The estimate is an estimated list of works to be performed in the process of construction. Among the most time-consuming tasks in calculating the cost of construction (overhaul, reconstruction) is the definition of the scope of work and their volume. For this, the scope of work is calculated, it is they who are considered the basis and the first stage. budgeting.
In the bill of quantities used when budgeting in construction or repair, indicated short description jobs and the formula by which their number is calculated. In compiling this statement, drawings, specifications and other design materials are used, which are fully completed, checked and completed. The nomenclature of works, as well as their characteristics and accepted units of measurement must correspond to those used estimated norms.
Due to the fact that in our country there are no all-Russian enlarged estimates and rates, preparation of budget documentation for housing, civil and industrial facilities under construction is carried out using FER-2001 And TER-2001. This means that the calculation of the volume of work is carried out in accordance with the current rules for calculating the volume of work adopted in GESN-2001, based on which are compiled unit price collectionsFER And TER.
Best Compilation Results bills of quantities for estimates are achieved in cases where the calculation is carried out according to a rational method. The current instructions and established practice assume that the statement is not multiplied. The design firm stores it and lends it to the requesting organizations, which carry out the coordination and verification of construction estimates.
Bill of quantities for estimates should be performed in such a way that its text and formulas are easy to read, and the necessary dimensions and other justifying data are quickly found. In this regard, the following requirements are imposed on the preparation of the statement:
- clear filling without blots;
- writing text and formulas in specially designated places for them in a certain sequence;
- substantiation of calculations by affixing references to drawing numbers, their individual parts and other design materials.
If you want to order a construction quote, then you need to understand that the calculation of the volume of work is the most time-consuming and responsible part of the work of the estimator. At this stage, the quality is largely determined development all budget documentation.
It is necessary to prepare for the drafting procedure. The specialist here needs to familiarize himself with the project documentation in the entire scope of future calculations.
The volumes of work are calculated with the compilation of tables, which can have different rational forms. In their unified version, the following columns are provided:
- title of works and drawings;
- calculation formulas;
- unit of measurement;
- quantity.
Calculations must be carried out in a certain sequence, dividing the work and structures for the underground part of the building (zero cycle) and its above-ground part. If there are a large number of payment stages, then the sequence is determined by which elements of the building, work or structure are included in one or another stage of payments.
If calculations are made when compiling home construction budget residential purpose, which has built-in non-residential premises, then they must be performed separately for the residential and non-residential parts of the building.
IN bill of quantities of work according to the estimate calculations by type of work and structural elements must be maintained and placed in such a sequence that in tables prepared later it is allowed to use the results obtained from previous tables. This can be achieved through the correct construction of the tables themselves, which provide passing information for further calculations. For example, if you first calculate the amount of work to fill openings, then in the future you will receive information for deducting these openings from the area that walls, partitions and finished surfaces have.
In the process of calculating the volume of work for cost estimate for building a house you need to use various ready-made design indicators that were calculated by architects:
- living space;
- working area;
- total area;
- construction volume;
- number of apartments;
- number of rooms and so on.
When using such data in estimates A variety of estimated volumes are easily determined:
- floor area;
- area of finished ceilings;
- number of doors and their type, and so on.
For those who wonder how to calculate construction cost with the greatest accuracy and the lowest labor costs, it is useful to make auxiliary blanks in advance. In modern design, the principle of typing and unification of developed design solutions is widely used. Both standard and individual projects include a limited range of structural, space-planning and other solutions based on known modules and parameters.
The calculation of the scope of work is the most time-consuming and critical part of the estimate work, on which the quality of the estimate documentation depends.
To work on the calculation of the volume of work must be prepared. The employee must familiarize himself with the project in the entire scope of the upcoming calculations. All project materials should be dismantled and placed at the workplace in a manner that ensures their convenience and speed of finding and using them. Workplace The estimator should be comfortable, well lit.
Calculations of the volume of work should be carried out according to the tables. As a rule, to calculate each type of work, its own, most rational form of the table should be used (see tables 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.). The unified form is shown in Table. 1.
Table 1
Miscellaneous works
The calculation should be carried out in a certain sequence, separately for the work and structures of the underground part of the building (zero cycle) and aboveground, and with a larger number of payment stages - in accordance with which parts of the building, structure and work are included in one or another payment stage.
When making calculations for residential buildings with built-in non-residential premises, they must be performed separately for the residential and non-residential parts of the building, in accordance with the instructions of SP 81-01-94.
Calculations of the volume of work by structural elements and types of work should be kept and placed in the statement in such a sequence that the results of the previous tables can be used in subsequent tables. This is achieved by constructing the tables themselves, which provide passing data for further calculations. For example, first performing a calculation of the volume of work to fill the openings subsequently provides data for the deductions of openings from the area of walls, partitions and finished surfaces.
In accordance with the above, it is recommended to calculate the volume of work by sections in the following sequence:
openings in external walls;
Openings in internal walls and partitions;
Foundations;
Excavation;
Partitions;
Overlappings;
Stairs;
Balconies, canopies and porches;
Interior decoration;
Exterior finish;
Other (miscellaneous) works.
In the future, when drawing up estimates, the types of work and structures are arranged in the order of their implementation in kind.
When filling out the tables, you should follow some elementary rules for calculating the amount of work, namely:
Wherever necessary, record the name, numbers and codes of drawings, parts, albums and other documents used in the calculations;
Calculations made for works for which drawings are not developed in projects (earth, etc.) must be confirmed by sketches (drawings made by hand);
Make the formulas as short as possible, counting the volume of work in them for individual rooms, floors, sections, sections, axes, and not for the building as a whole.
When calculating, ready-made design data should be used. First of all, this applies to specifications for reinforced concrete, metal, wood, sanitary, electrical and other products.
Data on the consumption of products in pieces, cubic meters, square meters and tons are recorded directly in the estimates from the design specifications, which must be attached to the statement of calculation of the volume of work as its section. In these cases, the text of the estimated paragraphs lists the brands (types) of products, drawing numbers, and similar justifying data.
When calculating the scope of work, other ready-made design indicators calculated by the architects should also be used. These include living, working and general areas, building volume, number of apartments, rooms, etc. With the help of these data, for example, the area of \u200b\u200bfloors and finished ceilings, the number and type of doors, and other estimated volumes are simply determined.
It is useful to have auxiliary, pre-made blanks.
Modern design is based on the principle of typification and unification of design solutions. Not only in standard projects, but also in individual projects, a limited range of space-planning, structural and other solutions based on known parameters and modules is used.
It becomes possible to prepare standard estimates of the amount of work.
