. Mi-lo-ra-do-vi-cha - St. Petersburg military general-governor (1825-1830), member of the State Council (1825/1826) and next-st-ven-noy commission on de-kab-ristov, member of the Po-pe-chi-tel-no-go so-ve-ta uch-re-zh-de-niy Empress Maria (1830-1832). On November 8 (20), 1832, he was elevated to the count's administration.

His youngest son is Ar-ka-diy Pav-lovich, Privy Councilor (1853), State Secretary (1858), Director-Rector of the Chancellery of the State Secretary re-ta-ria-ta Tsar-st-va of Poland (1846-1850), then-va-risch mi-ni-st-ra-stats-sec-re-ta-rya Tsar-st- va of Poland (1850-1859), senator (1853), member of the Council of Administration of the Kingdom of Poland (1858-1859); singer-di-le-tant, was friends with composer M.I. Glin-koy.

Son of A.P. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va - Ar-se-niy Ar-kad-e-vich, Chief Hoff-Meister (1912), corresponding member (1891), honorary member (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Kor-chevsky district chairman of the nobility (1877-1879), then-governor (1888-1889) and manager (1889-1893) of the Noble Land and Peasant Land Banks, sec. -re-tar and head of the Kan-tse-la-ri-ey of Empress Maria Fe-do-rov-ny (1893-1913). In 1905, he participated in the development of the no-vo-go tsen-zur-no-go us-ta-va. A well-known poet, began publishing in 1869, author of a number of collections of poems, published in 1914 complete compilation of his work (volumes 1-4), based on his poems by M.P. Mu-sorg-sky na-pi-sal vocal cycles “Without the sun”, “Songs and dances of death”, ball-la-doo “For-by-ty” .

We also know the grandson and granddaughters of Pav-la Va-sil-e-vi-cha: Alexander Va-sil-e-vich, Goff-Marshal (1892), teacher nickname of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, in 1886-1892 he served under the German emperor, general adjutant (1896); Ma-riya Va-sil-ev-na (1851-1915) and Ag-lai-da Va-sil-ev-na (1853-1915), for many years of service in the frey. li-nah were-zha-lo-va-ny in the chamber-mer-frey-li-ny, and then, after all, in the stat-da-we (united - st-ven-ny in Russian history, the case of pity-lov-va-niya of girls in the stats-da-we).

Son of A.V. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va - Sergey Alek-san-d-ro-vich, guards in ru-chik, Pe-rograd district pre-vo- di-tel of the nobility (1914-1917). During the Civil War, he was the head of the Yalta district (1918-1920), from 1920 in exile in France, after 1945 - in the USA. Of his daughters, on which the count's line of the Go-le-ni-shi-vyh-Ku-tu-zo-vy family was cut, the most furthermore, Ma-ria Ser-geev-na, in her first marriage (1935-1947) was married to the prince of the imperial blood D.A. Ro-ma-no-vym, since 1935 no-si-la ti-tul light-lei-shay princess Ro-ma-nov-skoy-Ku-tu-zo-voy.

From the volumes of V.S. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va most of all his great-grandson - Ivan Bolshoy Fe-do-ro-vich (? - 1666), pat. -ri-ar-shiy stol-nik (1629), stol-nik (1635/1636), military in Val-lui-ki (1648-1649), Yakut island Le-ne (1660-1666). Great-great-grandchildren V.S. Go-lenishche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va (Ivan Iva-no-vich and Yuri Iva-no-vich) are based on two more lines of the Go-le-ni-shche family -out-Ku-tu-zo-vyh Grandson I.I. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va - Il-la-ri-on (La-ri-on) Mat-vee-vich (1717-1784), engineer-ner- general-ru-chik, builder of the Kron-stadt-ka-na-la, and later the author of the pro-ek-ta Eka-te-ri-nin-sko-go-ka-na -la in St. Petersburg, participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1769-1774, se-nator (1772-1774), first pre-di- tel of the nobility of Pskov on the place (1777-1781).

Son after-no-go - M.I. Ku-tu-zov (Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-zov), erected on 10/29/11/1811 to the count's dominion, 29.7 (10.8).1812 - to the prince's dominion with the title of light, and 6 (18).12.1812 received ti-tu-lu honorary name-no-va-nie “Smo-len-sky”. 8(20).12.1858, you were confirmed by the State Council in the transfer of the prince -la and the name "Smo-len-sky" according to-ka-za-but, by your-highest decree dated 7 (19) .5.1859 fa-mi-lia Go-le-ni-sche-v-Ku-tu-zo-v per-re-da-na grandson M.I. Ku-tu-zo-va - Pav-lu Mat-vee-vi-chu Tol-sto-mu (1800-1883) with the right to transfer the succession to the -near-ke per-ro-st-va (the last no-si-tel of the joint family died without children in 1980).

Grandchildren Yu.I. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va: Ivan Bol-shoy Ti-mo-fe-evich (1721 - after 1769), rear admiral (1769), in In the 1740s-1760s he served in the Baltic Fleet, captain over the port of Revel (1764-1769); Ivan Men-shoi Ti-mo-fee-vich (1729 - after 1782), captain of the 1st rank (1764), in the 1750s he served in the ex-pe- di-tions according to the description of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea, Ober-ster-kriegs-ko-mis-sar (1769-1771), ve-li-ko-luts - district pre-vo-di-tel of the nobility (since 1777). Great-grandson of the next - Ivan Ti-mo-fee-vich (1839-1909), ka-pi-tan, Kharkov city city (1897- 1900). His son is Dmitry Ivanovich, a pub-li-tist (pseudonym Dm. Ilimsky), in the 1910s he participated in the student revolutionary movement -nii, convicted and exiled to Siberia, for-no-small-sya in-pro-sa-mi co-pe-ra-tiv-no-go movement, member of rights - members of the Society for Lit-ka-tor-zhan and exiled-on-selen-tsev, member of the board of the Moscow People's Bank (1918-1919), chairman of the board-le- niya of the All-Russian Co-operative Bank (1921-1924), trade representative of the USSR in Great Britain and Italy (1925-1926 ), Chairman of the All-Union Society of Foreign Tourism "In-tu-rist" (1927-1931), Dalk-rai-plana (1931-1934). In 1934, he led the construction of the Us-Su-riy railway, from the end of 1938 he was a co-worker, later - the head of the economic department newspapers "Iz-ves-tiya". Shot in the Mo-sk-va-center case, mortally rea-bi-li-ti-ro-van in 1957.

Po-to-mok M.V. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va in the 7th year - I.L. Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-call. His sons: Pavel Ivanovich, Privy Councilor (1800), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1811), ordi-na-rets G.A. Po-tem-ki-na (1783-1785), participant in the Battle of Gogland in 1788, member of the Russian Academy (since 1803), ku-ra -tor (1798-1803) and po-chi-tel (1810-1816) of Moscow University, se-na-tor (1805-1821); from the 1780s - a prominent figure in the Russian ma-son-st-va, founder (1803) of the “Nep-tun” lodge; po-et and re-vo-chik, co-iz-da-tel (with D.I. Khvo-stov and G.S. Sal-ty-ko-vym) of the magazine “Friend of the Pro-sve- Shcheniya" (1804-1806), honorary member of the society "Be-se-da love the Russian word" (1811); literary opponent N.M. Ka-ram-zi-na and his schools, author of the collection “Sti-ho-tvo-re-niya” (parts 1-4, 1803-1810), translations of Greek texts etov - Pin-da-ra (1804), Sap-fo (1805), Ge-sio-da (1807), etc.; Log-gin Iva-no-vich, lieutenant general for the Admiral-tey-st (1801), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1827), during the Russian-Swedish war of 1788- 1790 participated in the Gog-land (1788), Rochen-Salm (1789), Friedrichs-Gam (1790) and Vy-borg (1790) seas sra-same-ni-yah. Fak-ti-che-ski ran the Naval Children's Corps (1793-1801), in 1797-1798 he headed the ex-pe-di-tion for description of the White Sea (in 1805 he completed the composition of At-la-sa of the White Sea; published in 1827), since 1801 general-ka-zna-chey and member of the Ad-miral-tey-col-le-gy, since 1804, head of the Ka-zna-chey ex-pe-di-tion of Hell -Mi-ral-Teyst-College, Chairman of the Academic Committee of the Naval Ministry (1827-1846). For-no-small-xia sis-te-ma-ti-za-tsi-ey ma-te-ria-lov on the history of the Russian fleet, trans-re-vo-dchik and pub-li- cyst, translated into Russian the works of many pu-te-she-st-ven-ni-kovs, including J. Cook (parts 1-6, 1796- 1800), J.F. La-pe-ru-za (part 1, 1800), etc. Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1800), honorary member of the Free Society of Lovely Words , na-uk and hu-do-zhestvo (1818). Author of diaries in French (not published, stored for 1806-1820, 1823-1828, 1831-1843), stored in the National Library of Russia.

Daughter of P.I. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va - Ev-do-kiya (Av-do-tya) Pav-lov-na, in etes-sa, pro-za-ik, pe- re-vo-d-chi-tsa, since 1831 she was married to F.N. Glin-koy, for charitable creative activities, stood in the pe-chi-tel-no-tsei Yauz-skogo good -a creative society in Moscow and a women's school in Ka-shi-n, in 1859 re-ve-la and from-da-la book sti-ho-tvo- re-niy F. Shil-le-ra, for which in the same year he was made an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Arts at Moscow University.

From the volumes of T.V. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va from-ves-ten his grandson - Mi-kha-il Iva-no-vich (? - after 1585), city-ni -chy Po-lots-ka (1571-1573), student of the 1577 march on Ko-ly-van (now Tallinn), siege warrior in Re-zhi-tse (1580-1582), sagittarius head in Kholm (1584-1585). Three great-grandsons after (Eli-za-riy Alek-san-d-ro-vich, Fedor Alek-san-d-ro-vich and Ul-yan Alek-san-d -ro-vich) became a ro-do-na-chal-ni-ka-mi of three lines of younger branches of the ro-da. Of the third line, the best-known is U.A. Go-le-ni-sche-va-Ku-tu-zo-va in the 6th ko-le-nii - Ni-ko-lay Il-ich, lieutenant-colonel of the Separate Corps-pu- sa zhan-dar-mov, in emig-ra-tion - colonel of that-mo-wives’ service of the Ko-ro-lev-st-va of the Ser-bs, Hor-va-tov and Slo- Ven-tsev, and his son - Ilya Niko-lae-vich, phil-lo-logist, poet, translator, literary critic, specialist in novels Russian and Slavic philosophy and comparative literature. In 1920-1955, in emigration, he knew 16 languages, received an academic degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Sorbonne (1933), Privat -Associate Professor at the University of Belgrade (1934-1938). In 1938, he was arrested for “Soviet pro-pa-gan-du”, deprived of the Yugoslav government and dismissed from the civil service, in September 1939 years restored. In 1941, after the occupation of Yugoslavia by German troops, he was taken hostage and sent to the concentration camp "Ba- no way,” one day he was later relieved and dismissed from the civil service. In 1944, he went into para-ti-za-ny, participating in the battles for Bel-grad. In 1946, he accepted Soviet subsidy and worked in the pre-zi-dium of the General Slavic Coitem. After the deterioration of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia, he was arrested in 1947, in 1949-1953 he was imprisoned -che-nii in the Yugoslav prison. Since 1954, he worked at the USSR Embassy in Belgrade, in the same year he went to Hungary, in 1954-1955 he was a professor of Russian language at the Institute named after V. .AND. Le-ni-na Bu-da-Pest-go University. In 1955, he returned to the USSR, senior scientific worker at the Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1955), professor at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lo-mo-no-so-va (1956-1958), member of the editorial board of the “Li-te-ra-tour-me-memories” series. Author of the works “Italian Renaissance and Slavic li-te-ra-tu-ry of the XV-XVI centuries” (1963), “Dan-te” (1967), “The creation of Dan-te and the world’s culture” (1971), “The Middle-ve-ko-vaya La-Tin-skaya li-te- ra-tu-ra of Italy" (1972), "Slavic li-te-ra-tu-ry" (1973), "Roman-skie li-te-ra-tu-ry" ( 1975) and others. , collections of poetry, many critical articles, and the preparation for the publication of “The Epic of the Serbian Nation” (1963).

