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Philosophy as a branch of culture is presented in an accessible form in the textbook, its main problems are characterized in their development, from Antiquity to the 20th century. inclusive: the nature of man and the meaning of his existence, man and God, science and its role, etc. The course is divided into two sections: the first is devoted to the historical development of philosophy, and the second - to its specifics, methods, internal structure. For students of secondary vocational schools. May be of interest to anyone interested in philosophy.
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
Basic concepts
Philosophy literally translated from Greek means "love of wisdom" ("philia" - love, "sophia" - wisdom). This word was introduced by the outstanding ancient Greek scientist Pythagoras (580 - 500 BC), but it was widely used in the 5th century. BC e. At that time in Greece - a rich, prosperous region with a highly developed culture - there were people who were called sophists, i.e. sages. They not only reasoned, but also taught wisdom, and there were plenty of those who wanted to. However, learning wisdom is very different from learning a craft, where you can check whether a person has learned something or not. If he is able to build a house, then he has mastered the art of building. It is easy for the teacher himself to show that he owns the craft he teaches. There is neither when it comes to teaching wisdom. How to prove that the teacher is wise and really taught something? And they took a lot of money for education. As usual in such cases, there were deceivers who wanted to capitalize on people's naivety. As a result, itinerant sophists became the butt of jokes. Truly wise people shunned them and refused to teach for money. They modestly called themselves philosophers. We only love wisdom, they said, and whether we have achieved it or not, we do not know. One of the first philosophers - Socrates, ironically over the wise sophists who declared themselves, often repeated: "I know that I know nothing." Later, Diogenes Laertes spoke of the seven wise men who lived in the past. Philosophy thus begins with doubting one's own wisdom and a loving longing for it.
What kind of love and what kind of wisdom are meant when one speaks of philosophy? Love is one of the most important concepts in life. The Greek language has several words for what is called in Russian in one word, which includes both sexual love and love for friends, children, and the Motherland. Speaking of philosophy as the love of wisdom, it should be borne in mind that philia means, first of all, "friendly attraction." Love in this sense, as shown in Plato's dialogue "Feast", is a spiritual desire for the highest and perfect, overcoming the individual limitations of physical existence and representing a rejection of oneself as a separate egoistic person.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 4
Chapter 1. What is philosophy 6
Basic concepts 6
The rise of philosophy from mythology 7
Death of Socrates 10
Rationality of Philosophy 12
Philosophy subject 15
Definition of Philosophy 16
Chapter 2. Background of Philosophy in Ancient India 17
Reincarnation 17
Karma 18
United 19
Maya 20
Ahimsa 20
Dharma 20
Vedas 21
Upanishad 22
Chapter 3. Background of Philosophy in Ancient China 24
Philosophical conception of nature 25
Ritual 25
Three thinkers 26
Laozi 27
Taoism 28
Confucius 29
Golden mean 30
Mo Tzu 32
Chapter 4. The Formation of Philosophy in Ancient Greece 33
Myth and Axial Time 33
Miletus School 36
Pythagoras 37
Democritus 38
Elean School 38
Heraclitus 40
Socrates 41
Maiovtika 43
Justice 44
Disciples of Socrates 44
Chapter 5. Time of Plato 45
Dialectic of Plato 47
World of Ideas 47
Soul 49
Cyrenaica and Cynics 50
Diogenes 51
Aristippus 53
Chapter 6. Time of Aristotle 56
Matter and Form 58
Metaphysics 60
Logic 61
Ethics 62
Virtue 63
Epicurus 64
Stoicism 69
Pleasure and suffering 70
Skeptics 71
Decline 72
G Chapter 7. Philosophy of Ancient Rome 74
Lucretius 75
Stoics 76
Seneca 77
Epictetus 79
Marcus Aurelius 80
Sextus Empiricus 81
Chapter 8 Medieval Philosophy 84
Features of medieval philosophy 84
Augustine 85
Muslim Philosophy 87
Thomas Aquinas 89
Realists and nominalists 90
Skepticism 91
The Significance of Medieval Philosophy 91
Chapter 9. Philosophy of Modern Times 93
Subject and object 93
Theory of knowledge 93
R. Descartes 94
B. Spinoza 96
G. Leibniz 97
Continental rationalism and English empiricism 97
F. Bacon 98
D. Locke 99
D. Hume 99
I. Kant 100
Correlation between rational and sensory cognition 101
Chapter 10. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy 104
Fichte 104
F. Schelling 105
G.W.F. Hegel 107
The laws of dialectics 109
Materialism 113
Positivism 114
Evolutionism 115
Will to power 116
Philosophy of the Unconscious 116
Chapter 11. Philosophy of the 20th century 118
Existentialism 118
Fear 119
Absurdity 120
Freedom 120
Humanism 124
Psychoanalysis 125
Archetype 125
Behaviors 126
Neopositivism 127
Pragmatism 129
Skepticism 130
Chapter 12. Russian Philosophy 132
Features of Russian philosophy 132
"Word of Law and Grace 133
The evolution of the Russian idea 135
I.V. Kireevsky 137
V.S. Solovyov 138
ON THE. Berdyaev 140
Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy 141
The Significance of Russian Philosophy 141
Chapter 13. The main stages and patterns of development of philosophy 143