Tables for calculating the amount of work must have a pre-prepared text. The performer should write by hand only what cannot be foreseen.
The text in the tables should be concise, but at the same time contain a description of the work or the characteristics of the element, sufficient for the subsequent preparation of estimates.
The text should provide for possible options, from which it should be clear to the performer what should be left in the text, changed or deleted.
When calculating, you can use formulas that greatly simplify the work. Such formulas are derived on the basis of the use of some quantities often repeated in calculations, called constants.
For the proposed formulas, the constant values are the length (perimeter) of the walls and the area of the horizontal plane of the building, taken in its outer axes. As initial constants are calculated in the usual way.
We denote the perimeter of the outer walls in the axes, calculated according to the design dimensions, by the letter. Any other required parallel perimeter need not be calculated again. It can be determined by increasing or decreasing the initial parameter by some value taken from the project.
Example. On fig. 1 shows the plan of the outer walls of the building. The perimeter in the axes is . It is necessary to calculate the perimeter along the outer planes of the outer walls to determine the area of \u200b\u200bthe facades. Let's call this perimeter . From fig. 2 it can be seen that there are eight segments more, therefore,
It is required to determine the length of the roof overhang and wall gutters. Let's denote this length.
From fig. 3 it can be seen that there are eight segments more, therefore,
The perimeter of any plane protruding beyond the axes of the outer walls or within them can be determined without additional calculations using the same formula, the members of which are the constant value and the distance from the line to the desired perimeter, taken from the drawing.
This distance is multiplied by 8 in the formula not only for four corners in the building, but also for any other number, since the length of the section between each two additional corners (protruding and falling) is the same in all parallel perimeters.
By the same method, using elementary formulas, it is possible to determine the area of the pit, the volume of excavation and backfilling, the area of floors and roofs, the area of finishing internal surfaces, etc. The more complex the configuration of the calculated building, the greater the effect of using these formulas.
Let us denote the initial value - the building area in the axes of the outer walls - by the letter . It is required to determine the area of the horizontal projection of the roof more by a strip, the length of which is equal to the perimeter in the axes, and the width is equal to the distance from the roof overhang to the axis (Fig. 3), therefore,
,
but four squares remain in the corners of the roof 
, which are outside the perimeter , and therefore did not enter the area of the strip taken. Add these squares and get
Simplifying, we get
. (4)
The area covered by the roof will be
where is the slope coefficient, found by the formula
.
Designations a, b are given in fig. 4.
The area of the pit C3 with slopes 1: 1 (Fig. 5) is found by the formula
and the excavation volume
All designations are given in Fig. 5.
For other slopes, the third and sixth terms in the formula change. For example, with slopes of 2:3, it will be instead, and instead it will be.
The volume of backfilling of soil behind the foundation walls along the perimeter of the excavation is calculated by the formula using the same constant values (with slopes of 1: 1):
The volume of backfilling under the floors of the basement (underground) is determined by the formula
The thickness of the poured layer;
The volume of foundation pillows.
The floor area is calculated by subtracting the area occupied by the walls from the original building area in the axes of the outer walls:
The area of the internal walls in the plan is in passing, since when calculating the volume of work in the section "Internal walls", an intermediate result of the length of the internal walls is recorded with an indication of the thicknesses (see tables 7 and 8).
To determine the area of interfloor ceilings, the clear area of staircases is excluded from the value obtained by formula (9):
, (10)
The number of floors in the building.
The plaster area of the walls is also found by the formula, in which the previously calculated values are present:
Floor height from finished floor to ceiling;
The length of the internal walls, calculated in Table. 7 and 8;
The length of sections of mutual adjoining walls and sections of adjoining partitions to walls; calculated in the usual way on the floor plans.
For example, using the above formulas, let's calculate some amount of work for a five-story building (Fig. 6). Perimeter of external walls in axes
The perimeter of these walls along the inner planes
Building spot area in the axes of the outer walls
The length of the internal walls L = 78.8 m, including:
ducted
;
Stairwells
middle wall
Wall area in plan
Rice. 6. Typical floor plan
Clear area of stairwells
Floor height from floor to ceiling.
Excavation depth of the pit.
The area of the horizontal projection of the roof according to the formula (4):
476.16 + (100.0 + 4x 1.22) x 1.22 = 604.11.
The area of the attic floor according to the formula (9):
476.16 - (100.0 - 4 x 0.2) x 0.2 - 30.3 = 426.2.
The area of interfloor ceilings according to the formula (10):
(426.2 - 33.6) x 4 \u003d 1569.98.
The area of internal plaster walls ("gross")*:
98.4 + 2 x 78.8 - (0.4 x 6 + 0.38 x 10 + 0.2 x 6 + 0.10 x 50) x 5 x 2.98 \u003d 3630.
Pit excavation volume:
X 1.8 \u003d 1275.89.
It is easy to see that, once the initial values are calculated and using incidental results, it is possible, with the help of elementary formulas, without additional calculations, to determine the volume of a number of types of work and structures with sufficient accuracy. The more complex the configuration of the building, the larger its volume, the more effective the result of using the formulas.
Improving the methodology of budget work should be carried out constantly. Numerous opportunities lie in the development of methods of calculation with the help of electronic computers.
EXCAVATION
To calculate the volume of earthworks, it is necessary, first of all, to determine:
Black ground marks;
Ground water level;
The strength of the inflow of groundwater;
Classification of soils by groups;
Conditions for the production of works.
* The area of openings along the outer contour of the boxes is subtracted from the "gross" area, and the "net" area is obtained - an estimated meter.
Black marks are the existing marks of the daytime surface of the earth before the start of earthworks. They are taken according to geodetic survey data and are displayed in the drawings on the cartogram of earthworks. Black marks are also displayed on geological sections of boreholes, however, they can be used only in the absence of survey data.
On the construction site, as a rule, several marks of different values were recorded.
With a calm terrain on the construction site, the average value of the black marks can be taken for calculations.
For example, absolute marks are shown on the construction site of a building: 24.32; 24.10; 24.08 and 24.30.
Average absolute black mark
(24,32 + 24,10 + 24,08 + 24,30) / 4 = 24,20.
The difference between the average black mark calculated in this way and the design marks of the bottom of the trenches and the pit will be the depth of the excavations.
With significant differences in relief, the building spot is divided into sections with approximately the same marks, which are then averaged, as shown above.
Geodetic and geological surveys are tied to leveling benchmarks that fix sea level marks. These marks are called absolute.
On the construction drawings, marks are given from the conditional level ± 0.00, which is usually taken as the floor of the first floor or the edge of the foundation. These marks are called conditional.