The clan of Go-le-ni-sche-vykh-Ku-tu-zo-vykh for-pi-san in the noble family-do-word books of Vi-teb-skaya (6th part) , Moskovskaya (5th), Novgorod-Rodskaya (6th), Pskovskaya (2nd, 3rd and 6th), St. Petersburg ( 5th), Tavri-che-skaya (6th), Tver-skaya (2nd, 5th and 6th), Kharkov-skaya (2nd) and Yaro-slav- Sky (6th) governorate.

Illustrations:

Photo. A.A. Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-call. BRE Archive;

P.V. Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-call. Portrait of the work of the workshop of J. Doe. 1819-1825. Military gallery of the Winter Palace. Hermitage (St. Petersburg). BRE Archive;

Coat of arms of the family of counts Go-le-ni-sche-vykh-Ku-tu-zo-vykh. BRE Archive;

Coat of arms of the noble family of Go-le-ni-sche-vykh-Ku-tu-zo-vyh. BRE Archive;

P.I. Go-le-ni-shchev-Ku-tu-call. Portrait of the work-you are not from the hu-rain. 1st half of the 19th century. BRE Archive.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745-1813) - Russian field marshal general from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander-in-chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. He also proved himself as a diplomat (he brought Prussia to the side of Russia in the fight against France, signed the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812). The first full holder of the Order of St. George.

Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was born into a family that belonged to an old noble family. His father, Illarion Matveevich, was a high-ranking officer in the Russian army. He completed his military service with the rank of lieutenant general, and then was a member of the Senate for several years.

Less certain information has been preserved about the mother. For a long time, family biographers believed that Anna Illarionovna came from the Beklemishev family. However, facts established by family biographers not so long ago showed that she was the daughter of retired captain Bedrinsky.

It turned out to be a difficult task to accurately establish the year of birth of the commander. In many sources and even on his grave, 1745 is indicated. At the same time, in private correspondence, in some formal lists and according to Mikhail Illarionovich himself, he was born in 1747. This date has recently been increasingly perceived by historians as more reliable.

The general's son received his initial education at home. At the age of twelve, he was enrolled in the Artillery and Engineering Noble School, of which his father was a teacher. Having proven himself to be a gifted student. Mikhail Illarionovich in 1759 received the rank of 1st class conductor, took the oath and was even involved in training officers.

After graduating from school, he remains within its walls for further service and teaches mathematics. A few months later he was transferred as an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Revel, Prince P. A. F. of Holstein-Beck. Having proven himself well in this field, in 1762 the young officer received the rank of captain and was assigned to the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment as a company commander.

For the first time, M.I. Kutuzov took part in hostilities in Poland, in the troops of Lieutenant General I.I. Weimarn in 1764. His detachment repeatedly participated in skirmishes with the Confederates. Mikhail Illarionovich’s excellent knowledge of foreign languages ​​helped him take part in the development of the new Code of 1797 as a secretary.

War with Turkey in 1768-1774.

In 1770, in the third year of the next Russian-Turkish war, M. I. Kutuzov was sent to the 1st active army under the command of Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev. He gradually gained combat experience, participating in a number of battles at Kagul, Ryabaya Mogila and Larga. Each time, demonstrating outstanding tactical thinking and personal courage, he successfully advanced through the ranks. For his distinction in these battles, he was promoted to prime major, and after victory in the Battle of Popesty at the end of 1771, he received the rank of lieutenant colonel.

According to legend, the successful development of a military career in the first army was interrupted by a parody of the commander, shown in a narrow friendly circle. Nevertheless, P. A. Rumyantsev became aware of it, and he did not like such jokes. Soon after this, the promising officer was transferred to the 2nd Crimean Army at the disposal of Prince P. P. Dolgorukov.

The summer of 1774 was marked by fierce battles in the vicinity of Alushta, where the Turks landed a large landing force. In the battle near the village of Shuma on July 23, M.I. Kutuzov took part at the head of the Moscow battalion and was dangerously wounded in the head. A Turkish bullet pierced the left temple and exited near the right eye. For this battle the officer was awarded the Order of St. George 4th century and was sent to Austria to restore his health. Mikhail Illarionovich spent two years of his stay in Regensburg studying military theory. At the same time, in 1776, he joined the Masonic lodge “To the Three Keys”.

Upon returning to Russia, M.I. Kutuzov was engaged in the formation of new cavalry units. In 1778, the thirty-year-old commander married Ekaterina Ilyinichna Bibikova, the daughter of Lieutenant General I. A. Bibikov. She was the sister of the prominent statesman A.I. Bibikov, a friend of A.V. Suvorov. In a happy marriage, he became the father of five daughters and a son, who died in early childhood during a smallpox epidemic.

After being awarded the next rank of colonel, he takes command of the Lugansk Pike Regiment, stationed in Azov. In 1783, already with the rank of brigadier, he was transferred to Crimea as commander of the Mariupol light cavalry regiment. The commander takes part in the suppression of the Crimean uprising of 1784, after which he receives another rank of major general. In 1785, he headed the Bug Jaeger Regiment and served on the southwestern border of the empire.

Turkish War 1787–1791

In 1787, Mikhail Illarionovich again took part in the war with Turkey, winning a brilliant victory near Kinburn. During the siege of Ochakov in 1788, Kutuzov was again wounded in the head and again it was as if he was “born in a shirt.”

Having recovered from a terrible wound, he takes part in the battles for Akkerman, Kaushany and Bendery. During the storming of Izmail in 1790, the general commanded the sixth column. For his participation in the capture of the fortress, M. I. Kutuzov received the Order of St. George 3rd degree, the rank of lieutenant general and the position of commandant of Izmail.

The Russian army in 1791 under his command not only repelled all attempts by the Turks to return the fortress, but also delivered a crushing retaliatory blow near Babadag. In the same year, in a joint operation with Prince N.V. Repnin, M.I. Kutuzov won a brilliant victory near Machin. This success in the theater of military operations brought the commander the Order of St. George 2 tbsp.

Diplomatic Service

After the end of the war, M.I. Kutuzov clearly demonstrated his abilities in the diplomatic field. Appointed ambassador to Istanbul, he successfully contributed to the resolution of complex international problems to the benefit of Russia. M. I. Kutuzov fully demonstrated his audacity and courage in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Despite the strict ban on men visiting the garden at the Sultan's palace, he did not fail to do so with impunity.

Upon returning to Russia, the general brilliantly used his knowledge of Turkish culture. The ability to brew coffee correctly made an indelible impression on Catherine II’s favorite P. Zubov. With his help, he gained the favor of the empress, which contributed to his obtaining high positions. In 1795, Kutuzov was simultaneously appointed commander-in-chief of all branches of the military in the Principality of Finland and director of the Land Cadet Corps. The ability to please the powers that be helped him maintain his influence and important positions under Emperor Paul I. In 1798, he received another rank - general of infantry.

In 1799 he again carried out an important diplomatic mission in Berlin. He managed to find convincing arguments for the Prussian king in favor of Prussia entering into an alliance with Russia against France. At the turn of the century, M.I. Kutuzov occupied the post of military governor, first in Lithuania, and then in St. Petersburg and Vyborg.

In 1802, a dark streak came in Mikhail Illarionovich’s fully accomplished life. Having fallen out of favor with Emperor Alexander I, he lived for several years on his estate in Goroshki, formally remaining the commander of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment.

First war with France

In accordance with the agreement with the countries of the anti-Napoleonic coalition, Russian troops entered the territory of Austria-Hungary. During this war, the Russian army won two victories at Amstetten and Dürenstein, but suffered a crushing defeat at Austerlitz. The assessment of the role of M. and Kutuzov in this failure is contradictory. Many historians see its reason in the commander’s compliance with the crowned heads of Russia and Austria-Hungary, who insisted on a decisive offensive without expecting reinforcements. Emperor Alexander I subsequently officially admitted his mistake and even awarded M.I. Kutuzov the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class, but in his heart he did not forgive the defeat.

Turkish War 1806–1812

After the sudden death of the commander of the Moldavian Army N.M. Kamensky, the emperor instructed Kutuzov to lead the Russian troops in the Balkans. With an army of 30,000 people, he had to confront a hundred thousand Turkish troops. In the summer of 1811, two armies met near Rushchuk. The tactical ingenuity demonstrated by the commander helped defeat the forces of the Turkish Sultan, which outnumbered him three times.

The defeat of the Turkish troops was completed by a cunning operation on the banks of the Danube. The temporary retreat of the Russian troops misled the enemy; the divided Turkish army was deprived of logistical support, blocked and defeated.

As a reward for victory in this war, even before the formal conclusion of peace, M.I. Kutuzov and his children were granted counthood. According to the soon concluded Peace of Bucharest in 1812, Bessarabia and part of Moldavia went to Russia. After this military and diplomatic victory, Count Kutuzov was recalled from the active army to organize the defense of St. Petersburg.

Patriotic War of 1812

Mikhail Illarionovich met the beginning of a new war with the Emperor of France in the position of chief of the St. Petersburg, and a little later, Moscow militia. In mid-summer, at the insistence of part of the nobility, he was appointed commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of Russia. At the same time, he and his descendants were granted the title of His Serene Highness. The army was headed by M. I. Kutuzov on August 17, 1812.

The onslaught of superior enemy forces forced Russian troops to retreat deeper and deeper into their territory. The Russian commander for the time being sought to avoid a decisive open clash with the French. The general battle in the vicinity of Moscow took place on August 26 near the village of Borodino. For organizing this stubborn battle and maintaining a combat-ready army, Kutuzov was awarded the rank of Field Marshal. Although the Russian army was able to inflict significant damage on the interventionists, the balance of power after the battle was not in its favor, and the retreat was continued. After the famous meeting in Fili, it was decided to leave Moscow.

Having occupied the former capital, Napoleon waited in vain for more than a month for Russia’s capitulation and, in the end, due to poor supplies, was forced to leave Moscow. His plans to improve the supply of the army at the expense of the southwestern Russian cities soon failed. Russian troops, having completed the famous Tarutino maneuver, blocked the path of the French army near Maloyaroslavets on October 12, 1812. French troops were forced to return to the war-ravaged areas of the country.

Subsequently, M.I. Kutuzov again sought to avoid major battles, preferring numerous small operations to them. As it turned out, such tactics subsequently brought victory. The huge army, invincible until that time, was defeated and was eventually forced to retreat from Russia in a disorderly manner. For commanding the Russian army in 1812, Field Marshal Kutuzov received the Order of St. George I Art. with a contradictory and paradoxical formulation: “For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia” and became its first full cavalier in history.

In the January days of 1813, the Russian army crossed the border of its country and in mid-spring reached the Elbe. On April 5, near the town of Bunzlau in Silesia, the field marshal caught a bad cold and took to bed. Doctors were powerless to help the hero of 1812, and on April 16, 1813, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. Kutuzov died. His body was embalmed and sent with honors to St. Petersburg, where he was buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

The role of the personality of M. I. Kutuzov in historical events
The opinions of historians and contemporaries about Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov as a historical figure differed radically during his lifetime. Not only court ill-wishers, but also many famous military officers questioned his military genius, especially after the defeat at Austerlitz and for the lack of decisive action at the end of the War of 1812.

Heroes of the Patriotic War N. E. Raevsky, P. T. Bagration, M. B. Barclay de Tolly. A.P. Ermolov spoke impartially of him as a person prone to intrigue, capable of appropriating other people's ideas and merits. The famous historian Academician E. Tarle also expressed the opinion that the fame of Kutuzov’s military talent is greatly exaggerated and spoke about the impossibility of considering him equal to A.V. Suvorov or Napoleon.