Antiquity 144
Christianity 145
New time 145
XX century 148
Progress of Philosophy 149
Chapter 14. Methods and internal structure of philosophy 156
Dialectical method 157
Pragmatic Method 158
Method and principle 159
Special philosophical disciplines 160
Chapter 15. Philosophy and Science 162
Modern science 163
Interaction of philosophy and science 164
Chapter 16. The difference between philosophy and art, religion, ideology 169
Philosophy and Art 169
Philosophy and Religion 172
Philosophy and ideology 175
Philosophy as a synthesis of science, art and religion 176
Chapter 17. Philosophy and global problems of our time 178
The problem of preventing thermonuclear war 178
Environmental problem 179
Ecological Philosophy: Fiction or Reality 182
Chapter 18
Philosophy and Truth 186
Philosophy and philosophies 188
Philosophy and life 190
Philosophy as a doctrine of a holistic personality 191
The Future of Philosophy 192
Conclusion 194
Literature 196
Brief glossary of terms 197
Appendix 199
Contents 254.
Anatoly Alekseevich Gorelov (September 23, 1946, Zaraysk, Moscow Region) is a specialist in philosophical problems of ecology and social philosophy, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences.
Graduated from the Faculty of Geology of Moscow State University (1971) and post-graduate student of the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). Since 1973 he has been working at this institute (now the Institute of Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences), at present he is a leading researcher. PhD thesis - "Philosophical questions of biosphere modeling" (1974); Doctoral thesis - "Man and Nature: Ways of Harmonization" (1988).
Gorelov develops the problems of harmonizing the relationship between man and nature, as well as the problems of the "Russian idea" and the future of Russia. In the works of Gorelov, the trend of rationalization is considered as a universal development trend.
Gorelov distinguishes two stages in the development of the "Russian idea" - Orthodoxy, Russian communism, and the third stage that is now on the way. Its course and the fate of Russia in the XXI century. as a whole depends on the compliance of the direction of its development with global trends: informatization, globalization, ecologization, etc.
Gorelov analyzes the importance of sacrifice in the formation of new branches of culture (from art through mythology, philosophy, religion, science, ideology to ecology) and their occupying leading positions, as well as the mechanism of substitution, which leads to the decline of the once advanced industries and causes the need for new victims. In terms of social and political philosophy. Gorelov develops the theory of a just society. In recent years, he has written textbooks for universities in cultural studies, sociology and political science.
Books (15)
Individuality and evolution
The role of the formation of individuality in the evolution of nature and society is analyzed in the light of the modern natural-science picture of the world, which has abandoned the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternal unchanging laws governing the development of the world.
The idea is substantiated that individual objects and subjects (from a quark to a person), having original properties and interacting with each other, going beyond their own individuality (transcending themselves), form the laws of self-organization of nature and society.
Truth and Meaning
The relationship between the concepts of "truth" and "meaning" is considered. The work consists of two parts.
The first part analyzes various concepts of truth that were formed in antiquity and modern times, as well as types of truth in various branches of culture.
The second part defines the meaning of life as the transformation of the bodily into the spiritual and shows how this definition is connected with the definition of truth as a process and result of cognition.
History of world culture. Tutorial
The manual is written in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard and covers all the necessary program topics.
The book is aimed at creating in students a holistic understanding of culture (material and spiritual), its essence, place and role in human society, the laws of its development. Particular attention is paid to the importance for the culture of art, philosophy and religion. The reasons for the formation of many cultures are analyzed. Each chapter is accompanied by review questions and a bibliography.
A glossary of terms and a list of personalities are given. For students, graduate students and university professors.
History of World Religions
"History of world religions" is a compulsory subject for some specialties of higher educational institutions. The textbook examines the history of the origin of religion, the mystical and mythological prerequisites for the emergence of religion as a branch of culture, the main world religions are Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Particular attention is paid to the moral aspects of religious beliefs. The book is equipped with questions for repetition and a list of additional literature on each topic, as well as a list of topics for tests and essays, questions for tests and exams, and a glossary of terms and personalities.
For students, teachers and anyone interested in religious issues.
