Work associated with harmful or dangerous factors is an integral part of the technological chain of many enterprises. Most of them are industrial and complex industries.
However, neither the employer nor the employee himself can assert, based on their impressions, that the working conditions for a particular position adversely affect the health of the employee. The legislator excludes conflicts of interest and transfers these powers to professional certified organizations.
What are harmful working conditions?
A few years ago, until 2013, enterprises used the concept of "" and independently made a decision on the need for it.
Federal Law No. 426-FZ introduced the concept of a Special Assessment of Working Conditions (SOUT) and the rules for its implementation. Starting from 2014, the employer initiates this procedure without fail.
And only on this basis it becomes possible to assert whether the workplace is dangerous for the health of the employee, in connection with which he has the right to additional benefits and guarantees.
It is important to remember about the penalties that will be imposed on employers who disregard the law on SOUT. The result of the assessment should be recorded and provided for review by each employee.
In addition, it must be included in by writing in the "Working conditions" section. This means that the employee is warned about a possible health risk even before the start of the work function.
A special assessment is required every 5 years. An up-to-date list of organizations entitled to provide the service for conducting the SOUT is published on the official website of Rostrud.
The law established 4 classes of working factors:
- Optimal;
- Permissible;
- Harmful;
- Dangerous.
Before assigning working conditions to one of them, evaluators measure the level and pulsation of illumination, vibration, gas pollution, dust, temperature and noise in the place of work.
An additional risk factor is X-ray exposure, electromagnetic fields, infrared and ultrasound, the use of pneumatic equipment, and biological preparations.
The third hazard class is the most common, so it is divided into several subcategories, from the first to the fourth, in order of increasing risk to health. For convenience, they are denoted by indices 3.1, 3.2, 3.3., 3.4.
Benefits for workers in hazardous conditions
List of benefits for harmful conditions.
The Labor Code of the Russian Federation obliges the employer to compensate for the risks with a number of benefits, while regulating the norms of productivity, periods of rest and medical care.
For jobs with an index of 3.1 and 3.2, the following types of benefits are distinguished:
- reduced work hours. The adjustment must be made in the working time schedule. If the basic norm for most employees is 40 hours a week, then the presence of harmful factors reduces it to 36 hours.
However, the legislator does not deprive the employee of the right to go to work more often, but these hours will be considered overtime and must be paid double. It must be remembered that the law prohibits processing more than 120 hours per year.
Special standards are established for specialists who are installed. It would be a violation to choose an annual rate for the "harmman", in this case only quarterly is possible;
- . In addition to the basic paid leave, which is provided annually to each employee, there are special guarantees for additional rest time. This benefit applies only to employees whose workplace, according to the results of the audit, has an index of 3.2.
The minimum duration of additional holidays is 7 days. By analogy with the main one, they must be included in the schedule in the order of the general queue. Preemptive right in relation to the timing of the provision of the presence of harmful factors does not give;
- additional payment for work in unfavorable working conditions. As a general rule, it is at least 4% of the salaries or tariff rates of employees working in similar positions in more comfortable conditions. In many production areas, there are also intersectoral agreements in force on the territory of one or more federal subjects.
- early retirement, before the officially approved retirement age in the country. In accordance with this norm, men can retire as early as 55 years old, and women - at 50. In this case, two important conditions must be met.
First, contact with labor must account for at least 80% of the time spent at the workplace. Secondly, an exact match of the job title with those indicated in the ETKS qualification directory is necessary.
It should be noted that early retirement will not be possible if the total work experience in hazardous production is less than 12 years.
Thus, the legislator does not allow tricks on the part of an employee who is ready to go to work in special working conditions immediately before the onset of pre-retirement age;
- scheduled medical examinations. The Rospotrebnadzor Service is responsible for monitoring the correct execution of medical records of employees. Regular medical examinations are regulated by order No. 302-n. Their terms and program are described in the Annexes to the order.
Milk and vacation can be replaced by monetary compensation.
Testing for tuberculosis, HIV and neuropsychiatric disorders is mandatory for everyone. The employee undergoes an inspection on his own, and the employer, on the basis of the submitted receipts or checks, compensates for these costs.