At the same time, it is impossible to deny his military successes during numerous campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Evidence of his talent as a commander are also awards from foreign countries: Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and the Duchy of Holstein. The extraordinary diplomatic skills of M. I. Kutuzov contributed to the resolution of complex issues in Russia’s international relations not only with Turkey, but also with other European states.

During short periods of peaceful life, Mikhail Illarionovich established himself as a capable statesman, holding the post of governor-general in various regions of the country. He used his knowledge and invaluable experience in organizing military education in the Russian Empire.

The memory of the outstanding Russian commander is immortalized in numerous monuments and names of city streets in Russia and beyond, in the name of a warship and an asteroid.

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Bunzlau, Silesia, Prussia
Affiliation:	Russian empire
Years of service:
	Field Marshal General
Commanded:
Battles/wars:	Assault on Izmail - Russian-Turkish war 1788-1791, Battle of Austerlitz, Patriotic War of 1812: battle of Borodino
Awards and prizes:	Foreign orders

Russo-Turkish wars

War with Napoleon 1805

War with Turkey in 1811

Patriotic War of 1812

Family and clan of Kutuzov

Military ranks and ranks

Monuments

Memorial plaques

In literature

Film incarnations

Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov(since 1812 His Serene Highness Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky; 1745-1813) - Russian field marshal general from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander-in-chief during the Patriotic War of 1812. The first full holder of the Order of St. George.

Start of service

Son of Lieutenant General (later Senator) Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife Anna Illarionovna, born in 1728. It was traditionally believed that Anna Larionovna belonged to the Beklemishev family, but surviving archival documents indicate that her father was the retired captain Bedrinsky.

Until recently, the year of Kutuzov’s birth was considered to be 1745, indicated on his grave. However, data contained in a number of formal lists of 1769, 1785, 1791 and private letters indicate the possibility of attributing his birth to 1747. It is 1747 that is indicated as the year of birth of M.I. Kutuzov in his later biographies.

From the age of seven, Mikhail was educated at home; in July 1759 he was sent to the Artillery and Engineering Noble School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Already in December of the same year, Kutuzov was given the rank of 1st class conductor with an oath of office and a salary. A capable young man is recruited to train officers.

In February 1761, Mikhail graduated from school and with the rank of ensign engineer was left with it to teach students mathematics. Five months later he became the aide-de-camp of the Revel Governor-General, Prince of Holstein-Beck.

Efficiently managing the office of Holstein-Beck, he quickly earned the rank of captain in 1762. In the same year, he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, which at that time was commanded by Colonel A.V. Suvorov.

Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I. I. Weimarn, and commanded small detachments operating against the Polish Confederates.

In 1767, he was brought in to work on the “Commission for the Drafting of a New Code,” an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century that established the foundations of an “enlightened monarchy.” Apparently, Mikhail Kutuzov was involved as a secretary-translator, since his certificate states that he “speaks French and German and translates quite well, and understands the author’s Latin.”

In 1770, he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P.A. Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

Russo-Turkish wars

Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience he accumulated during the Russian-Turkish wars of the 2nd half of the 18th century under the leadership of commanders P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov took part in the battles of Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul. For his distinction in battles he was promoted to prime major. As chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an assistant commander and for his successes in the battle of Popesty in December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close circle of comrades, 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate his demeanor, allowed himself to imitate Commander-in-Chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov was sent to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. From that time on, he developed restraint and caution, he learned to hide his thoughts and feelings, that is, he acquired those qualities that became characteristic of his future military leadership. According to another version, the reason for Kutuzov’s transfer to the 2nd Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about His Serene Highness Prince Potemkin, that the prince is brave not in his mind, but in his heart.

In July 1774, Devlet Giray landed with the Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in a battle near the village of Shuma north of Alushta, a three-thousand-strong Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing. Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and exited near his right eye, which was “squinted,” but his vision was preserved, contrary to popular belief. The Commander-in-Chief of the Crimean Army, Chief General V.M. Dolgorukov, in his report dated July 28, 1774, about the victory in that battle, wrote:

In memory of this injury, there is a monument in Crimea - the Kutuzov Fountain. The Empress awarded Kutuzov the Military Order of St. George, 4th class, and sent him to Austria for treatment, bearing all the expenses of the trip. Kutuzov used two years of treatment to complete his military education. During his stay in Regensburg in 1776, he joined the Masonic lodge “To the Three Keys”.

Upon returning to Russia in 1776, he again entered military service. At first he formed light cavalry units, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Lugansk pikeman regiment, with which he was in Azov. He was transferred to Crimea in 1783 with the rank of brigadier and appointed commander of the Mariupol Light Horse Regiment.

In November 1784 he received the rank of major general after successfully suppressing the uprising in Crimea. From 1785 he was the commander of the Bug Jaeger Corps, which he himself formed. Commanding the corps and training the rangers, he developed new tactical fighting techniques for them and outlined them in special instructions. He covered the border along the Bug with the corps when the second war with Turkey broke out in 1787.

On October 1, 1787, under the command of Suvorov, he participated in the battle of Kinburn, when the 5,000-strong Turkish landing force was almost completely destroyed.

In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where in August 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet passed almost through the old channel. Mikhail Illarionovich survived and in 1789 took over a separate corps, with which Akkerman occupied, fought near Kaushany and during the assault on Bendery.

In December 1790 he distinguished himself during the assault and capture of Izmail, where he commanded the 6th column that was going on the attack. Suvorov outlined the actions of General Kutuzov in his report:

According to legend, when Kutuzov sent a messenger to Suvorov with a report about the impossibility of holding on to the ramparts, he received an answer from Suvorov that a messenger had already been sent to St. Petersburg with news to Empress Catherine II about the capture of Izmail.

After the capture of Izmail, Kutuzov was promoted to lieutenant general, awarded George 3rd degree and appointed commandant of the fortress. Having repelled the attempts of the Turks to take possession of Izmail, on June 4 (16), 1791, he defeated a 23,000-strong Turkish army at Babadag with a sudden blow. In the Battle of Machinsky in June 1791, under the command of Prince Repnin, Kutuzov dealt a crushing blow to the right flank of the Turkish troops. For the victory at Machin, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of George, 2nd degree.

In 1792, Kutuzov, commanding a corps, took part in the Russian-Polish war and the following year was sent as ambassador extraordinary to Turkey, where he resolved a number of important issues in favor of Russia and significantly improved relations with it. While in Constantinople, he visited the Sultan's garden, visiting which was punishable by death for men. Sultan Selim III chose not to notice the insolence of the ambassador of the powerful Catherine II.

Upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov managed to flatter the all-powerful favorite at that time, Platon Zubov. Referring to the skills he acquired in Turkey, he came to Zubov an hour before he woke up to brew coffee for him in a special way, which he then took to his favorite, in front of many visitors. This tactic paid off. In 1795 he was appointed commander-in-chief of all ground forces, flotillas and fortresses in Finland and at the same time director of the Land Cadet Corps. He did a lot to improve officer training: he taught tactics, military history and other disciplines. Catherine II invited him to her company every day, and he spent the last evening with her before her death.

Unlike many other favorites of the empress, Kutuzov managed to hold out under the new Tsar Paul I and remained with him until the last day of his life (including having dinner with him on the eve of the murder). In 1798 he was promoted to infantry general. He successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia: during his 2 months in Berlin he managed to win her over to the side of Russia in the fight against France. On September 27, 1799, Paul I appointed commander of the expeditionary force in Holland instead of infantry general I. I. German, who was defeated by the French at Bergen and taken prisoner. Awarded the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. On the way to Holland he was recalled back to Russia. He was a Lithuanian (1799-1801) and, upon the accession of Alexander I, was appointed military governor of St. Petersburg and Vyborg (1801-02), as well as the manager of the civil part in these provinces and an inspector of the Finnish Inspectorate.

In 1802, having fallen into disgrace with Tsar Alexander I, Kutuzov was removed from his post and lived on his estate in Goroshki (now Volodarsk-Volynsky, Ukraine, Zhitomir region), continuing to be listed in active military service as the chief of the Pskov Musketeer Regiment.

War with Napoleon 1805

In 1804, Russia entered into a coalition to fight Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, a 50,000-strong Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not have time to unite with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with an enemy with significant superiority in strength.

Retaining his troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreat march-maneuver stretching 425 km from Braunau to Olmutz and, having defeated I. Murat near Amstetten and E. Mortier near Dürenstein, withdrew his troops from the looming threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a wonderful example of strategic maneuver. From Olmutz (now Olomouc), Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border so that, after the arrival of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, go on a counter-offensive.

Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of Emperors Alexander I and Franz II of Austria, inspired by the slight numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive. On November 20 (December 2), 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz took place. The battle ended in the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was wounded by a shrapnel in the cheek, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tiesenhausen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, did not publicly blame Kutuzov and awarded him the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree, in February 1806, but never forgave him for the defeat, believing that Kutuzov deliberately framed the tsar. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander: “ according to the memory of what happened at Austerlitz due to the deceitful nature of Kutuzov».

In September 1806, Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian Army, but due to disagreements regarding the further conduct of the war with the Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal A. A. Prozorovsky, in June 1809, Kutuzov was appointed Lithuanian military governor.

War with Turkey in 1811

In 1811, when the war with Turkey reached a dead end and the foreign policy situation required effective action, Alexander I appointed Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army instead of the deceased Kamensky. In early April 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took command of the army, weakened by the recall of divisions to defend the western border. He found less than thirty thousand troops throughout the conquered lands, with which he had to defeat one hundred thousand Turks located in the Balkan Mountains.

In the Battle of Rushchuk on June 22, 1811 (15-20 thousand Russian troops against 60 thousand Turks), he inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Turkish army. Then Kutuzov deliberately withdrew his army to the left bank of the Danube, forcing the enemy to break away from their bases in pursuit. He blocked part of the Turkish army that crossed the Danube near Slobodzeya, and in early October he himself sent General Markov’s corps across the Danube in order to attack the Turks remaining on the southern bank. Markov attacked the enemy base, captured it and took the main camp of the Grand Vizier Ahmed Agha across the river under fire from captured Turkish cannons. Soon hunger and disease began in the surrounded camp, Ahmed Agha secretly left the army, leaving Pasha Chaban-oglu in his place. Even before the capitulation of the Turks, by a personal Highest decree of October 29 (November 10), 1811, the commander-in-chief of the army against the Turks, infantry general, Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was elevated, with his descendants, to the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire. November 23 (5 December) 1811 1811 Shepherd-oglu surrendered a 35,000-strong army with 56 guns to Count Golenishchev-Kutuzov. Türkiye was forced to enter into negotiations.

Concentrating his corps to the Russian borders, Napoleon hoped that the alliance with the Sultan, which he concluded in the spring of 1812, would bind the Russian forces in the south. But on May 4 (16), 1812 in Bucharest, Kutuzov concluded a peace under which Bessarabia and part of Moldova passed to Russia (Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812). This was a major military and diplomatic victory, which shifted the strategic situation for Russia for the better at the beginning of the Patriotic War. After the conclusion of peace, the Danube Army was led by Admiral Chichagov, and Kutuzov was recalled to St. Petersburg, where, by decision of the Emergency Committee of Ministers, he was appointed commander of the troops for the defense of St. Petersburg.

Patriotic War of 1812

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July as the head of the St. Petersburg and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the pressure of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the trust of Russian society. Even before the Russian troops left Smolensk, Alexander I appointed infantry general Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of all Russian armies and militias. 10 days before the appointment, by personal Highest decree of July 29 (August 10), 1812, infantry general Count Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was elevated, with his descendants, to the princely dignity of the Russian Empire, with the title of lordship. The appointment of Kutuzov caused a patriotic upsurge in the army and the people. Kutuzov himself, as in 1805, was not in the mood for a decisive battle against Napoleon. According to one piece of evidence, he expressed himself this way about the methods he would use against the French: “ We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him.“On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received an army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishche, Smolensk province.