History of Russian culture
The history of Russian culture is a compulsory subject for study in pedagogical universities of the Russian Federation.
The proposed textbook is written in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard and covers all the necessary program topics. The book is aimed at creating in students a holistic view of Russian culture, its essence, place, role in society, patterns of development. Particular attention is paid to the importance of art, philosophy and religion. For the convenience of studying the subject, each chapter is accompanied by a list of necessary literature.
Complies with the current requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education.
Concepts of modern natural science (for bachelors)
The purpose of this textbook is to help the student get acquainted with an integral component of a single culture - natural science and form a holistic view of the world around. The specifics of natural science knowledge, its place and role in the development of culture are considered. It tells about the main ideas of modern science and the main theories of the twentieth century.
In addition to the theoretical course, at the end of each chapter there are questions for repetition, designed to facilitate the assimilation of natural science material that is not easy for students of the humanities.
Corresponds to the FGOS VPO of the third generation.
For students of higher educational institutions of the humanities profile, graduate students, teachers and all those interested in the concepts of modern natural science.
Fundamentals of Philosophy
Philosophy as a branch of culture is presented in an accessible form in the textbook, its main problems are characterized in their development, from Antiquity to the 20th century. inclusive: the nature of man and the meaning of his existence, man and God, science and its role, etc.
The course is divided into two sections: the first is devoted to the historical development of philosophy, and the second is devoted to its specifics, methods, and internal structure. For students of secondary vocational schools. May be of interest to anyone interested in philosophy.
Political science in questions and answers
In the proposed textbook, in a concise form, the full course of the subject "Political Science" is presented. The book is aimed at creating in students a holistic view of politics, its essence, place and role in human society, the patterns of its development, as well as developing the ability to navigate complex political problems and form their own worldview.
The compact presentation and accessible presentation of the material make this book indispensable for university students, allow them to save time and prepare for seminars and tests for this course as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Political science. Lecture notes
The necessary program minimum in the discipline "Political Science" is considered.
The manual is aimed at creating in students a holistic view of politics, its essence, place and role in society, the patterns of its development, as well as developing the ability to navigate political realities and form their own worldview. Allows you to quickly and efficiently prepare for seminars, tests and exams in this subject.
For undergraduate students of higher educational institutions and all those interested in the problems of political science.
social ecology
Social ecology is a new compulsory subject of study for some specialties.
The proposed study guide is written in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard and covers all the necessary program topics. The most common and important problems of social ecology as a new scientific direction are considered, namely: the history of the relationship between man and nature; modern ecological situation; scientific-technical, class-social and religious aspects of nature management; formation of ecological ethics, ecological humanism, ecological ideology; the problem of social and natural progress and the prospects for the formation of an ecological society. Particular attention is drawn to the solution of environmental issues in Russia.
For the convenience of studying the subject, each topic is offered a workshop for seminars; given questions for exams and tests, a list of recommended literature for the entire course and a brief glossary of terms.
For university students and all those interested in the problems of interaction between nature and society.
Philosophy. Lecture notes
The course of the subject "Philosophy" is presented in a compressed, concentrated form. The basic concepts and definitions are presented, the structure of philosophy, its place and significance in culture are shown, and the history of philosophical teachings from Antiquity to the present day is highlighted. Allows you to quickly and efficiently prepare for seminars, tests and exams for this course.
Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education of the third generation.
The manual consists of three parts: "History of Ethics", "Typology of Ethics" and "Ethics of the Future".
In part I, the history of ethics is presented as a natural evolution over three stages: ancient, medieval and modern.
In part II, for the first time, an original typology of ethics is given from the birth of morality in the natural world through the primitive ethics of retribution to the ethics of justice and mercy.
Part III outlines the main trends in ethics of the present and future. Ecological, global and space ethics are considered as alternatives to the ethics of the future. Such a construction of the material is not found in existing ethics textbooks. The material of the manual is closely connected with the training courses of philosophy and cultural studies. The main practical goal is to help a young person solve his own moral problems that confront him in modern life.
For students, graduate students and teachers of higher educational institutions and all those interested in the problems of ethics.
15 -e ed. - M.: 2014. - 320s. 9th ed. - M.: 2010. - 256s.
The textbook was created in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of Secondary Vocational Education in all specialties, OGSE.01 "Fundamentals of Philosophy". The textbook presents philosophy as a branch of culture in an accessible form, describes its main problems in their development from antiquity to the 20th century inclusive: what is truth, what is the meaning of life, what is the relationship between freedom and responsibility of a person, etc. The course is divided into two sections : the first is devoted to the historical development of philosophy, and the second - to its specifics, methods, internal structure. For students of institutions of secondary vocational education. May be of interest to anyone interested in philosophy.