If the conclusion issued by a medical organization to an employee contains contraindications to work in the position held, it must be translated. In the absence of suitable full-time positions for him, the employment contract with him is terminated;
- issuance of milk and its equivalent substitutes. This applies to jobs where a special assessment of working conditions identified risks due to chemical factors;
- payment for life and health insurance. Federal Law No. 125-FZ obliges the employer to provide insurance against accidents. In the event of such a situation, the employee will be paid the sum insured. An employee's injury at work guarantees payment for treatment, medicines, rehabilitation and sanatorium treatment.
In addition, many employers, with the help of additional medical insurance (VHI), enable their employees to undergo preventive treatment according to the medical profiles of the risk zone;
- personal protective equipment (PPE). They must not only be issued to each employee against signature, but also instructed on the rules for their use. The standard set of PPE includes overalls, head protection, respiratory protection, hands, washing agents, special soaps.
The legislator categorically prohibits internal and external in positions, each of which is performed in harmful working conditions. The minority of the employee should also be the reason for refusing to be hired for a position with an index of 3.1 or 3.2.
A pregnant employee also needs not only to be transferred to light work, as is customary to do, but to be protected from the effects of harmful factors by moving the workplace to another unit.
Similarly, they formalize relations with women who have children under the age of one and a half years, but who have already gone to work.
Many enterprises have a tradition of drawing up and signing a collective agreement. All guarantees and compensation must be recorded here. Upon admission to the organization, the document is familiarized with the signature of each employee.
Special procedure for calculating compensation.
Replacing benefits with cash payments by the legislator is not prohibited. So, for example, an employer, instead of issuing milk, can compensate for it with an amount equivalent to its value.
Until January 2014, even at the request of the employee, additional leave could not be replaced by payment. Rostrud conditioned this logically and explained that high-quality food can be organized by the employee independently, and rest is possible only if distracted from work.
At present, it has become possible to partially replace it, in a situation where the accumulated vacation is more than 7 calendar days. But with the employee, such an agreement must be fixed in advance in an additional agreement to the current employment contract.
The minimum amount of compensation paid is calculated based on the average earnings of the employee for the last year. Industry agreements or a collective agreement may establish additional coefficients that increase compensation.
Most of the compensation payments that are related to the performance of work duties, the legislator exempts from the deduction of personal income tax. These include travel expenses, expenses for the operation of personal vehicles, depreciation.
But according to the decision of the Ministry of Finance, compensation for special conditions at the workplace does not apply to such types of income. In an official letter containing an explanation of the situation, the Ministry of Finance states that there are no grounds for exemption from taxation.
Order No. 185 issued by the Ministry of Health contains a list of professions that are at risk. Among them are not only workers in the industrial sector, but also bakers, teachers, doctors, employees of aviation, metro, railway communications, and correctional institutions.
When determining the list, experts were guided by the frequency of occurrence of occupational diseases that take on a chronic character.
The trade union organization has a special role and influence in the enterprise. She controls the quality of the SOUT, compliance with the guarantees provided to the “wreckers”, timely safety briefing, the issuance of PPE and their quality.
The union does not have the power to ban or suspend work that poses a health risk. However, he can issue his opinion in the form of a letter to the employer, submit a collective appeal to the supervisory authorities.
The document will not be a guide to action, but when a conflict is brewing, it is reasonable to agree with the trade union. The practice of disputes shows that in most cases the courts and the labor inspectorate take the side of the employee representative. The conclusion of a collective labor agreement with a detailed description of all compensations and guarantees will help to minimize the risks of conflict.
From this video you will learn about benefits and compensation for harmful working conditions.
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In accordance with the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, No. 14, Article 1650; 2002, No. 1 (part 1), Article 2; 2003, No. 2, item 167; No. 27 (part 1), item 2700; 2004, No. 35, item 3607; 2005, No. 19, item 1752; 2006, No. 1, item 10, No. 52 (Part 1) Article 5498; 2007, No. 1 (Part 1) Article 21; No. 1 (Part 1) Article 29; No. 27, Article 3213; No. 46, Article 5554; No. 49, Article 6070; 2008, No. 24, Article 2801; No. 29 (Part 1), Article 3418; No. 30 (Part 2), Article 3616; No. 44, Article 4984; No. 52 (Part 1) ), Art. 6223; 2009, No. 1, Art. 17; 2010, No. 40, Art. 4969) and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2000 No. 554 "On approval of the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Rationing" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, No. 31, Art. 3295; 2004, No. 8, Art. 663; No. 47, Art. 4666; 2005, No. 39, Art. 3953) I decide:
Approve SanPiN 2.2.2776-10 "Hygienic requirements for the assessment of working conditions in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases" (Appendix).