The enemy's great superiority in forces and the lack of reserves forced Kutuzov to retreat deeper into the country, following the strategy of his predecessor Barclay de Tolly. Further withdrawal implied the surrender of Moscow without a fight, which was unacceptable from both a political and moral point of view. Having received minor reinforcements, Kutuzov decided to give Napoleon a general battle, the first and only one in the Patriotic War of 1812. The Battle of Borodino, one of the largest battles of the Napoleonic Wars era, took place on August 26 (September 7). During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day it itself had lost almost half of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army showed itself with dignity under Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal general on August 30 (September 11).

A.S. Pushkin
In front of the saint's tomb
I stand with my head bowed...
Everything is sleeping all around; some lamps
In the darkness of the temple they gild
Pillars of granite masses
And their banners are hanging in a row.
This ruler sleeps under them,
This idol of the northern squads,
The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,
Suppressor of all her enemies,
This rest of the glorious flock
Catherine's Eagles.
Delight lives in your coffin!
He gives us a Russian voice;
He keeps telling us about that time,
When the voice of the people's faith
Called to your holy gray hair:
“Go and save!” You stood up and saved...
Listen today to our faithful voice,
Rise up and save the king and us,
O terrible old man! For a moment
Appear at the door of the grave,
Appear, breathe in delight and zeal
To the shelves left by you!
Appear to your hand
Show us the leaders in the crowd,
Who is your heir, your chosen one!
But the temple is immersed in silence,
And the silence of your grave
Undisturbed, eternal sleep...

After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly carried out the famous Tarutino flank maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Finding himself south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his routes to the southern regions of the country.

Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow on October 7 (19). He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were supplies of food and fodder, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops.

Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, Napoleonic's huge army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. Kutuzov was criticized in pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times for his reluctance to act more decisively and aggressively, for his preference for certain victory at the expense of great glory. Prince Kutuzov, according to contemporaries and historians, did not share his plans with anyone; his words to the public often differed from his orders for the army, so the true motives for the actions of the famous commander give rise to different interpretations. But the final result of his activities is undeniable - the defeat of Napoleon in Russia, for which Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st degree, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in the history of the order. By a personal Highest decree of December 6 (18), 1812, Field Marshal General His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was granted the name Smolensky.

Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the commanders opposing him, without mincing words. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov’s command in the Patriotic War, preferring to blame the “harsh Russian winter” for the complete destruction of his army. Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations:

In January 1813, Russian troops crossed the border and reached the Oder by the end of February. By April 1813, troops reached the Elbe. On April 5, the commander-in-chief caught a cold and fell ill in the small Silesian town of Bunzlau (Prussia, now the territory of Poland). According to legend, refuted by historians, Alexander I arrived to say goodbye to the very weakened field marshal. Behind the screens near the bed on which Kutuzov was lying was the official Krupennikov who was with him. Kutuzov’s last dialogue, allegedly overheard by Krupennikov and relayed by Chamberlain Tolstoy: “ Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich!» - « I forgive, sir, but Russia will never forgive you for this" The next day, April 16 (28), 1813, Prince Kutuzov passed away. His body was embalmed and sent to St. Petersburg, where it was buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

They say that the people pulled a cart with the remains of the national hero. The Emperor retained Kutuzov's wife's full maintenance of her husband, and in 1814 he ordered Finance Minister Guryev to issue more than 300 thousand rubles to pay off the debts of the commander's family.

Criticism

“In terms of his strategic and tactical talents... he is not equal to Suvorov and certainly not equal to Napoleon,” historian E. Tarle characterized Kutuzov. Kutuzov’s military talent was questioned after the Austerlitz defeat, and even during the War of 1812 he was accused of trying to build Napoleon a “golden bridge” to leave Russia with the remnants of the army. Critical reviews of Kutuzov the commander belong not only to his famous rival and ill-wisher Bennigsen, but also to other leaders of the Russian army in 1812 - N. N. Raevsky, A. P. Ermolov, P. I. Bagration. “This goose is also good, which is called both a prince and a leader! Now our leader will start having women’s gossip and intrigues,” - this is how Bagration reacted to the news of Kutuzov’s appointment as commander-in-chief. Kutuzov’s “cunctatorship” was a direct continuation of the strategic line chosen at the beginning of the war by Barclay de Tolly. “I brought the chariot up the mountain, and it will roll down the mountain on its own with the slightest guidance,” Barclay himself said when leaving the army.

As for Kutuzov’s personal qualities, during his lifetime he was criticized for his obsequiousness, manifested in his obsequious attitude towards the royal favorites, and for his excessive predilection for the female sex. They say that while the already seriously ill Kutuzov was in the Tarutino camp (October 1812), Chief of Staff Bennigsen reported to Alexander I that Kutuzov was not doing anything and was sleeping a lot, and not alone. He brought with him a Moldavian woman dressed as a Cossack, who “ warms his bed" The letter reached the War Department, where General Knorring imposed the following resolution on it: “ Rumyantsev carried them four at a time. It's none of our business. And what sleeps, let him sleep. Every hour [of sleep] of this old man inexorably brings us closer to victory».

Family and clan of Kutuzov

The noble family of Golenishchev-Kutuzov traces its origins to the Novgorodian Fyodor, nicknamed Kutuz (XV century), whose nephew Vasily had the nickname Golenishche. Vasily’s sons were in the royal service under the name “Golenishchev-Kutuzov”. M.I. Kutuzov’s grandfather only rose to the rank of captain, his father already became a lieutenant general, and Mikhail Illarionovich earned hereditary princely dignity.

Illarion Matveevich was buried in the village of Terebeni, Opochetsky district, in a special crypt. Currently, there is a church at the burial site, in the basement of which a crypt was discovered in the 20th century. The expedition of the TV project “Seekers” found out that Illarion Matveyevich’s body was mummified and thanks to this it was well preserved.

Kutuzov got married in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluksky volost, Loknyansky district, Pskov region. Nowadays, only ruins remain of this church.

The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), was the daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Aleksandrovich Bibikov and the sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (Marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander-in-chief in the fight against the Polish Confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion , friend A. Suvorov). She married thirty-year-old Colonel Kutuzov in 1778 and gave birth to five daughters in a happy marriage (the only son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary).

• Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);
• Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);
• Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in her first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);
• Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);
• Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Lisa’s first husband died fighting under the command of Kutuzov, Katya’s first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal did not leave offspring in the male line, the surname Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P. M. Tolstoy, the son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also became related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeniy Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg.

Military ranks and ranks

• Fourier at the School of Engineering (1759)
• Corporal (10/10/1759)
• Captainarmus (20.10.1759)
• Conductor engineer (12/10/1759)
• Engineer-ensign (01/01/1761)
• Captain (08/21/1762)
• Prime Major for Distinction at Large (07/07/1770)
• Lieutenant Colonel for distinction at Popesty (12/08/1771)
• Colonel (06/28/1777)
• Brigadier (06/28/1782)
• Major General (11/24/1784)
• Lieutenant General for the capture of Izmail (03/25/1791)
• General of Infantry (01/04/1798)
• Field Marshal General for distinction at Borodino 08/26/1812 (08/30/1812)

Awards

• M.I. Kutuzov became the first of 4 full St. George Knights in the entire history of the order.
• Order of St. George, 4th class. (11/26/1775, No. 222) - “ For courage and bravery shown during the attack of Turkish troops who landed on the Crimean shores near Alushta. Having been dispatched to take possession of the enemy's retangement, to which he led his battalion with such fearlessness that a large number of the enemy fled, where he received a very dangerous wound»
• Order of St. George, 3rd class. (25.03.1791, No. 77) - “ In honor of the diligent service and excellent courage shown during the capture of the city and fortress of Izmail by storm with the extermination of the Turkish army that was there»
• Order of St. George 2nd class. (18.03.1792, No. 28) - “ In honor of his diligent service, brave and courageous exploits, with which he distinguished himself in the battle of Machin and the defeat of the large Turkish army by Russian troops under the command of General Prince N.V. Repnin»
• Order of St. George 1st class. bol.kr. (12.12.1812, No. 10) - “ For the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812»
• Order of St. Alexander Nevsky - for battles with the Turks (09/08/1790)
• Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class. - for the successful formation of the corps (06.1789)
• Order of St. John of Jerusalem Grand Cross (04.10.1799)
• Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (06/19/1800)
• Order of St. Vladimir 1st class. - for battles with the French in 1805 (02/24/1806)
• Portrait of Emperor Alexander I with diamonds to be worn on the chest (07/18/1811)
• Golden sword with diamonds and laurels - for the battle of Tarutino (10/16/1812)
• Diamond signs for the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (12/12/1812)

Foreign:

• Holstein Order of St. Anne - for the battle with the Turks near Ochakov (04/21/1789)
• Austrian Military Order of Maria Theresa 1st class. (02.11.1805)
• Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 1st class.
• Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (1813)

Memory

• During the Great Patriotic War, the Order of Kutuzov of the 1st, 2nd (July 29, 1942) and 3rd (February 8, 1943) degrees was established in the USSR. They were awarded to about 7 thousand people and entire military units.
• One of the Navy cruisers was named in honor of M.I. Kutuzov.
• Asteroid 2492 Kutuzov is named after M.I. Kutuzov.
• A. S. Pushkin in 1831 dedicated the poem “Before the Saint’s Tomb” to the commander, writing it in a letter to Kutuzov’s daughter Elizaveta. In honor of Kutuzov, G. R. Derzhavin, V. A. Zhukovsky and other poets wrote poems.
• The famous fabulist I. A. Krylov, during the life of the commander, composed the fable “The Wolf in the Kennel,” where he depicted Kutuzov’s struggle with Napoleon in an allegorical form.
• In Moscow there is Kutuzovsky Prospekt (laid in 1957-1963, included Novodorogomilovskaya Street, part of Mozhaiskoye Highway and Kutuzovskaya Sloboda Street), Kutuzovsky Lane and Kutuzovsky Proezd (named in 1912), Kutuzovo station (opened in 1908) of the Moscow District railway, metro station "Kutuzovskaya" (opened in 1958), Kutuzova Street (preserved from the former city of Kuntsev).
• In many cities of Russia, as well as in other former republics of the USSR (for example, in the Ukrainian Izmail, Moldavian Tiraspol) there are streets named in honor of M. I. Kutuzov.

Monuments

In memory of the glorious victories of Russian weapons over Napoleon’s army, monuments were erected to M. I. Kutuzov:

• 1815 - in Bunzlau, on the orders of the King of Prussia.
• 1824 - Kutuzov Fountain - a fountain-monument to M.I. Kutuzov is located not far from Alushta. Built in 1804 with the permission of the Tauride governor D.B. Mertvago, the son of the Turkish officer Ismail-Aga, who died in the Battle of Shumsky, in memory of his father. Renamed Kutuzovsky during the construction of the road to the South Coast (1824-1826) in memory of the victory of Russian troops in the last battle of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.
• 1837 - in St. Petersburg, in front of the Kazan Cathedral, sculptor B.I. Orlovsky.
• 1862 - in Veliky Novgorod on the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia”, among the 129 figures of the most outstanding personalities in Russian history, there is the figure of M. I. Kutuzov.
• 1912 - obelisk on the Borodino field, near the village of Gorki, architect P. A. Vorontsov-Velyamov.
• 1953 - in Kaliningrad, sculptor Y. Lukashevich (in 1997 moved to Pravdinsk (formerly Friedland), Kaliningrad region); in 1995, a new monument to M. I. Kutuzov by sculptor M. Anikushin was erected in Kaliningrad.
• 1954 - in Smolensk, at the foot of the Cathedral Hill; authors: sculptor G. I. Motovilov, architect L. M. Polyakov.
• 1964 - in the rural settlement of Borodino near the State Borodino Military-Historical Museum-Reserve;
• 1973 - in Moscow near the Battle of Borodino panorama museum, sculptor N.V. Tomsky.
• 1997 - in Tiraspol, on Borodino Square in front of the House of Officers of the Russian Army.
• 2009 - in Bendery, on the territory of the Bendery fortress, in the capture of which Kutuzov took part in 1770 and 1789.
• In memory of the reflection by the Russian detachment under the command of M. I. Kutuzov of the Turkish landing near Alushta (Crimea) in 1774, near the place where Kutuzov was wounded (the village of Shumy), a memorial sign in the form of a fountain was built in 1824-1826.
• A small monument to Kutuzov was erected in 1959 in the village of Volodarsk-Volynsky (Zhitomir region, Ukraine), where Kutuzov’s estate was located. In Kutuzov’s time the village was called Goroshki, in 1912-1921 - Kutuzovka, then renamed in honor of the Bolshevik Volodarsky. The ancient park in which the monument is located also bears the name of M. I. Kutuzov.
• There is a small monument to Kutuzov in the city of Brody. Lviv region Ukraine, during Euromaidan it was, by decision of the local city council, dismantled and moved to a utility yard.