In the project, usually on the drawings of the foundations, the calculation of absolute and relative marks is given, which makes it possible to recalculate the absolute marks into relative ones when calculating the volume of earthworks.
Having calculated all the marks - black, planning, the bottom of the excavations, the groundwater level, layer by layer, you can begin to calculate the amount of work. The calculation is carried out on a table according to a unified form (see Table 1).
To facilitate the work, it is recommended to make a sketch of earthworks, taking as its basis the plan of the pit and trenches with dimensions in the axes of the walls, and show the marks calculated in the above order on the profile section. According to the sketch, using the above formulas, the volume of earthworks is calculated quickly and accurately.
For the development of dry and highly sticky soils by mechanisms, various estimated norms and prices are established. In manual mining, soils of natural moisture are considered dry, and soils lying below the groundwater level are wet.
The groundwater level (GWL) is established according to the sections of boreholes, performed in accordance with the "Conclusion on the engineering and geological conditions of the construction site"*.
In the presence of groundwater within the excavation, not only soils located below the GWL and under their influence during the period of work, but also those located above the GWL by the following value (m) should be considered wet:
Sands and light sandy loam - 0.3;
Silty sands and heavy sandy loams - 0.5;
Loams, clays and loess soils - 1.0.
An increase in the thickness of the wet soil layer by the indicated values is taken into account only in the scope of work related to the development of soils. The volume of work on drainage is calculated according to the actual level of groundwater without increasing it.
For example, with an absolute GWL of 23.30, the thickness of the dry ground layer, defined as the difference between the average absolute black mark and the absolute highest GWL, is 24.20 - 23.30 = 0.9 m, and the wet ground layer is located at a depth of 0.90 and below the surface of the earth. When corrected for filtration, the thickness of the dry soil layer is reduced, and the thickness of the wet soil layer is increased by the amount indicated above.
Estimated norms and prices for the development of wet soils do not take into account drainage work.
The cost of drainage works should be determined additionally according to special calculations (for pits with an area of more than 30 and trenches with a bottom width of more than 2 m) or at unit rates (for pits with an area of up to 30 and trenches up to 2 m wide) based on the intensity of groundwater inflow, the duration of drainage and the means of drainage used.
The intensity (strength) of groundwater inflow is taken according to the “Conclusion on the engineering and geological conditions of the construction site”.
The duration of the drainage and drainage means (type of pump) must be indicated in the basic provisions for the organization of construction.
Estimated norms and prices are differentiated by groups of soils and rocks, depending on the difficulty of their development.
The classification of soils and rocks is given in tables 1-1; 1-3 and 1-4 of the Technical part of the Collection GESN-2001-01 "Earthworks".
The characteristics of the developed soils are taken according to the geological sections of boreholes laid at the construction site.
The group of soils in all cases is determined in layers, the thickness of the soil layer of the same group for different wells should be brought to an average value.
For example, it is required to manually dig a trench 2.5 m deep, in which the soil of group I lies with a layer of average thickness of 0.75 m, and soil of group III - with a layer of 1.75 m (from 0.75 to 2.5 m). In this case, the volume of soil development is calculated for both groups I and III to a depth of 3 m.
In practice, for objects of housing and civil construction, with a relatively small depth of development, the characteristic and group of prevailing soils are taken into account.
The conditions for the production of earthworks, on which their estimated cost depends, must be adopted according to the construction organization project.
____________________________________________
* The issue of taking into account the impact of groundwater on the cost of earthworks is much more complicated and, with large volumes of excavations, should be resolved in accordance with fully identified requirements.
These conditions include:
1. The method of performing work - manually or with the help of earthmoving machines. The development of pits for buildings should be carried out by excavators - 93% of the volume, and cutting shortfalls - 5.25% of the volume - by mechanized method and 1.75% of the volume - manually. The development of trenches, as a rule, should be carried out in a mechanized way - 97% of the volume, and manual cleaning of shortfalls - 3% of the development volume. Shortfalls are included in the total volume of earthworks.
2. Type and characteristics of the earth-moving machines used. To perform earthworks in housing and civil construction, mainly single-bucket excavators with a straight shovel with a bucket capacity of up to 1 type E-252, a dragline with a bucket capacity of 0.5 and bulldozers with a capacity of up to 100 W of type C-100 are used.
3. Distances of soil movement, possibilities of temporary storage and use of excess soil. Excess soil, construction and landfill waste, not suitable for use, are transported outside the construction site.
Excess soil from foundation pits for buildings, suitable for backfilling, is transported for temporary storage, as a rule, if the conditions and territory of the construction site allow it, at a transportation distance of up to 1 km.
The distance of transportation of the missing soil for filling the territory and the distance of transportation of excess soil are set in each case.
4. Type and characteristics of vehicles. To move the soil during the operation of excavators directly onto transport, dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 2.25 to 12 tons are mainly used.
Excavation, trenching, embankment and backfilling work is calculated in cubic meters by measuring in a dense body with subdivisions as follows:
a) by soil groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI);
b) by soil moisture (dry, wet, strongly sticky);
c) according to the method of performing work (by excavator to the dump or with loading into vehicles with moving by a bulldozer, manually);
d) without fastening with slopes or with fastening (board, tongue and groove), but without slopes. In this case, the attachment area is calculated by its height from the bottom of the recess;
e) by the cross-sectional area of small pits, developed manually (up to 2.5, up to 5, up to 20);
f) by the depth of trenches developed manually (up to 2, up to 3 m) and by their width (up to 2 m, and more than 2.0 m).
The depth of excavations for buildings and structures is taken from the black mark to the bottom of the excavation in the following order:
a) for buildings with a basement and a technical underground, the mark of the bottom of the pit is the bottom of the underlying layer under the floors;
b) the mark of the bottom of the trench for the foundation is the mark of the base of the latter, and for pipelines - the mark of the laying of pipes. When arranging a pillow (bedding) under the sole of the foundations or the base for pipelines, the depth of the trenches increases accordingly;
c) when trenches are excavated within the pit, their depth is calculated from the mark of the bottom of the pit, and not from the black mark;
d) if the cutting of the vegetative layer of the earth is calculated separately, the depth of the excerpt of the pit or trenches is reduced by the thickness of the cut.
The width of the bottom of the pit or trenches for foundations is calculated by adding the following values to the design dimensions:
a) when digging with fasteners - 0.30 m;
b) when digging with sheet piling - 0.40 m;
c) with vertical waterproofing of foundations - 0.60 m.
When digging with slopes without fastenings, the design dimensions are taken without additives.