Format: pdf (2014 , 15th ed., 320s.)
The size: 23.8 MB
Download: drive.google
Format: doc (2014 , 15th ed., 320s.)
The size: 1.9 MB
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Format: doc (2010 , 9th ed., 256s.)
The size: 1.7 MB
Download: yandex.disk
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 3
Introduction. What is philosophy? 5
Basic concepts 5
The rise of philosophy from mythology 6
Death of Socrates 9
Rationality of Philosophy 12
Philosophy subject 15
Definition of Philosophy 16
Part I. History of Philosophy
Chapter 1. Background of Philosophy in Ancient India 19
Reincarnation and Karma 20
One and Maya 21
Good and Evil 22
Vedas and Upanishads 24
Chapter 2. Background of Philosophy in Ancient China 27
Philosophical conception of nature 28
Ritual Meaning 29
Laozi 30
Confucius 32
Mo Tzu 35
Chapter 3. The Formation of Philosophy in Ancient Greece 37
Myth and Axial Time 37
Socrates 40
Maiovtika 41
Plato 43
World of Ideas 45
Soul 47
Aristotle 48
Matter and form 50
Metaphysics 52
Laws of Logic 54
Skeptics 55
Decline 56
Chapter 4. Philosophy of Ancient Rome 58
Lucretius 58
Stoics 60
Seneca 61
Epictetus 63
Marcus Aurelius 64
Sextus Empiricus 66
Chapter 5 Medieval Philosophy 69
Features of medieval philosophy 69
Augustine 71
Muslim Philosophy 73
Thomas Aquinas 74
Realists and nominalists 76
Skepticism 77
The Significance of Medieval Philosophy 77
Chapter 6. Philosophy of Modern Times 79
Renaissance 79
Subject and object 80
Theory of knowledge 80
R. Descartes 81
B. Spinoza 83
G. Leibniz 84
F. Bacon 85
J. Locke 86
D. Hume 87
I.Kant 88
Chapter 7. Nineteenth-Century Philosophy 93
I. Fichte 93
F. Schelling 94
G Hegel 95
The laws of dialectics 98
Materialism 101
Positivism 103
Evolutionism 103
Will to power 104
Philosophy of the Unconscious 105
Chapter 8. Philosophy of the 20th century 108
Existentialism 108
Psychoanalysis 114
Neopositivism 116
Pragmatism 118
Skepticism of twentieth-century philosophy 119
Chapter 9. Russian Philosophy 122
Features of Russian philosophy 122
"A Word on Law and Grace" 123
The evolution of the Russian idea 126
I.V. Kireevsky 127
V.S.Soloviev 129
N. A. Berdyaev 130
Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy 131
The Significance of Russian Philosophy 132
Part II. The main sections of philosophy
Chapter 10. Stages and patterns of development of philosophy 135
Antiquity 136
Middle Ages 137
New time 137
XX century 140
Progress of Philosophy 142
Chapter 11. Methods and internal structure of philosophy 150
Formal-logical (metaphysical) and dialectical methods 150
Pragmatic Method 152
Structuralism 153
System approach and functional analysis 154
Method and principle 155
Special philosophical disciplines 156
Chapter 12. Origin and structure of the world 159
What does ontology study? 159
Dispute of philosophers 159
Chapter 13
What does philosophical anthropology study? 171
The similarity of man with other living beings and the difference from them 171
Human needs 173
Philosophical ideas about the perfect man 175
The meaning of human existence 177
Chapter 14
What does epistemology study? 185
Ancient Concepts of Truth 185
Concepts of the truth of modern times 189
Relationship between Absolute and Relative Truth 191
Correlation of truths in various branches of culture 193
Chapter 15. Ethics and the Problem of Freedom 196
Cyrenaica and Cynics 197
Diogenes 198
Aristippus 200
Ethics of Aristotle 202
Ethical problems of the development of science and high technologies 205
Freedom and responsibility 206
Chapter 16 Social Philosophy 211
What does social philosophy study? 211
The Ideal State as a Family: Confucius 211
Ideal state as soul: Plato 213
Types of society 215
Omnidirectional dynamics 216
Cyclical development of civilizations 217
Directed development 219
Social Progress 220
Chapter 17. Philosophy and global problems of our time 224
The problem of preventing thermonuclear war 224
Environmental problem 225
Global environmental crisis 228
Environmental Philosophy 231
Chapter 18. The difference between philosophy and science, art, religion, ideology and its place in spiritual culture 236
Philosophy and Science 236
Philosophy and Art 243
Philosophy and Religion 245
Philosophy and ideology 248
Philosophy as a synthesis of science, art and religion 249
Conclusion 252
List of required reading throughout the course 254
Brief glossary of terms 255
Appendix 257