| G.G. Onishchenko |
Registration number 19525
Application
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
“Hygienic requirements for the assessment of working conditions in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases”
(approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated November 23, 2010 No. 153)
I. Scope and general provisions
1.1. Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations (hereinafter - the rules) are developed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
1.2. The rules establish mandatory sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the hygienic assessment of working conditions when investigating cases of occupational diseases.
1.3. The rules are intended for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, as well as bodies authorized to exercise state sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
1.4. These rules are intended for hygienic assessment of working conditions in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases, include a hygienic assessment of working environment factors, the severity and intensity of the labor process in terms of harmfulness and danger.
1.5. Working conditions in the investigation of occupational diseases are conditionally divided into 4 classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger: optimal (1st class), permissible (2nd class), harmful (3rd class) and dangerous (4th class).
1.6. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness: 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4.
1.7. The special ones include working conditions associated with the performance of work in an environment unusual for human life and causing a constant increased risk to the life and health of the employee.
II. Hygienic requirements for the assessment of working conditions as a result of the impact of factors of the working environment and the labor process in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases
2.1. chemical factor
2.1.1. The classification of working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger in terms of the level of the chemical factor is carried out depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area (in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (hereinafter referred to as MPC), indicative safe exposure level (hereinafter referred to as SHEL), times), in accordance appendix 1 to the rules.
2.1.2. The degree of harmfulness of working conditions in contact with substances that have one standard value is established by comparing the actual concentrations with the corresponding MPC - the maximum single (hereinafter - *) or average shift (hereinafter - *). The presence of two MPC values requires an assessment of working conditions, both in terms of maximum and average shift concentrations, and as a result, the class of working conditions is set according to a higher degree of harmfulness.
2.1.3. For substances dangerous for the development of acute poisoning, and allergens, the determining factor is the comparison of actual concentrations with *, and carcinogens and substances that have an effect on reproductive function - with *. In cases where these substances have two standards, the air of the working area is assessed both by average shifts and by maximum concentrations (Appendix 1 of the rules) (with the exception of aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (hereinafter referred to as APFD)). As a result, the class of working conditions is set according to a higher degree of harmfulness.
2.1.4. With the simultaneous presence in the air of the working area of several harmful substances of unidirectional action with a summation effect, they proceed from the calculation of the sum of the ratios of the actual concentrations of each of them to their MPC. The resulting value should not exceed one (permissible limit for the combination), which corresponds to the permissible working conditions. If the result obtained is greater than one, the assessment of the harmfulness of working conditions is determined by the multiplicity of exceeding one according to that line of Appendix 1 of the rules that corresponds to the characteristic features of the biological effect on the body of the substances that make up the combination, or - according to the first line of the same table (if the features of the action of this composition of substances not highlighted as a separate line in appendix 1 of the rules).
2.1.5. With the simultaneous content in the air of the working area of two or more harmful substances of multidirectional action, the assessment of working conditions for the chemical factor is determined as follows:
By substance, the concentration of which corresponds to the highest class and degree of harmfulness;
The presence of any number of substances whose levels correspond to class 3.1. does not increase the degree of harmfulness of working conditions;
Three or more substances with class levels of 3.2 translate working conditions into the next degree of hazard - 3.3;
Two or more hazardous substances with class 3.3 levels bring working conditions to class 3.4. Similarly, the transfer from class 3.4 to class 4 is carried out - dangerous working conditions.
2.1.6. If one substance has several specific effects (carcinogen, allergen, and others), the assessment of working conditions is carried out according to a higher degree of harmfulness.
2.1.7. When working with substances that penetrate the skin and have the appropriate standard - the maximum permissible level (MPL) in accordance with the hygienic standards for the maximum permissible levels (MPL) of contamination of the skin with harmful substances, the assessment of working conditions is determined by the line "Harmful substances 1 - 4 hazard classes" of Appendix 1 of the Rules.