Design dimensions are:
a) for trenches - the width of the base of the foundations;
b) for foundation pits - the distance between the outer planes of the foundation pads.
The width along the bottom of trenches with vertical walls for pipelines is taken from Table. 2.
And counting volumes
Definition of the nomenclature of works
Accepted structural elements
calendar plan
Part I. Development
2nd floor plan
To determine the volume of construction and installation works, the following building structures and products should be adopted:
- foundations- prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and blocks;
- brick walls and partitions:
a) external - 640 mm thick,
b) internal - 380 mm thick,
c) partitions - 120 mm thick;
- window-OK1 - 1500 × 1500 - 10 pcs.,
OK2 - 1200 × 1500 - 1 pc.;
- doors- D1 - 1000 × 2100 - 1 pc.,
D2 - 900 × 2100 - 5 pcs.,
D3 - 1200 × 2100 - 2 pcs.,
D4 - 700 × 2100 - 3 pcs.;
- floor slabs and coatings- prefabricated reinforced concrete hollow;
- jumpers- prefabricated reinforced concrete;
- roof- combined covered with four-layer roofing felt, pitched, rafter, covered with metal tiles;
- floors– ceramic tiles (in bathrooms),
linoleum (in other rooms);
- finishing– pasting walls with both (in living quarters) and ceramic tiles in bathrooms;
Table 1
| No. p / p | Name of construction and installation works performed | Unit rev. | Sketch or counting formula, course project sheet | Qty | Table according to SNiP IV-2-82 | |
| I. Earthworks | ||||||
| Construction site layout | 1000 m2 | 10 m were added to the dimensions of the building on each side (25.5+2×0.64+2×10) × × (13.2+2×0.38+2×10)/1000=(46.28*33, 96)/1000=1.57 | 1,57 | SNiP IV-2-82 app. v. 1 Tab. 1–116 | ||
| Development and movement of soil by bulldozer | 1000 m 3 | The fertile layer is removed by 20 cm 1.57 × 0.2 = 0.306 | 0,314 | Tab. 1–29 p. 1 | ||
| Excavation with an excavator, V 3 | 1000 m 3 | See counting drawing pages 19, 20 | 0,245 | Tab. 1–11 p. 1 | ||
| Soil cleaning manually, V 4 | 100 m 3 | 7% of the excavation volume 0.25 × 0.07 = 0.0175 | 0,175 | Tab. 1–79 p. 1 | ||
| Backfill V 5: | V 5 \u003d V 3 + V 4 -V f.pl \u003d \u003d 263 + 17.5-54.5 \u003d 226 m 3 V f.pl \u003d 18.86 + 35.72 \u003d 4.5 m 3 | Tab. 1–81 Table 1–29 p. 1 | ||||
| a) manually - 20% | 100 m 3 | 226×0.2/100=0.45 | 0,46 | |||
| b) mechanisms - 80% | 1000 m 3 | 226×0.8/1000=0.18 | 0,18 | |||
| II. Foundations | ||||||
| Installation of foundation slabs: FP1 FP2 FP3 | 100 pieces. 100 pieces. 100 pieces. | 0,16 0,04 0,08 | App. v. 2 Tab. 7–1 p. 3 | |||
Continued tab. 1
| Installation of foundation blocks: FB1 FB2 FB3 | 100 pieces. 100 pieces. 100 pieces. | According to the drawings of the layout of the foundations page 19 | 0,32 0,08 0,16 | Table 7–1 p. 3 | ||
| III. Brickwork walls | ||||||
| Brickwork of external load-bearing walls 510 mm thick | m 3 | 133,40 | Tab. 8–5 p. 1 | |||
| Brickwork of internal load-bearing walls 380 mm thick | m 3 | The volume of masonry is determined by multiplying the area of the walls (minus the openings along the outer contour of the boxes) by the design wall thickness | 35,55 | Tab. 8–5 p. 4 | ||
| Brickwork of partitions 120 mm thick | 100 m2 | The area of brickwork is determined by multiplying the length of the partitions by the height, minus the area of the openings along the outer contour of the boxes | 0,37 | Tab. 8–5 p. 8 | ||
| Installation of jumpers over openings in external and internal walls | 100 pieces. | Specification page 26 | 0,70 | Tab. 7–38 p. 10 | ||
| Installation of window sills | 100 m2 | See calculation page 18 | 0,07 | Tab. 8–18 p. 2 | ||
| IV. Installation of floor slabs and coatings | ||||||
| Mounting plates: PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 | 100 pieces. | According to layout drawings pages 23, 24 | 0,11 0,05 0,12 0,06 | Tab. 7–39 p. 5, 6 | ||
| V. Filling openings | ||||||
| Filling in window openings | 100 m2 | The area of window openings is measured by multiplying their width by the height along the outer contour of the boxes. | 0,24 | Tab. 10–13 p. 4 | ||
Continued tab. 1
| Filling doorways | 100 m2 | The area of doorways is measured by multiplying their width by the height along the outer contour of the boxes. | 0,21 | Tab. 10–20 p. 1 | |
| VI. Roof device | |||||
| Vapor barrier installation | 100 m2 | 10.2 x 8.4 = 85.68 | 0,86 | Tab. 12–9 p. 6 | |
| Insulation device | 1 m 3 | 85.68 x 0.2 = 17.14 | 17,14 | Tab. 12–9 p. 1 | |
| Roof device | 100 m2 | S cr \u003d S mountains × K; K \u003d 1.41 S cr \u003d (8.4 + 2 × 0.31 + 2 × × 0.6) × (10.2 + 2 × 0.51 + + 2 × 0.6) × 1.41 = \u003d 10.22 × 12.42 × 1.41 \u003d \u003d 178.97 | 1,79 | Tab. 12–7 p. 2 | |
| VII. floors | |||||
| Linoleum floors | 100 m2 | 1,36 | Tab. 11–28 | ||
| Ceramic tile floors | 100 m2 | F floors are taken from the floor explication | 0,10 | Tab. 11–23 p. 1 | |
| VIII. Interior decoration | |||||
| Plaster walls and partitions | 100 m2 | It is determined by multiplying the perimeter of the room by the height minus openings. | 4,55 | Tab. 15–55 p. 1 | |
| Ceiling plaster | 100 m2 | Area along the inner contour × 2 | 1,46 | Tab. 15–55 p. 2 | |
| Adhesive painting of ceilings | 100 m2 | Area along the inner contour × 2 | 1,46 | Tab. 15–152 p. 1 | |
| Wallpapering walls and partitions | 100 m2 | Everything except the bathroom | 4,02 | Tab. 15–252 p. 1 | |
| Oil painting window fillings | 100 m2 | When determining the scope of work, k \u003d 2.8 S of all windows × 2.8 are used | 0,68 | Tab. 15–158 p. 5 | |
| Oil painting door fillings | 100 m2 | When determining the scope of work, k \u003d 2.4 S of all doors × 2.4 are used | 0,52 | Tab. 15–158 p. 4 |
Graduation tab. 1
Calculations to the table. 1
Introduction.