Memorial plaques

• On November 3, 2012, a memorial plaque to M. I. Kutuzov (Governor General of Kyiv 1806-1810) was installed in Kyiv.

In literature

• The novel “War and Peace” - author L. N. Tolstoy
• Novel “Kutuzov” (1960) - author L. I. Rakovsky

Film incarnations

The most textbook image of Kutuzov on the silver screen was created by I. Ilyinsky in the film “The Hussar Ballad,” filmed for the 150th anniversary of the Patriotic War. After this film, the idea arose that Kutuzov wore a patch over his right eye, although this was not the case. The field marshal was also played by other actors:

• ?? (Suvorov, 1940)
• Alexey Dikiy (Kutuzov, 1943)
• Oscar Homolka (War and Peace) USA-Italy, 1956.
• Polikarp Pavlov (Battle of Austerlitz, 1960)
• Boris Zakhava (War and Peace), USSR, 1967.
• Frank Middlemass (War and Peace, 1972)
• Evgeny Lebedev (Squadron of Flying Hussars, 1980)
• Mikhail Kuznetsov (Bagration, 1985)
• Dmitry Suponin (Adjutants of Love, 2005)
• Alexander Novikov (Favorite, 2005)
• Vladimir Ilyin (War and Peace, 2007)
• Vladimir Simonov (Rzhevsky against Napoleon, 2012)
• Sergey Zhuravel (Ulan Ballad, 2012)

The Golenishchev-Kutuzov family belongs to one of the oldest noble families in Russia. He comes from the honest husband Gabriel, who went to Prince Alexander Nevsky “from Prus”. Gabriel's great-great-grandson Fyodor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha (“Kutuza”) and nephew of Fyodor Aleksandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananyevich, had the nickname “Golenishche” and from him came the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs. The great-grandson of Vasily Ananyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who died in 1580, was buried in the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery, as stated in the text of the ceramide (tombstone) in the caves of the monastery: “July 7088 (1580) 20 died. Ivan Ivanov, son of Golyanishchev-Kutuzov.” 1).

The fact that the branches coming from the founder of the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family were firmly established on the Pskov land is evidenced by copies of letters of grant from the tsars Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Feodor, Ivan and Peter Alekseevich Romanov, stored in the Pskov archive. The four great-grandsons of Vasily Ananyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov claim lands in the Pskov region for their faithful service to the tsar: Fedor, Elizar, Ulyan Alexandrovich and their cousins, brothers Mikhail and Ivan Savinovich.

Ivan Savinovich is the great-great-grandfather of His Serene Highness, Field Marshal General M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The grant of 1673, given to Ivan Savinovich for the campaign against the Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan, in the principalities of Lithuania and Smolensk, in addition to new grants in Velikoluksky and Toropetsk districts, confirms the lands recorded for him in 1670, 1663, 1659 and 1633, including including the village of Ryazanovo (now the village of Rezanovo, 4 km from the village of Terebeni, Opochetsky district), which passed to the great-great-grandson - Mikhail Illarionovich.

Ivan Savinovich had four sons: Yuri, Semyon, Alexey, Ivan. Ivan Ivanovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov is the great-grandfather of the commander. From the entry in the Heraldry Office dated July 19, 1754, it turns out that Ivan Ivanovich Gelenishchev-Kutuzov “served under Field Marshal General Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev as an aide-de-camp.” 2). After the defeat near Narva, the army of Field Marshal Sheremetev concentrated in the Pskov region in the winter of 1700-1701. During the entire campaign in the Baltic states from 1701 to 1704, the Pskovites gave our troops a warm welcome, providing them with food and shelter.

While at Sheremetev, I.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov was supposed to take part in the first victorious battles of the field marshal at Erestfer and Gummelshof. Yes, is it only them? From the same entry we learn that Mikhail Illarionovich’s grandfather, Matvey Ivanovich, “served as a captain in the Velikolutsk garrison in previous years” and died (presumably in 1747).

In the confessional paintings of the Ilyinskaya Church of the Vlits churchyard in Pustorzhevsky district from 1741, the lieutenant Matthew Ivanov’s son Golenishchev-Kutuzov is listed as servants in the village. Fedorovsky, as well as peasants in the village. Petrovsky, the villages of Ignatovo, Knysheva, Subotkina, Malofeeva, Trufanovo, Peshchevitsy, Myskovo, Lutovo, Darnya, Gorki, Pavlovo. 3). In 1753, these lands were listed as belonging to his son Larion Matveevich. 4).

There is a point of view that the field marshal's grandfather was married twice. The name of his (second) wife is Matryona Aleksandrovna, the daughter of Alexander Vasilyevich Kutuzov, a distant relative of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs.

But who Matvey Ivanovich’s first wife was and whether she existed remains unknown. Only one thing is clear: we must look for her among the Pskov landowners.

Matvey Ivanovich had four children - three sons: (I) Larion, Ivan, Vasily and daughter Praskovya.

Of the children of Matvey Ivanovich, we are most interested in (I) Larion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, the commander’s father.

In the formal list of 1769, Major General Larion Golenishchev-Kutuzov reports that he is 51 years old (complete), from the nobles and behind him in Pustorzhevsky, Lutsk (Velikoluksky) and Novgorod districts there are 443 male souls of peasants. 5)

In 1733, he entered the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School and was graduated from it in 1737 as a conductor (non-commissioned officer rank). During his studies, Larion Golenishchev-Kutuzov only once went on a two-month vacation to his hometown. He reports that in 1735, returning from vacation in Pskov, he fell ill and returned to service upon recovery. From 1738 to 1741, Larion Matveevich was engaged in photographing the area in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Vyborg, Kexholm, and the Swedish border. Participates in the commission for the burial of Empress Anna Ioanovna. From 1741 to 1752 he served as an aide-de-camp, initially with the rank of army second lieutenant, and from 1742 with the rank of captain under General-in-Chief von Luberas. 6). Together with von Luberas, the former ambassador to Sweden from 1743 to 1745, I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is at the congress in Abo and in Stockholm. Since 1746 he has been in St. Petersburg, where he is employed in engineering work. Since 1750, it has been located during the construction of the Kronstadt Canal. In 1758, for his work on the construction of the canal, (I) Larion Matveevich was promoted to engineer major, and soon to engineer lieutenant colonel, and in January 1759 he was awarded the rank of engineer colonel. After a short stay as the head of the Riga engineering team, I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov was transferred to St. Petersburg, where he participated in the work of the department dealing with Russian fortresses in the Baltic states. At this time, he acquired a plot of land in the capital, located “opposite the Guards of the Preobrazhensky regiment of the Svetlits.” 7). In March 1763 (I) Larion Matveevich became an engineer-major general. He is participating in survey work to build a canal between the Volga and the lake. Ilmen, and then developed a project for the Catherine Canal, which protected St. Petersburg from floods (now the Griboedov Canal in St. Petersburg). For the latter, he receives a golden snuffbox, sprinkled with diamonds from the hands of the empress. 8). During his service, I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov only went on 28-day vacations twice, the first time in 1755, the second time 10 years later. The decree of the Military Collegium signed by Chief General Z. G. Chernyshev on the personnel of the active army for 1770 and the formal list indicate that since 1769 I. M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov was on a campaign with the 2nd army. He headed the engineering and mining teams in the army of Count P. A. Rumyantsev. At this time, at the headquarters of Engineer Major General I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, the 16-year-old cadet of the artillery and engineering corps, Semyon Golenishchev-Kutuzov, the youngest son of Illarion Matveevich, was in the post of adjutant. Her eldest son Mikhail (captain, then second major) was also at the same theater of military operations. Engineer Major General Golenishchev Kutuzov distinguished himself in the battles of Ryabaya Mogila, the Larga River and Kagul.

In a report dated March 25, 1770, Illarion Matveevich informed the general gr. G. G. Orlov that due to a broken bone that has not yet healed, he cannot yet follow with the 2nd Army” 9).

In September of the same year, I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov submitted a report to the Empress, in which he asked for “... decrepitude and illness... to be dismissed from military and civil service.” 10).

He was given his resignation and awarded the rank of engineer-lieutenant general. Thus ended the 37-year military service of the field marshal’s father.

But life is not over. He is leaving for Moscow. Becomes a Moscow senator. For his deep knowledge and intelligence, he received the nickname “Reasonable Book” from his contemporaries. But more and more he is drawn to his native places, which he left as a 16-year-old boy. Moreover, his daughters live in the Pskov region.

Illarion Matveevich returns to his homeland, to his Pskov villages. He settles in the village of Stupino. In the confessional paintings for 1779 of the Resurrection Church of the Terebensky churchyard, Opochetsky district, it is reported that “in the village of Stupino, the lieutenant general and gentleman Hilarion Matveevich, son of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, 62 years old, and his daughter Daria, 24 years old, live.” eleven). The following lists the estates of Illarion Matveevich. Except s. In Stupino, he owned the following villages: Babeevo, Podelna, Skarokhnovo, Fedorkovo, Vaskova, Varygina, with 275 peasant souls. 12).

His return to his homeland did not go unnoticed by his fellow countrymen. In December 1777, at the opening of the Pskov governorate (province), Mr. Lieutenant General, Senator and Cavalier (cavaliers were people awarded orders) Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was elected the first leader of the Pskov provincial nobility. 13).

At the height of the elections, a courier from the capital brought news of the birth of Catherine II's grandson, Alexander, which was celebrated with a prayer service and salvoes from 101 cannons. In response, the queen mercifully bestowed nobility with a rescript, under the impression of which it was decided to found a noble Catherine's gymnasium in Pskov instead of the usual monument. On behalf of the entire nobility, his leader L.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov addressed a letter to the governor Yakov Sivers with a request to establish a noble school in the city. Each audit soul was required to give 20 kopecks (9,500 rubles in total), which was used to build a 2-story building (now one of the buildings of the House of Soviets).

Illarion Matveevich died in 1784.

Brigadier Mikhail Illarionovich, having received the news that “his father died recently,” having asked for leave until November, goes to his family’s Pskov estates. He builds the Church of the Resurrection of Christ over the burial place of his father. This is evidenced by the “Gazette of the Opochetsky district of the Terebeni churchyard for 1789.” “The Church of the Resurrection of Christ with two chapels of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Holy Great Martyr Barbara are solid wooden, of which the present one was not consecrated from home due to the wartime absence of the builder (creator), His Excellency Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov” 14). As a rule, the church and its boundary were consecrated in the presence of the customer, and he was put first in the “parishioners” column if he was alive. In the above-mentioned statement, the first parishioner is recorded as “Mr. Major General and Cavalier Mikhail Larionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov.” The inscriptions on the wooden altarpieces indicate that the chapels of St. Barbara and the Sign in the Terebensky churchyard were consecrated “1778, November, 26th day,” the Church of the Resurrection of Christ “1791, month of November, 2nd day.” The data was copied by the rector of the Church of the Resurrection in the village of Terebeni, priest Georgy Mitsov.