2.1.8. Chemical substances that have SHEE as a standard are evaluated in accordance with Appendix 1 to the rules, taking into account the peculiarities of the effect of the substance on the body (allergen, irritant, with a highly directed mechanism of action), or (if the features of the action of the substance are not indicated in the list of hygienic standards) - according to the line "Harmful substances of 1 - 4 hazard classes".
2.2. biological factor
2.2.1. The assessment of working conditions under the action of a biological factor on the body of an employee is determined in accordance with Appendix 2 to the rules.
2.2.2. Control of the content of factors of biological nature is carried out in accordance with the guidelines for microbiological monitoring of the production environment.
2.2.3. The working conditions of employees of medical, veterinary and other organizations include:
To the 4th class of dangerous (extreme) conditions, if workers work with pathogens (or have contact with patients) of especially dangerous infectious diseases;
To class 3.3 - working conditions of workers who have contact with pathogens of other infectious diseases, taking into account the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent (airborne, bloodborne, transmissible, fecal-oral);
To class 3.2 - working conditions of workers with an increased risk of contact with pathogens of infectious diseases; workers engaged in the repair and maintenance of sewer networks, treatment facilities and public toilets, including in organizations.
2.3. Aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (APFD)
2.3.1. Assignment of working conditions to the appropriate class according to the level of exposure to APFD is carried out depending on the ratio of the actual concentration of APFD in the air of the working area and the corresponding maximum allowable concentration of APFD (* and (or) *).
2.3.2. If * and * are set for APFD, then the assessment of working conditions is carried out based on a comparison of the actual average shift concentrations of these substances with *. If * is exceeded three or more times in an 8-hour work shift, the class of working conditions for APFD with * and * is increased by one step.
2.3.3. The distribution of working conditions by class under the influence of APFD is given in Appendix 3 of the rules.
2.3.4. If there are two or more types of APFD in the air of the working area, the class of working conditions is established based on the calculation of the effect of the summation of these aerosols, carried out in the manner specified in clause 2.1.4. rules.
2.3.5. If there is a substance (substances) in the air of the working area that has multidirectional properties, one of which is an aerosol of predominantly fibrogenic action, then the class of working conditions is established in accordance with clause 2.1.5 of the rules.
2.3.6. The main indicator for assessing the degree of impact of APFD on the respiratory organs of an employee is dust load (hereinafter - PN). When determining the relationship of the disease with the profession and (or) carrying out work on the assessment of occupational risks, the calculation of the payroll is mandatory.
2.3.7. PN on the respiratory organs of a worker is the actual or predicted value of the total exposure dose of dust that the worker inhales for the entire period of actual (or assumed) occupational exposure to dust.
2.3.8. The PN on the respiratory organs of a worker (or a group of workers, if they perform similar work under the same conditions) is calculated based on the actual average shift concentrations of APFD in the air of the working area, the volume of pulmonary ventilation (depending on the severity of work) and the duration of contact with dust:
K is the actual average shift concentration of dust in the worker's breathing zone, *;
N is the number of work shifts worked in a calendar year under the influence of APFD;
T is the number of years of contact with APPD;
Q - volume of pulmonary ventilation per shift *, *.
2.3.9. The obtained values of CL are compared with the value of the control dust load (CPL), which is understood as the dust load formed under the condition of compliance with the average shift MPC of dust during the entire period of occupational contact with the factor.
2.3.10. When assessing working conditions at non-permanent workplaces and (or) with non-permanent professional contact with APFD during the working week, in order to determine the class of working conditions, the expected dust load for the year is calculated based on the expected actual number of work shifts worked out under the conditions of APFD exposure ( 2):
The obtained value of the ST is compared with the value of the CIT for the year (250 work shifts under the influence of APFD at the level of the average shift MPC. According to formula 5 *). If the actual dust load corresponds to the control level (CLL), the working conditions are classified as an acceptable class. The multiplicity of exceeding the control dust loads indicates the class of working conditions in accordance with Appendix 3 of the rules.
2.4. Vibroacoustic factors
2.4.1. Assessment of working conditions when workers are exposed to noise, vibration, infra- and ultrasound, depending on the magnitude of the excess of existing standards, is determined in accordance with Appendix 4 of the rules.