Labor costs and machine time
Based on the accepted methods of construction and installation works and the architectural and structural characteristics of the building, we will compile a detailed list of types of work (the level of detail corresponds to the ENiR), calculate their volumes.
The labor intensity of work and the need for machine shifts are determined by the ENiR. The length of the working day for a five-day working week is taken equal to eight hours or a two-shift working day.
7.2 Development of the schedule
The calendar plan for the construction of an object in the form of a linear graph is intended to determine the sequence and timing of the implementation of general construction, special and installation works carried out during the construction of the object. These deadlines are set as a result of rational 
linking the deadlines for the implementation of certain types of work, taking into account the composition and quantity of the main resources, primarily work teams and leading mechanisms, as well as the specific conditions of the construction area, a separate site and a number of other significant factors.
The order of development of the calendar plan is as follows:
1. Make a list of works;
2. In accordance with it, for each type of work, their volumes are determined;
3. Produce a choice of production methods for the main work and leading machines;
4. Calculate the normative machine - and labor intensity;
5. Determine the composition of brigades and units;
6. Reveal the technological sequence of work;
7. Establish shifts of work;
8. Determine the duration of individual works and their combination with each other;
at the same time, according to these data, the number of performers and shifts are adjusted;
9. Compare the estimated duration with the normative one and introduce the necessary amendments;
10. On the basis of the completed plan, a schedule for the need for resources and their provision is developed.
The calendar plan for the production of work at the facility consists of two parts: the left - the calculated and the right - the graphic, from here such plans are shown by graphs.
The list of works is filled in in the technological sequence of execution with grouping by types and periods of work.
When grouping, you must adhere to certain rules:
1. If possible, work should be combined so that the schedule is concise and easy to read.
2. At the same time, the consolidation of work has a limit in the form of restrictions: it is impossible to combine work performed by different performers (teams or units).
The number of workers per shift and the composition of the team is determined in accordance with the complexity and duration of work. When calculating the composition of the brigade, it is assumed that the transition from one capture to another should not cause changes in the number and qualification composition of the brigade.
Taking into account this circumstance, the most rational structure for combining a profession in a brigade has been established. Typically, brigades have an established composition, which is taken into account when drawing up the calendar plan.
The frequency of work by the time the calendar plan was drawn up, the methods of work production were determined and machines and mechanisms were selected.
In the process of scheduling, the conditions for intensive operation of the main machines were ensured by using 1 ... 2 shifts without interruptions in work and unnecessary redeployment.
The duration of mechanized work is set based on the productivity of the machines. Therefore, the duration of mechanized work is first calculated, then the work dictated by all the scheduling, and then the duration of the work performed manually.
Concrete works.
Floor concreting
The project provides for the installation of monolithic ceilings on beams made of B25 concrete. Prior to the construction of monolithic ceilings, the following work must be completed:
- prepared the basis for the installation of formwork;
The structures of columns and shafts were completed, acts of their acceptance were drawn up based on the executive geodetic survey;
Slab formwork, slab end formwork and grip fences were delivered and stored;
The presence and marking of the slab formwork, slab end formwork and railings were checked;
Prepared and tested mechanisms, inventory, fixtures, tools;
Lighting of workplaces and the construction site has been arranged;
All measures for the fencing of openings, stairwells, the perimeter of the reinforced concrete slab were completed according to SNiP 12-04-2002.
Beams and floors are concreted in a common formwork. To carry out work on the installation of floors, the building is divided into sections (see sheet 4). Conduct work in the following sequence:
- formwork installation. For the construction of ceilings, the formwork of the Helios company is used. The formwork is fed by a QTZ-63(5013) quick-erecting crane.
a) Arrangement of racks. Installer M1 marks the place of installation of racks on the surface of the completed ceiling. Installer M2 installs the cross heads in the rack and extends it to a height equal to the distance from the floor to the longitudinal beam and brings it to the installer M1. Next, installer M1 temporarily holds the rack, and installer M2 unfastens it with tripods.
b) Layout of beams. The transverse beams are laid in accordance with the arrangement scheme sheet 5-8. On the installed and unfastened racks, the installer M1 and M2, using a mounting fork, first lay the longitudinal and then the transverse beams without fasteners. The beams must be longer than the distances between the uprights. Next, install intermediate racks.
c) Plywood layout. The forming surface (deck) of the formwork is waterproof plywood. If necessary, cut strips of the required width and insert the required configuration. The sawn places are subject to moisture resistant treatment. Glue the joints of the floor plywood sheets with special single-use self-adhesive tapes or cover them with a plastic profile.
Place the container with plywood on the concrete floor. Installer M1 climbs the inventory ladder and, being on it, nails the first sheets of plywood with nails 50 mm long. Then he climbs onto the nailed sheets of plywood, fastens the safety belt to the place indicated by those responsible for the safe production of work. Installers M2 and M3, being on a concrete floor, deliver sheets of plywood from a container to installer M1 on a deck. Subsequent sheets are laid without fasteners close to each other so that the gaps between them are no more than 2 mm. After laying at least 12 sheets of 2.5x1.25 m, the crane operator, at the signal of the installer, delivers the next container with plywood to a height of 1 m above the arranged deck. Mounters M2 and M3 go up to the arranged deck and receive the container. After laying all the plywood, cover its surface with grease.
d) installation of the side. After installation and leveling of the ceiling formwork according to the working drawings, a ledge is arranged with a height equal to the thickness of the ceiling. The side is designed and manufactured individually with a complex configuration of the plate. With simple rectangular solutions, a side board is installed, based on the corners.
The completed formwork is presented to the foreman (foreman) for acceptance. According to the formwork prepared and accepted by the master or foreman, the floor slab is reinforced.
- reinforcement. The main reinforcement of the beams should be carried out with separate reinforcement bars of class A-500C. Join the top reinforcement in spans. The joint of the reinforcing bars should be performed staggered every step with an overlap of reinforcement of at least 40 d. The protective layer of concrete should be not less than the diameter and not less than 20 mm of reinforcement up to the reefs of the reinforcement. Supply of fittings to be carried out with a quick-mounted crane QTZ-63 (5013). The layout of reinforcing bars is carried out manually. Work begins with the laying of the lower reinforcement bars. Next, install transverse spatial elements that fix the distance between the upper and lower reinforcement. Install the top fitting. Align the installed reinforcement, install the opening formers.