My story about Illarion Matveevich is not finished. After all, in addition to military service, to which, without a doubt, most of his life was devoted, he had a family: a wife, children, close relatives, and caring for them. But before I talk about the family of Illarion Matveyevich, I will allow myself to make a digression, which will remove a number of perplexing questions from the inexperienced reader.

During the years of Soviet power, many books, studies, and documents devoted to M., I. were published. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, especially on his 200th anniversary. But for the most part they were written by military historians, who were primarily interested in the field marshal’s leadership activities. (They only casually mentioned that, due to the early death of his mother, he spent his childhood on the estate of his grandfather and grandmother, either in Stupino, or in Matyushkino, or in Fedorovsky. And the date of birth was certainly not questioned - 5 (16) September 1745 and place of birth St. Petersburg, drawn from books published in the 19th century.

It was not mentioned that Mikhail Illarionovich had a brother and two sisters, and his mother’s surname was very rarely mentioned. Only the first biographer of the field marshal, who remained unknown, modestly mentioned her, calling the name Bedrinskaya 15). But the point of view of the author of the “Russian Genealogical Book”, Prince I. Dolgoruky, prevailed. He ranked Mikhail Illarionovich’s mother in the Beklemishev family. Leningrad historian Yu. N: Yablochkin tried to understand this issue in the mid-1950s. established that the field marshal’s mother’s name was Anna (I) Larionovna and she was born in 1728 16). His check of the metric books of churches in St. Petersburg for the years 1745-1748, in order to identify data on the birth of Mikhail Illarionovich in this city, did not give positive results. Such data were not available.

Let us not condemn the authors who wrote about M.I. Kutuzov and reported little about his family connections. This was characteristic of all historical science of the recent past: not to focus on what kind of family and tribe you are. And there was little data. After all, the field marshal never had time to write about himself. And researchers from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Velikie Luki, and Pskov have to restore the truth bit by bit. Why bit by bit? Yes, because manuscripts burn. And not only do they burn, but they grow old, deteriorate, and decay. If only this. How many valuable documents were destroyed during periods of hard times: revolution, civil and patriotic wars.

But, let’s return to the mysterious personality of Illarion Matveyevich’s wife and the commander’s mother. In 1991, in the Velikoluksky archive, I came across an interesting document dating back to 1808. This is “The request of court councilor Anna Ushakova to satisfy her 9 thousand rubles from the income of the estate of her brothers, Major Semyon and Infantry General Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov.” In her request, Anna Illarionovna mentions the name of her maternal grandfather Larion Zakharov, son of Bedrinsky. And in confirmation of her land holdings, she cites an earlier document dated 1767, according to which she, Anna, “in the Gdov district belongs to the lands listed as her grandfather Larion Zakharov’s son Bedrinsky, which went to him according to escheat books from his uncle Semyon Filipov’s son and grandmother widow of Avdotya Ivanovsky-Bedrinsky." 17).

Anna (I) Larionovna Ushakova, nee Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, the field marshal’s sister, could not be mistaken in the surname of her maternal grandfather, Bedrinsky. This has now been documented. The Leningrad historian Yu. N. Yablochkin was also right when he called the wife of (I) Larion Matveevich Anna Larionovna. The Bedrinsky family tree, found by I. S. Tikhonov in the Russian State Historical Archive, indicates that Larion Zakharovich Bedrinsky and his wife Praskovya Moiseevna had a daughter, Anna. 18).

And from here it follows that Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, born in 1717, was married to Anna (I) Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of an Opochetsky, Pskov and Gdov landowner, a retired captain of the Narva Garrison Regiment 19).

Perhaps the marriage of the commander’s parents took place in 1744, when Illarion Matveevich came to Moscow from Stockholm, or maybe later in 1745. And this happened in the Pskov region, because the parents of the young people lived here. But in which temple the wedding took place remains a mystery.

On August 20 (31), 1746, the young Golenishchev-Kutuzov couple gave birth to their first daughter, named Anna (the future Anna (I) Larionovna Ushakova) as her mother. The date of birth of Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova (Ushakova) is reported by her great-granddaughter Lyubov Petrovna Bogoslovskaya, nee Kostyurina. 20).

On September 5 (16), 1747, there was another addition to the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family. Anna (I) Larionovna, the wife of (I) Larion Matveevich, had a son and his name was given Mikhail.

You have the right to ask: “Excuse me, why was 1745 still called the date of birth of the field marshal?” This is due to the discrepancies that exist in the documents indicating the age of Mikhail Illarionovich, although the original date of birth of M. I. Kutuzov has been questioned in the last decade.

Indeed, in the form list filled out in January 1791, Mikhail Illarionovich wrote in the column “how old”: “I am forty-three years old.” 21). But the documents also contained dates corresponding to 1745.

Only new data found in recent years by Yu. N. Gulyaev and I. S. Tikhonov allow us to affirmatively call 1747 the date of birth of the commander.

But before I give an excerpt from the document, let me explain the system of identifying young nobles for service that developed in Russia in the mid-18th century. According to the decree of 1742, minors who had reached 7 years of age were required to appear for the first inspection at the Heraldry Office or in provincial cities to the governors. After which they returned home, having accepted the obligation to learn Russian literacy by the second review at the age of 12.

On July 19, 1754, the undergrowth Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov was presented for the first review to the Heraldry Office. “Titular councilor Ivan Matveev, son of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, announced for the first inspection the nephew of his native ignorant Mikhail Larionov, son of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, and showed him, seven years old, learning Russian verbal literacy.” 22).

If the question regarding the year of birth of Mikhail Illarionovich is removed, then it remains regarding the place of his birth. I am absolutely sure that he was not born in St. Petersburg. This is confirmed by the research of Yu. N. Yablochkin.

I am also sure that he was born on Pskov soil. I'll explain why. Illarion Matveyevich at that time was engaged in the construction of the Kronstadt Canal and was constantly traveling. It is very unlikely that he was carrying his pregnant wife and infant daughter with him. He could have left her in the care of his parents. But both of them lived in the Pskov region. So far, one thing is clear: Anna Larionovna could not live in the village of Stupino, because at that time it belonged to the landowner Bogdan Vasilyevich Kozadavlev. 23). Illarion Matveevich acquires it between 1753-55. In 1755 p. Stupino and other villages that previously belonged to Kozadavlev are already listed as belonging to the commander’s father. 24).

Remembering the fact that the year of death of Matvey Ivanovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov is considered to be 1747, is it more likely to assume that Anna Larionovna lived with her parents? But where did they live at that time?

Information about the Bedrinskys' possessions in the 1740s is available for the Gdov district (the village of Omut, the village of Nedobrovshchina). These lands pass, as mentioned earlier, to Larion Zakharovich Bedrinsky from his uncle Semyon Filippovich Bedrinsky, as escheat. From him, according to the abandoned books, in 1720 the village of Matyushkino passed to Larion Zakharovich Bedrinsky, which “was given to Semyon after his relatives in 708, and to the widow Avdotya in 703 after her husband Ivan Yakovlev, son of Bedrinsky.” 25). This is confirmed by a later document from 1784, according to which the brothers Mikhail and Semyon, by family division, allocate to their sister Daria (I) Larionovna the immovable estate of “the maternal grandfather of our captain Larion Zakharovich Bedrinsky, who was a member of the Pskov governorship in Opochetsky district in Kozmodemyansk Bay village of Matyushkino." 26).

The fact that Matyushkino was considered a village both under L. Z. Bedrinsky and under D. L. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova says a lot. The landowners had many villages in their possessions, but a village or village (the name depended on the number of households) was the place where its owner “had residence.” And therefore Larion Zakharovich could live in Matyushkino. This could only be confirmed or refuted by the documents of the church that existed there, before the construction of the St. Nicholas Church by Daria Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova in 1795, which has survived to this day. The existence of an earlier church is mentioned in passing in the statement ser. In the 19th century, “there are no buildings belonging to this church (Nikolskaya), except for one wooden chapel on the ruins of a long-burnt church, the former graveyard of Kosma and Domian.” 27).

The search for documents from the burnt church again led me to the Velikoluksky archive. It was possible to find confessional paintings of the “Kosmodemyansk Church on the Isa River” in the Veleisky district of the Opochetsky district for 1730, 1735-36, 1747-51, 1754-55. Unfortunately, there are no metric books for this church in the archives. All confessional paintings from 1730 to 1751 list “the landowner Larion Zakharov, son of the Bedrinsky village of Matyushkino, the courtyard people and the peasants of the villages of the same estate: Kostkina, Oluferova, Shishkina, Lushanov, Maksimov, Borodin.” 28). And although in the village There were courtyard people in Matyushkino, ready to receive the owner and his relatives at any moment, but L. 3. Bedrinsky and his relatives did not live in Matyushkino during these years, because neither the name nor the name of his relatives appears in the paintings, on Everyone had to go to confession. Avoiding confession was punishable.

The following fact seems strange in the documents listed above. In the confessional paintings for 1750, the owner of the village. Matyushkino and the villages listed above are listed as Larion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, and in 1751 - again Larion Zakharovich Bedrinsky. In 1754-55, these estates were recorded as belonging to the widow Praskovya Moiseevna Bedrinskaya. It follows from this that L. Z. Bedrinsky died between 1752-54. The mention of the fact that the commander’s grandfather was buried in the village. Matyushkino can only refer to him. His widow Praskovya Moiseevna Bedrinskaya lived for a long time. In 1781, the following villages were listed behind it in the Kozmodemyansky churchyard: Shishkina, Kostkina, Maksimova, Borodina, Zholobova, Luferova, Afanasova, Lushanova, Tarkhanitsy, Nichizino 29).

And behind Daria Larionovna Bedrinskaya (the commander’s aunt) are the villages: Runovo and Makoveykovo. Later, brothers Mikhail and Semyon will give their grandmother's lands to their sister Daria according to the family division.

From the above it follows that Mikhail Illarionovich could hardly have been born in the village. Matyushkino.

So far, of the known to us possessions of the commander’s closest relatives, it remains with. Fedorovskoye, which was owned by his grandfather Matvey Ivanovich from the early 40s of the 18th century. But metric books related to this village have not yet been found.

Based on the confessional paintings of the late 70-80s of the 18th century, it is possible to establish the age of the younger brother and sister of Mikhail Illarionovich, and therefore the year of their birth, Semyon Larionovich - 1752 and Daria Larionovna - 1755. And here it is not superfluous to recall the already cited fact, that it was in 1755 that Larion Matveevich took his first 28-day vacation. Is he going to see the newborn Daria or is his trip connected with a more sad event - the death of his wife? Some researchers believe that since the name of Anna Larionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova is almost never mentioned, then she died early, most likely during the birth of Daria. But is it? This has not yet been documented.

Let's return once again to the document of 1754. The minor Mikhail is presented at the first viewing by his uncle Ivan Matveevich. This suggests that Larion Matveevich was very busy and his son was still most likely raised by his grandmother and mother. And after the inspection, his uncle undertakes to take his nephew under 12 years of age into the house and, under supervision, teach him to read and write in Russian. By this time, Ivan Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, a retired lieutenant of the Ladoga Infantry Regiment, a titular adviser, was serving in the St. Petersburg tavern office 30). And until 1757, the undergrowth Mikhail could be with him. It remains unknown where the future commander was after the death of his uncle in 1757. But most likely with his father. Documents newly found by Yu. N. Gulyaev in the archives of the Artillery Museum indicate that engineer-Colonel Larion G.-Kutuzov in April 1759 asked to assign his son to the artillery corps and to give him the opportunity to graduate from science. He reports that his son Mikhail has home training “beyond Russian literacy” in foreign languages, arithmetic and geometry, history and geography, as well as artillery and fortification 31).

In the same year, Larion Matveevich was transferred to St. Petersburg, he bought land and a house on Third Artilleryskaya (Furshtadskaya St.). His son Mikhail becomes a full-time student at the United Artillery and Engineering School. Thus began more than half a century of military service of the future Field Marshal General.