2.4.2. The degree of harmfulness and danger of working conditions under the action of vibroacoustic factors is established taking into account their time characteristics.
2.4.3. Maximum permissible noise levels at workplaces are established taking into account the type of work activity, according to sanitary noise standards at workplaces, in residential and public buildings and residential areas.
2.4.4. Assessment of working conditions when an employee is exposed to noise is based on the results of measurement (calculation) of the equivalent sound level for an 8-hour work shift.
2.4.5. When a working impulse and/or tonal noise is exposed, the measured or calculated equivalent sound levels of impulse and/or tonal noise should be increased by 5 dBA, after which the result can be compared with the remote control without making a reduction in it, established by the sanitary noise standards at workplaces , in the premises of residential and public buildings and residential areas.
2.4.6. Hygienic assessment of the vibration (general, local) affecting the worker is carried out in accordance with the sanitary standards of industrial vibration, vibration in the premises of residential and public buildings. The definition of the class of working conditions is carried out according to the maximum (from three directions) exceeding the maximum permissible levels (values) of vibration acceleration or vibration velocity, measured (calculated) for an 8-hour work shift.
2.4.7. When an employee is exposed during a working day (shift) in different working zones of general vibration of various categories (for example, transport and transport-technological) with different standards, the equivalent adjusted vibration level must be compared with the highest standard in one of the working zones.
2.4.8. When a worker is exposed to local vibration in combination with local hand cooling (work in a cooling microclimate of class 3.2), the hazard class of working conditions for this factor is increased by one step.
2.4.9. The maximum permissible levels of infrasound at workplaces are determined in accordance with sanitary standards for infrasound at workplaces, in residential and public buildings and in residential areas, for work of varying severity.
2.4.10. Evaluation of working conditions when exposed to working infrasound is carried out based on the results of measuring or calculating energy-equivalent (for an 8-hour work shift) sound pressure levels (*), in dB, in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 2, 4, 8 and 16 Hz. Evaluation of working conditions is carried out according to the maximum excess of the MPD.
2.4.11. Evaluation of working conditions when an employee is exposed to air ultrasound is carried out based on the results of measuring the sound pressure level in 1/3 octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies from 12.5 to 100.0 kHz. Measurement of ultrasound levels should be carried out in the normalized frequency range with the upper limiting frequency not lower than the operating frequency of the source.
2.5. Microclimate
2.5.1. The assessment of the microclimate is carried out on the basis of measurements of its parameters (temperature, air humidity, speed of its movement, thermal radiation) at all places of stay of the employee during the shift and comparison with the standards in accordance with the hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.
2.5.2. If the measured parameters meet the hygienic requirements, then the working conditions in terms of microclimate indicators are characterized as optimal (grade 1) or acceptable (grade 2). In case of discrepancy, the working conditions are classified as harmful and the degree of harmfulness is established, which characterizes the level of overheating or cooling of the human body.
2.5.3. The mathematical model for determining the heat content when assessing the heating microclimate has the form:
* - time, minutes, duration of stay at the workplace (excluding lunch breaks, work and rest in conditions of optimal or acceptable microclimate);
* - air temperature, °С;
* - relative humidity, %;
* - air velocity, m/s;
R - thermal radiation, *, for an open area of IA, IB and II climatic regions R=700 *, for III climatic region R=800 *, for IV climatic region R = 900 *;
* - type of clothing, score, * for special clothing designed to protect against general pollution (cotton suit and underwear, etc.), * for special clothing designed to protect against heat, oil and oil products (three-layer x /b suit, etc.), * for special airtight clothing;
* - type of headgear, score:
* (cap, scarf);
* - clothing insulation (percentage of body surface excluded from moisture exchange with the environment):
* : head - 8.6%, trunk - 34.0%, arm (shoulder and forearm) - 13.5%, hand - 4.5%, thigh - 20.4%, lower leg - 12.5%, foot - 6.5%.
2.5.4. The accumulation of heat in the body (*, kJ/kg) should be determined as the difference between the value of heat content obtained as a result of the calculation according to the equation and the value of heat content in the body under thermal comfort conditions of 123.5 kJ/kg.