- concreting. Concreting of monolithic structures is carried out using a SB-207A concrete pump and a QTZ-63(5013) quick-erecting crane with a BVK bucket.
- vibration.
- demolition of formwork. The dismantling of the formwork is carried out in the reverse order of installation. Dismantling of the formwork is carried out after the set of concrete 70% of the design strength.
General instructions.
All formwork work must be carried out in accordance with the formwork operating instructions. The protective layer of concrete is provided with inventory, cement or other fixators, the protective layer of the upper reinforcement is provided with spatial reinforcing elements installed with a step established by the working design. The formwork is fastened along the entire perimeter of the grips (fastening starts from the corner points).
Install the fittings in accordance with the working drawings in the following sequence:
Lay out the rods of the longitudinal bottom reinforcement;
Install transverse spatial elements that fix the distance between the upper and lower reinforcement;
Install the top fitting;
Perform reconciliation of installed fittings;
- to install and fix the formwork of holes and opening formers;
Run a working seam. Stretch a metal mesh with a cell of 5x5 mm and tie it to the reinforcing bars (shorty bars). The latter are tied to the reinforcement of the structures with a knitting wire;
Install and fix non-removable templates of reinforcing bars on the reinforcement outlets of the walls, which regulate the height of the concrete mix in the ceiling;
Install working scaffolds for carrying out work on the acceptance and compaction of the concrete mixture.
Reinforcing products before concreting must be cleaned of dust, dirt and rust. All reinforcing products and reinforcing work before concreting must be presented to the designer's supervision and technical supervision of the customer with the drawing up of an act for hidden work. The duration of the break between the laying of adjacent layers of concrete mix without the formation of a working seam is established by the construction laboratory.
Concreting to conduct with vibration. Compaction of the concrete mixture is carried out by a vibrator with a flexible shaft type IV-56, smoothing of the concrete surface - by a vibrator with a vibrator general purpose. It is not allowed to support vibrators during their operation on reinforcement and embedded parts of the slab. To ensure uninterrupted work on laying concrete in the team, it is necessary to have at least 4 vibrators: 3 - working and 1 - reserve.
During the laying of the concrete mixture and its compaction, the workers must move along the ladders laid on the deck of the structure to be concreted. It is forbidden to move on the armature.
At an average daily temperature of less than +5 °C with electrical heating. In winter, carry out systematic monitoring of the work, the quality of the material, the strength of concrete. Keep a log of temperature data. Demoulding and loading of monolithic structures made in winter should be carried out after checking the physical strength of concrete by a construction laboratory.
7.15.3. Measures for labor safety.
During the performance of work, the requirements of labor protection in accordance with SNiP 12-03-01, state standards of the SSBT, the project for the production of work, technological maps, maps of labor processes and instructions approved by the chief engineer of the construction organization performing the specified work must be observed.
Workers in the performance of work must have a certificate for the right to perform a specific type of work, as well as be instructed in labor safety in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.0.004-90.
The admission of workers to the performance of work is permitted only after they are familiarized (against signature) with the technological map, the project for the production of work and, if necessary, with the requirements set forth in the work permit for the performance of work of increased danger.
Individuals (workers and engineers) at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination and are deemed fit, have at least one year of experience in steeplejacking and have a tariff rank not lower than 3rd. Workers admitted to work for the first time must work for one year under the direct supervision of experienced workers appointed by order of the head of the organization. When performing work, the main means of protecting workers from falling from a height is a safety belt.
The machines, equipment and technological equipment used in the production of concrete work according to their technical specifications must comply with the conditions for the safe performance of work.
When organizing a construction site, locating work sites, workplaces, passageways for construction machines and vehicles, passages for people, zones dangerous for people should be established, within which hazardous production factors constantly operate or can potentially operate, mark them with safety signs, signal fences and inscriptions of the established form.
When organizing work in the dark or in dark places, the administration must provide lighting for workplaces, driveways and passages to them in accordance with GOST 12.1.046-85. Illumination should be uniform, without blinding effect of lighting fixtures on workers.
Workplaces, depending on the conditions of work and the accepted technology of work, must be provided in accordance with the standard sets of technological equipment, as well as means of communication and signaling.
The supply of materials to the workplace must be carried out in a technological sequence that ensures the safety of work.
Materials should be stored at workplaces in such a way that they do not create a hazard during the performance of work and do not obstruct passages.
The presence of workers working in places located closer than 2 m from a height difference of 1.3 m or more is allowed provided that safety belts are used.
The means of scaffolding must have smooth working platforms with a gap between the boards of not more than 5 mm, and when the flooring is located at a height of 1.3 m or more, fences and side elements. Lap joints of flooring panels are allowed only along their length, and the ends of the joined elements must be located on the support and overlap it by at least 0.2 m in each direction.
The width of the danger zone of a structure erected in the formwork depends on local conditions and is determined by the project. Passages inside the structure and near it within the danger zone must be covered with a canopy and provided with side railings.
Introduction.
This section of the graduation project deals with issues related to the technology of work and the organization of construction. The work production technology helps to create the most correct picture of the construction of this object. Further, the production of the main works on the construction of a multifunctional multi-storey complex is considered. Also, construction technology is inextricably linked with its organization. Organization of construction in this project is based on scheduling. Scheduling allows you to most accurately reflect the needs of construction, both in material and labor resources. The final step is the development of a building master plan, the correct calculation of which depends entirely on scheduling.
Drawing up a bill of quantities,
The determination of the volumes of certain types of construction work according to design data is carried out in order to calculate the estimated cost using the base-index or resource (resource-index) method using unit prices and current prices for the cost of the necessary resources. To do this, a statement of the calculation of the scope of work or a local resource statement is compiled, which are the source documents for determining the estimated cost of construction.
The scope of work is calculated for estimates for the working draft or working documentation in units of estimated norms adopted in the collections of elemental estimated norms (m 3, m 2, t, pieces, etc.). It should be noted that estimated volumes mean any quantities determined from the drawings and used in determining the estimated cost.
The calculation of the volume of work should be carried out in a certain sequence, corresponding to the technology of work, so that the results of previously performed calculations can be used for subsequent stages.
In design organizations, the amount of work on the building as a whole is calculated, as a rule, by designers, usually by technicians. For greater accuracy, it is recommended that the calculations be checked by qualified budget workers.