Until recently, there was a very common opinion that M.I. Kutuzov was a student of A.V. Suvorov. But they were not encountered often on the battlefields, only during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791.

The future field marshal served for a long time under such commanders as G. A. Potemkin, V. M. Dolgoruky, P. A. Rumyantsev. 32).

The further military leadership of M.I. Kutuzov showed that his methods of warfare were in many ways not similar to Suvorov’s. And this is not so much the trends of modern times as the military leadership merit of the field marshal. No wonder he wrote: “The main thing is not to take a fortress, but to win the war.” And he won not only with the skill of the soldiers, but also with his great intelligence and cunning.

Going to war with Napoleon, the field marshal said: “I don’t undertake to win, I’ll try to outwit.” And outwitted. Napoleon was forced to admit that “the cunning northern fox outflanked him.”

M.I. Kutuzov’s accusations of indecisiveness are groundless. Only he could take full responsibility for leaving Moscow, having calculated the further course of the military campaign much ahead, preserving the army and the Russian soldier.

He perfectly remembered the lost Battle of Austerlitz, where his only fault was that the presence of two emperors (Russian and Austrian), who considered themselves great commanders, did not allow him to take full command.

M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the invincible French emperor, turning the “great army” into a crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers.

Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated man who knew several foreign languages, was dexterous, sophisticated, and knew how to animate society with his gift of words and entertaining stories, served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey. The activities of Kutuzov as ambassador were highly appreciated by Catherine II. In September 1793, the Empress granted Golenishchev-Kutuzov the eternal and hereditary possession of the Goroshki estate in Volyn with 2,000 male peasant souls.

Once again, the commander showed himself as a capable diplomat on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1811. Kutuzov, having won military victories over the Turks, waged a diplomatic struggle with them. He concluded the Peace of Bucharest, taking the Turkish army for “safekeeping”, not allowing the Sultan’s alliance with Napoleon. And as a “reward” he received resignation from the emperor. Alexander I could not get rid of envy of the military glory of the commander.

During his long career, Mikhail Illarionovich also had to serve as the St. Petersburg, Kyiv and Vilna military governor.

M.I. Kutuzov is the first to become a full holder of the highest military order of St. St. George the Victorious four degrees.

But being a renowned commander, Mikhail Illarionovich was forced to constantly seek funds for a decent maintenance for his rank and for the maintenance of his considerable family.

So, in October 1802, the infantry general and cavalier Golenishchev-Kutuzov addressed the civil chamber of the Pskov province with a report in which he wrote: “I have the intention, on the security of my villages in the Pskov province consisting of borrowing a certain amount from the state loan bank for household establishments.” money and for this purpose I enclose with this a certificate issued in 797 from this chamber, according to which the estate, although it was pledged, has already been paid. I will forgive the Civil Chamber; instead of this, without delay, give me another in the same way...” zz). From the certificate of 1797 attached by Mikhail Illarionovich, we learn what he owned at that time in the Pskov region “Pskov province chamber of trial and execution according to the certificate of the immovable estate of the petitioner, lieutenant general of the imperial gentry land cadet corps, chief director and cavalier Mikhail Larionov, son of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, that is in his own possession, Opochetsky district of Terebensky Bay in the village of Stupino - 7, in the villages of Podielnaya - 27, Skarokhnov - 18, Myakhkoy - 16, Bobeev - 17, Vaskov - 9, Bogdanov, Fedorkovo also - 5, Okuneve - 6, Stanitskaya Guba in the villages of Borousovo - 49, Rezanov - 13, Gribenev - 7, Kamenskaya Guba in the village of Baradina, Dyatlov also - 13, Voskresenskaya Guba in the village of Skamarokhov - 13, a total of two hundred male souls, which according to the last fifth revision were written after him by the petitioner , there is no dispute over this estate, there are no claims or prohibitions, there are no government collections, this is a certificate confirming the reliability of the collateral when borrowing money from the state loan bank against this estate, May 22, 1797.

Chairman Alexander Ushakov." 34).

You, of course, noticed the name of the chairman of the Pskov Chamber of Trial and Retribution - Alexander Ushakov. This is none other than the nephew of Mikhail Illarionovich, the son of his older sister Anna Illarionovna - Alexander Osipovich Ushakov.

By depositing 10 thousand rubles into a borrowed bank on December 30, 1801, M. I. Gelenishchev-Kutuzov bought out his possessions.

Mikhail Illarionovich did not often have to be with his family, because he spent 28 years in campaigns and battles, but he treated his wife and daughters with touching attention and care. M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov married in 177 the daughter of engineer-lieutenant general Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov - Ekaterina. They had 6 children. Unfortunately, his only son Nikolai died in infancy from smallpox.

The commander's daughters were not connected with the Pskov land. But his brother and sisters remained on Opochetsk, Velikiye Luki, Pskov, and Gdov lands. Mikhail Illarionovich did not visit his native places where he spent his childhood very often. Perhaps his longest stay was associated with the death of his father and the division of family possessions. Later, he visited relatives only while passing through. Thus, in a letter to his wife in 1804, he reports: “... I forgot to tell you that I stopped by my brother S.L. on the way and unfortunately found him. Except that it is quiet, in the same condition. He talked a lot about the pipe and asked me to save him from this misfortune and became angry when he began to tell him that there was no such pipe.” His sister Anna also reports Semyon's insanity in the document. It is unknown what caused Semyon's madness.

However, a document I found in the Velikiye Luki archive allows me to clarify that “Major Kutuzov has been under guardianship for mental impairment since last 793...” 35).

S.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov lives in his herring Fedorovsky Velikoluksky district. He owns d.d. in Velikoluksky district. Trufanov, Peshchevitsy, Nevezhina, Chernishkina, Telyateva, Ratkova, Runova Bor, in Afanasyevsky Pogost, Opochetsky district, etc. Belshina, Artyukhova, Makaveikova, Gavriltsova.

Semyon Illarionovich died in 1834 and was buried in the cemetery of the Transfiguration Church of the Vlits (Loknya) churchyard. Now only one pedestal remains of the monument, on which is carved: “Semyon Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, native lord of His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensk.” According to the descriptions of Vladimirov, who lived in Lokna from 1920 to 1937, the granite monument was in the form of a stepped tetrahedral column, with a figure of an angel and an urn on top.

Mikhail Illarionovich also showed concern for his sisters. And not only because “the father bequeathed to the brothers to pay arrears for them,” as Anna writes.

In 1812, the commander obtained a lifelong pension of 2 thousand rubles a year for his younger sister Daria. Daria Illarionovna lived with him in the village until her father’s death. Stupino. From the case on the legalization of the right of inheritance of D. L. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova p. Matyushkina of the Opochetsky district with villages and wastelands is being revealed to the most curious details. Daria writes: “...as from that estate the said parent of ours during his lifetime allocated nothing for the next part to me and had no possession of anything, then these brothers of mine, after the death of their parents, having spoken amicably among themselves last November 1784, 10 days on that next part was separated for me..." 36). Most of the possessions given to Daria were registered with Semyon, including s. Matyushkino. The villages of Varygino, Maksimovo, Tarkhova, the Maklakov wasteland in 1782-83 were jointly owned by the brothers 37).

According to the revision of 1794-95, D.I. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova is listed, except for the village. Matyushkino, the following villages: Shishkino, Kostkino, Maksimovo, Alferovo, Lushanovo, Varygino, Krenevo, which is now Tarkhanovo, Pobesovo, Afanasovo also, Baradina, Nichenka, Nikiforova Makeevo, also the newly settled villages of Kapytovo and Zholobova. In total there are 300 souls of peasants 38).

According to the same audit, M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is listed as: s. Stupino, the villages of Podelna, Skarokhnovo, Myakhkova, Babeevo, Baskova, Bogdanova, Okuneva, Barausova, Ryazanovo, Skamorokhovo, Dyatlovo, the newly settled village of Grebeneva. There are 438 peasants 39).

The girl Daria Illarionovna, the daughter of Lieutenant General and Cavalier Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (as she is called in all documents) appeals to the Synod for permission to build in the village. Matyushkino Church. At the end of the inventory of St. Nicholas Church. Matyushkino for 1802 reports that “all of these things were arranged by Madam General’s daughter Daria Larionovna Kutuzova on November 4, 1795.” 40).

Daria Illarionovna not only built the church with her own money, but also the entire interior and church utensils were arranged by her.

In 1797, she filed a complaint against the church sexton Matvey Pukhov, who, according to her, drinks and does not show up for services. The consistory took under the protection of M. Pukhov and asked to announce “to Madam Maiden Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, through the second present honorable eminence, a resolution, in her very village of Matyushkino, where she lives, for she never leaves it anywhere.” 41).

The fact that Daria Illarionovna is called everywhere a maiden and a general’s daughter suggests that she was not married, but the fact that she “never goes anywhere” suggests that she had some kind of physical disability.

Following it since 1794 in the village. Matyushkino is a small distillery. According to data from 1807-1808, it produced 90 buckets of wine per year, i.e. it was actually a distillery. In 1813, this factory was listed as Praskovya Osipovna Snavidova, the niece of Daria Illarionovna.

In 1818, Daria Larionovna was listed as a successor at the baptism of the son of her nephew Larion Osipovich Ushakov - Peter. 42).

After 1823 her name does not appear in documents. Of course, the landowner had to be buried in Matyushkino.

Of the four children of Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, two were childless and only descendants from the side of his daughter Anna Illarionovna Ushakova continued to live in their Pskov estates until 1917.

Let's get to know the family of Anna Illarionovna Ushakova, nee Golenishcheva-Kutuzova.

In 1767, on March 1, “the engineer-major general and cavalier Larion Matveev, son of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, announced by petition that he had given his daughter Anna in marriage to the retired Life Guards captain-lieutenant Osip Petrov, son of Ushakov.” 43).

From the formal list of the court councilor O.P. Ushakov for 1783, it turns out that he is 42 years old, i.e., he was born in 1741 and behind him in Gdovsky and Opochetsky districts are 520 souls of peasants inherited from his grandfather rent master Ivan Stepanovich Ushakov and his wife Irina Nikitishna, nee Vorontsova. Osip Petrovich entered the service in 1750 as a cadet in the land gentry corps, in 1758 he was a sergeant, and in 1762 he was transferred to the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment as a second lieutenant and in August of the same year as a lieutenant. In October 1763, he retired with the rank of captain-lieutenant. 44).

Osip Petrovich and his wife Anna Illarionovna had 8 children: Sergei - 1771 (killed near Ochakov), Mikhail - 1772 (actual state councilor), Peter - 1774 (college councilor), Alexander - 1778 ( midshipman), Larion - 1779 (captain), Nikolai - 1782 (colonel, killed in 1812) and daughters Praskovya (1768-69?) and Anna (1775).

In 1778-81 O.P. Ushakov served in the Pskov conscientious court. As it turns out from the division of possessions in the city of Pskov, he owned “in the parish of Peter and Paul on Bolshaya Street a stone house with a wooden outbuilding and services and a garden and all the land under it.” .

In addition, he owns villages in Gdovsky, Voldaysky, Pskov, Ostrovsky districts, as well as in Opochetsky district: village. Strelitsy, s. Kadnikovo, villages: Korovkina, Poryadnino, Shirygina, Plyashova Gora, Bysveno, Anufrievo, Morozova, Tikhnova, Sapulkovo, Akumenova, Pobegova, Babkina, Kakhnovo, Bychkova, Kozhushkova, Izotkovo, Medvedkovo, Makrushina, Kladova, Mishin Meadow, Krasnaya. 46).

Anna Illarionovna, as mentioned earlier, upon her marriage was given estates in the Gdov district. But they had to go to Neklyudova for the debts. And then A.I. Ushakova turns to her brother Mikhail Illarionovich for help. When reconciling this case, I.M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov paid 9 thousand rubles so that the estate would remain with his sister and so that in the future it would not go away for debts, he asks to pay the same amount from the estate of their brother Major Semyon, who is under guardianship.