2.5.5. The assessment of working conditions is determined by the amount of heat accumulation in the body (*, kJ / kg) in accordance with Appendix 5 to the rules.
2.5.6. When assessing working conditions, it should be taken into account that the optimal (class 1) or permissible (class 2) value of heat accumulation in the body can be achieved as a result of low humidity, which ensures an increase in heat loss due to the evaporation of moisture released by a person, which, however, does not prevent the stress of thermoregulation reactions .
The assessment of working conditions at a humidity of 10 - 14% is defined as class 3.1, at a humidity of less than 10% - as class 3.2. If the air speed is more than 0.6 m/s, the class of working conditions is estimated as 3.1.
2.5.7. In the presence of sources of thermal exposure, working conditions are specified in terms of "thermal exposure", in accordance with Appendix 6 to the rules.
2.5.8. Evaluation of working conditions is determined by the most pronounced indicator.
2.5.9. When assessing working conditions in an open area, it is necessary to obtain the following indicators in the territorial meteorological center for the three summer months of the last 5 years: * - average temperature, * - average relative humidity, * - average air velocity.
2.5.10. The microclimate in the room, in which the air temperature at the workplace is below the permissible level, is harmful. The hazard assessment is determined by the average shift values of air temperature specified in Appendix 7 to the rules. It shows the air temperature in relation to the optimal values of the speed of its movement. With an increase in the air velocity at the workplace by 0.1 m/s from the optimum, the air temperature specified in the appendix should be increased by 0.2 °C.
2.5.11. Assessment of the microclimate in the cold (winter) period of the year should be carried out either in the second half of December or in the first half of January.
2.5.12. The assessment of the microclimate in the cold (winter) period of the year when working in an open area and in unheated rooms is carried out according to the multiple regression equation to determine the integral indicator of cooling conditions (ICC).
* - air temperature, °С;
V - wind speed, m/s;
* - thermal insulation of a set of clothes, klo (*)
* - level of energy consumption, *
The thermal insulation of a set of clothing with a fabric breathability of not more than 20 * is taken equal to:
2.5.13. The assessment of working conditions when working in an open area or in unheated premises for the cold season is determined in accordance with Appendix 8 to the rules.
2.5.14. Assessment of the microclimate during work during a work shift, both in an open area and indoors and other non-standard situations (work in an open area and indoors, in a heating and cooling environment of various durations and physical activity) requires their separate assessment.
If during the work shift the employee is at different workplaces characterized by different levels of thermal exposure, the assessment of working conditions is determined in relation to each level and is evaluated by the highest value, provided that the duration of stay at this (worst) workplace is greater than or equal to 50% work shift. In other cases, the assessment of working conditions is determined as a weighted average, taking into account the length of stay at each workplace.
2.5.15. When using radiant heating systems in industrial premises, it is necessary to control the microclimate parameters in accordance with the hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises according to Appendix 9 of the rules.
2.6. light environment
2.6.1. The assessment of the parameters of the light environment for natural and artificial lighting is carried out according to the criteria given in Appendix 10 to the rules.
2.6.2. Natural lighting is evaluated by the coefficient of natural light (KEO). When the workplace is located in several zones with different natural lighting conditions, including outside buildings, the class of working conditions is assigned taking into account the time spent in these zones.
2.6.3. Artificial lighting is evaluated in terms of the illumination of the working surface and the quality of the light environment: direct brilliance, reflected brilliance, luminance pulsation coefficient, brightness, uneven distribution of brightness) according to the criteria given in Appendix 11 to the rules. After evaluation for individual indicators (including quality indicators), a final evaluation is carried out for the "artificial lighting" factor by selecting the indicators of the highest degree of harmfulness from the estimates.
2.6.4. When performing various visual works at the workplace or when the workplace is located in several zones (premises, plots, in an open area), the assessment of working conditions in terms of artificial lighting indicators (including illumination and lighting quality indicators) is carried out taking into account the time for performing these visual works or taking into account the time spent in different areas of work. At the same time, an assessment of working conditions is first determined taking into account the exposure time for each indicator separately, and then a class is assigned according to the "artificial lighting" factor.
2.6.5. The control of the visual parameters of VDT at the workplace should be carried out only if there is subjective visual data on the need for their instrumental measurements and assessment of the degree of hazard according to the criteria given in Appendix 12 to the rules.