When compiling a bill of quantities, the following sequence must be followed:
- familiarization with project materials and placing them in the order most convenient for the user;
- development and preparation of tabular forms, compilation of auxiliary tables and calculations for typical products, structural elements and parts of the building;
- calculation of the scope of work using design specifications;
- calculation of volumes for structural elements and types of work not covered when calculating according to the specification.
Local estimates in their preparation, as a rule, are divided into sections. The designed building is conditionally divided into parts - structural elements. All works related to one structural element are grouped in one section of the estimate (finishing work - internal and external - are considered as independent structural elements). In addition, the estimates highlight the underground and above-ground parts of the building.
Similar to the construction of estimates, statements for calculating the volume of work are also compiled with a subdivision into the same sections.
In housing and civil construction, the list of structural elements (sections) is as follows:
For industrial construction, an approximate list of sections of the statement of calculation of the volume of work is as follows:
Determining the construction volume of a building
The construction volume of a building with an attic floor (V1) is determined by the formula:
V1=S1*H,
where S1 is the area of the horizontal section of the building along the outer contour at the level of the first floor above the basement; H is the height along the section from the mark of the finished floor of the first floor to the top of the backfill of the attic floor.
The construction volume of a building without an attic floor (V2) is determined by the formula:
V2 = S2 * l,
where S2 is the area of the vertical section of the building along the outer contour of the walls (the upper outline of the roof and the top of the clean floor of the first floor); l - the length of the building along the outer edges of the end walls at the level of the first floor above the basement.
In both cases, the volume of passages is excluded from the volume of the building, but the volumes of loggias, niches, bay windows, verandas, vestibules, skylights are added. At the same time, the volume of porticoes, balconies (open and covered) is not added to the volume of the building.
If the building has floors of different area, then for each part of the building the construction volumes are determined separately, and then summed up.
An attic room adapted for technical purposes is not included in the volume of the building. The volume of the attic space is taken into account.
The construction volume of a building with a basement or semi-basement is determined by the total data on the volume of its above-ground and underground parts.
The construction volume of the above-ground part is determined by the formula:
V3=S3*H1,
where S3 is the area of the horizontal section of the basement (semi-basement), measured at the level of the first floor above the basement; H1 - height from the mark of the top of the finished floor of the basement (semi-basement) to the mark of the top of the finished floor of the first floor.
Excavation
The volume of earthworks is determined according to the design data, taking into account the classification of soils (SNiP IV-2-82), the steepness of the slopes (h / c, SNiP III, v. 9, section B, ch. 1) and the depth of the foundation footing (h) . The depth of the foundation pit or trenches for the foundations of walls, equipment, columns, etc. should be taken according to the design marks from the base of the foundation (or a pillow under the foundation) to the black ground mark (black ground mark is the mark that exists before the start of work; red ground mark - planning mark).
To determine the volume of excerpts of pits (trenches), it is advisable to preliminarily schematically (with dimensions) depict plans and sections of developments.
For a trench, the cross-sectional area (rectangle or trapezoid) is multiplied by the length. The length of the external trenches is taken along the axes of the external foundations; the length of the inner trenches - between the inner edges of the outer trenches (for trenches with slopes, the width to the center line is taken).
In table. 1.2 provides a classification of soils and rocks, and in table. 1.3 - the depth of the passage and the steepness of the slopes of the pit and trenches.
When determining the volume of a pit with vertical walls, the area of the horizontal section of the pit is multiplied by the depth of the passage. For a pit with slopes, the volume is calculated using the truncated (inverted) pyramid formula:
where: a and b are the dimensions of the bottom and top of the pit, respectively; c - the size of the base of the slope triangle.
The shortfall of soil to the design mark should not exceed 5–7 cm, which are finalized manually at the installation sites of the foundations.
The width of pits and trenches along the bottom for strip and free-standing foundations should be assigned taking into account the width of the structures with the addition of 0.25 m.
If it is necessary to lower people into the pit, the maximum width between the side surface of the structure and the fastening should be at least 0.7 m.
prefabricated structures
The specifics of calculating the amount of work on the installation of prefabricated structures is that unit prices take into account the complex of works on the installation of structures without the cost of the structures themselves. Therefore, in estimates, as a rule, for the installation of structures, two positions are provided: for determining the cost of installation at the current unit prices and for determining the cost of structures - at the current (current) prices for them.
Calculating the volume of work is complicated by the fact that in some cases unit prices and wholesale prices provide for different meters, for example, estimated norms for the installation of flights of stairs are set for one structure, and wholesale prices are for 1 m 2 area and 1 m 3 concrete. In such cases, it is necessary to determine both the number of structures in pieces and their area.
In this regard, attention is drawn to the following circumstance: the compiler of the statement of calculation of the amount of work uses the drawings of the project and clearly represents the design. When drawing up estimates, they usually do not resort to drawings, but are guided only by a statement of the calculation of the amount of work. Therefore, in the bill of quantities, it is necessary to give a fairly complete description of the structures.
As noted above, project specifications and structural drawings serve as source documents for calculating the scope of work. According to the specifications, the number of products is established, according to the drawings - their characteristics necessary for calculating the dimensions, concrete grades, reinforcement data, etc.
The volume of structures, including hollow ones, must be determined in a dense body.
Foundations
Laying of prefabricated foundations is carried out on a ready-made sand, gravel and crushed stone base. When laying them on a concrete base, an additional layer under the soles is taken into account in m 2 of the area of \u200b\u200bthe soles of the foundations.
The cost of laying prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete foundations and foundation beams is determined per piece.
The cost of metal elements not included in wholesale prices is determined in estimates based on the design weight (mass) and prices per 1 kg. Therefore, for such structures, the scope of work calculation sheet should indicate the mass (according to the project specifications) of metal elements not included in wholesale prices.
The area of wall panels, partitions, floor slabs, ceilings and landings is determined by the outer contour of the structures without deducting openings. The area of flights of stairs is also calculated according to the outer contour of the products.
Estimated norms for the installation of prefabricated structures are differentiated depending on their weight, therefore, in the statement of calculation of the volume of work, it is necessary to indicate for each type of product its weight in relation to the construction of norms (for example, blocks of strip foundations weighing up to 0.5 tons; solid columns weighing up to 1, 5 tons, etc.).
Monolithic structures
For most types of monolithic reinforced concrete and concrete structures, their design volume should be determined (in m 3 of concrete and reinforced concrete in the case).
In the statement of calculation of the volume of work, it is necessary to indicate the design grade of concrete for each structure, since its cost at a unit rate depends on this.