A.I. Ushakova died on November 29, 1813, not much outliving her brother. The monument at her grave was erected by her son-in-law, military adviser Ivan Tarasovich Snavidov, the husband of Praskovya Osipovna.

The Snavidovs settled on Pskov land long ago. Pyotr Timofeevich Snavidov received in 1637 from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich p. Ilyino. His son, Opochets landowner, Bogdan Petrovich Snavidov, served as governor in Krasnoe in 1686. Ivan Tarasovich Snavidov, the great-grandson of the governor, was born in 1770, served as a sergeant in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, and then as a major in the Arkhangelsk Regiment. After retiring, he continued to serve as an assessor in the Pskov Noble Court, as a judge in the Opochetsky District Court, and from 1808 to 1810 he was the leader of the Opochetsky District Nobility. In Opochetsky district he owned: s. Pokrovskoe, village Klimeshino, villages: Zanogi, Varygino, Denisovo, Terebitsyno, Manukhnovo, Trefankovo, Yastrebovo, Vashkova, Kalenidova, Babkina, Krasikhino, Bereznitsa, Parshino, Viry, Gory, Diremova, Lyshnikova, Gubanova, Lutugena. And to his wife, Praskovya Osipovna, born in Ushakova village: Utkina, Naportkova, B. and M. Kuzmina, Becherova, Kastenikova, Mizheshevo, Maksimtseva, Savina, Rantsova, Agafonova, Bykova, Sharshakova. 47).

I. T. Snavidov and his wife had children: Yakov, Nikolai, Ekaterina. Ekaterina Ivanovna Snavidova, born in 1811, married the Velikiye Luki and Opochets landowner Pyotr Aleksandrovich Kastyurin. Lands in Velikoluksky district were granted to Pyotr Alexandrovich's great-great-grandfather, Kondraty Kondratyevich Kastyurin, in 1686. P. A. Kastyurin was born in 1791. He entered service as a cadet on January 20, 1811 in the 47th Jaeger Regiment. In March 1812 he was transferred to the Moscow Life Guards Regiment. For his distinction in the battle of Borodino he was promoted to second lieutenant. During the war with Napoleon, he took part in the battles of Borodino, Smolensk, and in the vanguard of Tarutino, M. Yaroslavets, and Krasny. In a foreign campaign in the battles of Lucin, Bautzen, in the vanguard of Dresden, Kulm, Leipzig, near Paris. I traveled back from Paris via Berlin and Lübeck on Russian ships to Kronstadt. In 1819 he was transferred to the 1st Carabinieri Regiment as a major. On January 3, 1820, he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. 48).

P. A. Kastyurin and his wife had many children: Joseph (Osip), Pavel, Ivan, Vladimir, Vasily, Yakov, Maria, Lyubov, Peter and Daria. Moreover, some of the children were baptized in the Transfiguration Church of the Vlitsky Pogost and P. A. Kastyurin is listed as a Velikiye Luki landowner. Petrovsky. Pavel, Peter and Daria were baptized in the village. Matyushkino and their father are written as an Opochets landowner.

Apparently by the 40s of the 19th century. P. O. Snavidova transfers the lands, partly sold and partly inherited by her after the death of her aunt D. I. Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, to her daughter and son-in-law. E.I. Kastyurina died in 1856, not much outliving her mother, who died two years earlier. E.I. Kastyurina was buried in the village. Matyushkino. True, the tombstone on her grave is inaccurate. Ekaterina Ivanovna is the granddaughter of A.I. Ushakova, nee Golenishcheva-Kutuzova, and the great-niece of the field marshal.

The descendants of the Kastyurins continue to own the village. Matyushkino and beyond. In 1871, Yakov Petrovich Kastyurin, at his own expense, repaired and updated the iconostasis of the St. Nicholas Church.

In addition to Praskovya Osipovna, lands in Opochetsky district, according to family division, after the death of O.P. Ushakov, went to his sons - Alexander and Larion.

Alexander owned the village. Kadnikovo, villages: Tikhanovo, Molokovo, Glazovo, Tatarkino, Dianisova, to his brother Larion - village. Strelitsy, villages: Andronovo, Ilmova Gora, Korovkino, Poryadino, Melnitsy. 49).

The following detail from the family division of property is interesting. “... since the above-mentioned village of Strelitsy with the villages adjacent to it is in the same district with the village of Kadnikovo, which was inherited by brother Alexander, then one village of Strelitsy will forever have its location on only one side of the river. Great, without henceforth extending the ownership to another, except Lake Kalescha, which is located near the village of Kadnikov, in which Larion and his descendants can have fishing...” 50).

Larion Osipovich Ushakov entered service on May 1, 1796 in the Guard as a lieutenant ensign, then as an ensign. On May 1, 1799 he was transferred as a lieutenant to the Fanogori Grenadier Regiment. In 1802 he became a staff captain. Resigned on January 9, 1805 with the rank of captain. In 1817-1819 he was the leader of the Opochetsky district nobility. He was married to the Velikiye Luki landowner Alexandra Petrovna Arbuzova, they had children: Peter, Alexander, Nikolai, Anna, Daria. 51).

The following facts related to the Ushakovs are interesting. Among the landowners who testified to the noble origin of L. O. Ushakov were Orest Kastyurin, brother of Pyotr Alexandrovich, and Pyotr Mussorgsky, the composer’s father. And the recipient at the baptism of Larion Osipovich’s grandson, Sergei Nikolaevich Ushakov, in 1856 was Emperor Alexander Nikolaevich.

The descendants of the Ushakovs still live in St. Petersburg. Just like in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Canada and other places, the descendants of the daughters of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov live. Among them are the Tolstoys, the Tuchkov-Opochinins, the Croats (descendants of E.M. Kudasheva). 52). Many of them are indispensable participants in anniversary celebrations, conferences, and events dedicated to their illustrious ancestor. They will gather in the summer of 1997, when they will celebrate the anniversary of M.I. Kutuzov and the Patriotic War of 1812. And, as always, they will be in the spotlight, because the poet, a contemporary of the field marshal, said:

“The Kutuzovs will be honored by posterity,

And to them with a grateful soul

Always give, then superiority

What a hero has won for them!”

Relatives of M.I. Kutuzov in Opochetsky district

three times great-grandfather- Semyon Beshentsov, Opochetsky governor in 1662-1663.

twice great-grandfathers- G.-Kutuzov Ivan Savinovich, Bedrinsky Ivan Yakovlevich, wife Avdotya; Beshentsov Mikhail Semenovich

great-grandfather- Beshentsov Moisey Mikhailovich

great-great-great-grandfather- Bedrinsky Semyon Filippovich

grandfather- Bedrinsky Larion Zakharovich, wife Praskovya Moiseevna

aunt- Daria Larionovna Bedrinskaya

parents- Illarion Matveevich G.-Kutuzov and Anna Larionovna

Brother- Semyon

sisters- Anna and Daria

brother-in-law- Ushakov Osip Petrovich

nephews- Alexander, Larion, Praskovya Ushakov

great-niece- Ekaterina Snavndova, wife of Kastyurin P. .A.

Notes for Part 2

1. . First-class Pskov-Pechersky Monastery, V. Luke, ed. 1995, p. 160
2. . “Domestic Archives” No. 4, 1995 p. 88-90
3. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. 4, d. 40, l. 1992
4. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. 4, no. 213
5. . Yu. N. Gulyaev, V. T. Soglaev. Field Marshal Kutuzov, historical and biographical sketch. M, 1995, p. 470-471
6. . There, p. 16
7. . There, p. 460
8. . F. Sinelnikov. The private life and character of His Grace General Field Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, VI, St. Petersburg, 1814, p. 6
9. . Yu. N. Gulyaev... p. 472
10. . There, p. 473
11. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. 1, d. 2583, l. 1-1 rev.
12. . Ibid., l. 2-6
13. . List of the nobility of the Pskov governorship that was at its first meeting in Pskov during the deliberation of leaders, judges and assessors in the districts in December 1777, St. Petersburg, 1777.
14. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. I, d. 665, l. 18
15. . Historical notes about the life and military exploits of Prince Mikhail Larionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky, St. Petersburg, 1813.
16. . Collection of reports of the military-historical section, No. I, Leningrad, 1957, p. 82-88
17. . GAPO (V), f. 55, op. I, d. 163, l. 11 - 12 rev.
18. . RGIA, f. 1343, op. 51, no. 694
19. . and. "Bombardier", 1995, No. 3, p. 29
20. . GAPO, f. 366, op. I, d. 1066, l. 133 rev.
21. . M. I. Kutuzov. Collection of documents, vol. I, 1950, p. 2
22. . Original in RGADA, f. 286, op. I, d. 414, l. 610-610 rpm
23. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. I, d. 1662
24. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. I, house 1660
25. . News of the Russian Geneological Society, vol. U, St. Petersburg, 1996 p. 51
26. . GAPO (V), f. 148, op. I, d. 176, l. 6
27. . PGOIAKHMZ, f. 536, d. 95|2387, p.2 (found by 3. L. Kolesnikova)
28. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. I, dd. 1323-1326, 1335-1337, 1340-5=41, 1345
29. . GAPO (V), f. 39, op. I, no. 2594
30. . and. “Domestic Archives” No. 4, 1995, p. 88-90
31. . Yu. N. Gulyaev.., M., 1995, p. 21
32. . Ibid.
33. . GAPO (V), f. 55, op. I, d. 36, l. 1 - 1 vol.
34. . Ibid., l. 2
35. . GAPO (V), f. 148, op. I, d. 250, l. eleven
36. . Ibid., l. 1-2
37. . Ibid., l. 6-8
38. . GAPO, f. 74, op. I, d. 504, l. 434
39. . Ibid., l. 508-536
40. . GAPO (V), f. 369, op. I, no. 356
41. . GAPO (V), f. 369, op.1, d. 122, l. 1 -1 rev.
42. . GAPO, f. 110, op. I, d. 1024, l. 37
43. . GAPO (V), f. 55, op. I, d. 163, l. eleven
44. . GAPO, f. 20, op. I, no. 1023
45. . Ibid., l. 10, rev.-12 rev.
46. . Ibid.
47. . GAPO (V), f. 369, op. 2, no. 615
48. . GAPO, f. 110, op. I, d. 392, l. 15 rev.-16
49. . GAPO, f. 20, op. I, d. 1023, l. 10 rev.-12 rev.
50. . Ibid.
51. . Ibid.
52. . G. Rovensky. Painting of the descendants of M. I. Kutuzov, Fryazino,

After the first victory over the Swedes near Ryapina, Opochan received the dragoon regiment of Colonel E. Gulitz, and from December 29, 1701, the regiment “in the Svei land” near Erestfer, for which all dragoons and officers were awarded by Peter I. The first soldier of the army created by Peter I, S. L. Bukhvostov, received the village of Opochetsky. Aleksandrovskoe and village Head.

M.I. Kutuzov’s favorite son-in-law was the husband of his daughter Elizaveta, Count Ferdinand (Fedor) Tiesenhausen. Their distant ancestors knew each other. At the end of the Livonian War in 1582, the siege head of Rezhitsa (Rezekne) Mikhail Ivanovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov led the garrison to the Pskov land (possibly through Opochka), having previously surrendered the fortress to the Rezhitsa elder Tizenhausen. Fyodor Tizenhausen died in the Battle of Austerlitz and, together with Alexander Tuchkov, became the prototype of Andrei Bolkonsky from L. N. Tolstoy’s “War and Peace.”

Note. The will that was not found was drawn up according to the principle of primogeniture of inheritance of real estate (which has not taken root in Russia), as was done by I.M.G.-Kutuzov’s colleague in the Engineering Corps A.P. Hannibal: “so as not to give the said immovable estates to the feminine gender.”