The volume of monolithic structures is determined by design dimensions without concrete compaction additives.
When determining the volume of monolithic reinforced concrete, it is necessary to take into account the following features of its calculation for individual structures.
Column. The cross-sectional area of a column is multiplied by its height. The volume of the column also includes the volume of consoles and window sills if their height is more than 2 m.
Foundation. The volume is determined by the design dimensions minus the volume occupied by niches, openings, channels, wells. The volume of foundations includes the volume of under-columns with their height up to 2 m.
Beam. The cross-sectional area of a beam is multiplied by its length.
Flat plate. The plan area of the slab is multiplied by its thickness. When determining the area, the embedding of the slab into the walls (supporting part) is taken into account.
Ribbed covers. The volume of beams and slabs is determined and the totals are summarized.
Walls and partitions. The volume is determined minus the openings (according to the outer contour of the boxes). In the case of embedding walls or partitions in brick walls, the volume of the embedded part is also taken into account.
Brick walls
The volume of masonry walls made of bricks is determined minus the openings along the outer contour of the boxes. The volume of masonry of architectural details made from the material provided for by the norms (pilasters, bay windows, parapets, etc.) is included in the total volume of masonry walls.
Nests or furrows left in the masonry for sealing the ends of beams, floor panels, slabs, as well as volumes of niches for heating, ventilation and smoke ducts, steps, etc., are not excluded from the masonry volume. The volume of niches of internal equipment is excluded from the volume of masonry. When laying brick walls with an air gap, the volume of the air gap is taken into account.
When erecting brick structures, the type of brick (red, silicate, etc.) and the number of floors of the building should be indicated, since a different brand of mortar is used if the building is more than nine floors high.
Separately, the construction of brick pillars (rectangular, round, reinforced and unreinforced) is calculated in m 3.
Building frames
Structures that carry the load from the floors of the building and enclosing structures (wall panels and ceilings) are called frames: these are columns, crossbars, beams, trusses and ties. Buildings in which the load from the floors is distributed to the walls (made of bricks and blocks) are called frameless. At the same time, there is no “Frame” section in local estimates for housing and civil construction. The estimated cost of crossbars, beams, trusses and ties in such cases is included in the "Floorings" and "Coverings" sections, and free-standing columns - in the "Walls" section.
The scope of work for the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete columns and capitals is determined for 1 pc.
With a monolithic reinforced concrete frame, the unit of measurement for all reinforced concrete structures is 1 m 3 of reinforced concrete in a case.
The norms for metal frames are given for 1 ton of structures, for frames of buildings made of light structures - for 100 m 2.
The cost of laying prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and panels, coatings and ceilings is determined per 1 pc.
roofs
The scope of work on roofing should be calculated on the basis of the total coverage area according to the design data, without deducting the area occupied by dormer windows and chimneys and without taking into account their lining.
The length of the roof slope is taken from the ridge to the extreme edge of the eaves.
The amount of work associated with the coating of parapets, firewall walls and other elements not related to the main roofing should be taken into account additionally.
When roofing with skylights, the roof area corresponding to horizontal projections along their outer contour is excluded. Insulation of glasses of anti-aircraft lamps and lining of the roof adjoining them are calculated additionally.
When installing rolled roofs, in addition to calculating the coverage area with an indication of the number of layers and the characteristics of rolled materials, the following are separately calculated: the amount of work on the insulation of coatings in m 3 or m 2, indicating the thickness; on the device of leveling and slope-forming screeds, vapor barrier in m 2; for other elements provided for by the project, not taken into account by the prices for the roof.
openings
The filling volume of window and door openings is determined in m 2 of area, measured along the outer contour of the boxes.
For gates in wooden frames, the area along the outer contour of the boxes is also calculated, and for gates in steel frames - the area of cloths.
Window, door and gate fittings are not included in the unit prices and must be taken into account separately in the estimates.
floors
The volume of the underlying layer (preparation) for the floors is calculated minus the area occupied by furnaces, columns, protruding foundations and other similar elements. Soil compaction with gravel or crushed stone is calculated in m 2.
The floor area is calculated between the inner edges of walls and partitions, taking into account the thickness of their finishes.
Finishing work
Painting of steel structures normalize according to Collection 13 "Protection of steel structures and equipment against corrosion", taking the following areas per 1 ton of structures, m 2:
- structures with a predominance of angle steel - 27;
- the same, channels and beams - 29;
- structures made of sheet steel with a thickness of 2.5-4.5 mm - 24;
- the same, over 5 mm - 19;
- bindings from special profiles - 75.
Plaster work
Volumes of plastering works are calculated separately for facades and interiors of buildings.
The plastering area of the facade walls is calculated minus the area of the openings along the outer contour of the boxes.
With improved and high-quality facade plastering, the area occupied by architectural details (cornices, belts, platbands and other drawn parts), as well as columns and pilasters adjacent to the building, is not included in the wall area and is calculated separately.
Window and door slopes and ebbs during facade plastering are calculated separately.
The estimated norms of SNiP provide for three types (in terms of quality) of plastering of the internal surfaces of premises: simple, improved and high-quality.
Painting works
The amount of painting work is calculated separately for the facades and for the interior of buildings.
The scope of work for painting facades with lime, silicate and cement compositions is determined taking into account the fractures of the facade walls in the plan without deduction of openings. In this case, window and door slopes, as well as the developed surfaces of cornices, rods and other architectural details are not taken into account.
The scope of work for painting facades with perchlorovinyl, organosilicon and polyvinyl acetate compounds is determined by the area of the surface to be painted.
The scope of work on painting the internal surfaces with aqueous compositions is determined without deduction of openings and without taking into account the area of window and door slopes and the sides of niches. The area of the pillars and sides of the pilasters is included in the scope of work.
The scope of work for painting walls with oil and polyvinyl acetate compositions is determined minus openings.
blind area
The base for the blind area is calculated in m 3, coatings - in m 2.
Porch
The scope of work on the arrangement of porches according to the Collection "Constructions made of bricks and blocks" is calculated in m 2 (norms are given for 1 m 2 of the porch). Wooden porches are counted in m2 of ground projection.
Ramps
Ramps are arranged for the entry of vehicles and consist of a concrete pad 200–300 mm thick and a concrete or asphalt concrete coating. The concrete cushion is calculated in m 3 (indicating the class of concrete), the coating - in m 2 (indicating the thickness).
The issues of determining the volume of construction work are set out in more detail in the "Handbook on Estimating Business in Construction", part 1 and in B. I. Golubev's reference book "Determining the volume of construction work."
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