2.6.6. The overall assessment of working conditions in terms of the “lighting” factor is made taking into account the possibility of compensating for the insufficiency or absence of natural lighting by creating favorable conditions for artificial lighting and, if necessary, compensating for ultraviolet deficiency in accordance with Appendix 13 to the rules.
2.7. Non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation
2.7.1. The assignment of working conditions to one or another class of hazard and danger when exposed to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation is carried out in accordance with Appendix 17 to the rules.
2.7.2. Working conditions under the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiations belong to the 3rd class of hazard when the workplaces exceed the maximum permissible limits established for the corresponding exposure time, taking into account the values of energy exposures in those frequency ranges where it is normalized, and to the 4th class - for 50 Hz electric power and EMF in the frequency range of 30 MHz - 300 GHz when their maximum remote control values are exceeded up to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Appendix 11 of the rules, as well as for broadband electromagnetic pulses when the electric field strength MPD is exceeded by 50 times or more (for the number of electromagnetic pulses not more than 5 V during the working day).
2.7.3. In case of simultaneous or successive stay during a work shift under the influence of electromagnetic fields and radiation, for which different remote controls are installed, the class of working conditions at the workplace is set according to the factor for which the highest degree of harmfulness is determined. Exceeding the MPC (VDU) of two or more assessed electromagnetic factors related to the same degree of hazard increases the class of working conditions by one step.
2.7.4. The classification of working conditions under the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (laser, ultraviolet) is presented in Appendix 12 to the rules.
2.8. ionizing radiation
2.8.1. The hygienic criteria for assessing the radiation factor have fundamental differences from the assessment of other factors of the working environment, which is due to the specific features of its impact on the human body, the established practice of assessing the levels of ionizing radiation and the need to ensure radiation safety in accordance with Federal Law No. 3-FZ dated 09.01.1996 " On Radiation Safety of the Population" (Sobranie Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1996, No. 3, Art. 141; 2004, No. 35, Art. 3607; 2008, No. 30 (Part 2), Art. 3616).
2.8.2. The criteria are defined using the ratios adopted by SanPiN 2.6.1. "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB 99/2009)" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on August 14, 2009, registration No. 14534) based on international models of external and internal exposure dose formation, and characterize the potential hazard of working in specific conditions, subject to the requirements federal norms and rules for ensuring radiation safety.
2.8.3. When assessing working conditions with sources of ionizing radiation, the actual time spent by an employee at the workplace is not taken into account, they are evaluated based on work under standard conditions established by NRB-99/2009.
2.8.4. As criteria for assessing the working conditions of personnel, the maximum annual potential effective dose and the maximum annual potential equivalent doses in the lenses of the eyes, skin, hands and feet are taken, which are determined by formula (3) for the effective dose and by formula (2) for equivalent doses.
where: * - maximum annual potential effective dose, mSv per year;
* - maximum ambient dose equivalent rate of external radiation at the workplace, determined by the results of radiation monitoring, µSv/h;
* - the maximum volumetric activity of the i-th radionuclide of the k-th type of compound during inhalation in the atmospheric air (aerosols, radioactive gases) at the workplace, determined by the results of radiation monitoring, *;
* - dose coefficient for the i-th radionuclide of the k-th type of compound during inhalation, Sv/Bq;
* - coefficient taking into account the volume of inhaled air per year (* * per year for group A personnel) and the transition from Sv to mSv (* mSv/Sv).
where: * is the maximum annual potential equivalent dose to an organ (eye lenses, skin, hands and feet) at a given workplace, mSv per year;
1.7 - coefficient taking into account the standard exposure time of personnel during the calendar year (1700 hours per year for group A personnel) and the transition from μSv to mSv (* mSv / μSv);
* - maximum equivalent dose rate of external irradiation of an organ at a given workplace, determined by the results of radiation monitoring, µSv/h.
2.8.5. For hygienic assessment and classification of working conditions during the work of group A personnel with man-made sources of ionizing radiation, the values of the maximum annual potential effective dose and the maximum annual potential equivalent doses in the lenses of the eyes, skin, hands and feet at a given workplace are evaluated and compared with the boundary the values of these quantities given in Appendix 16 to the rules.
2.8.6. Acceptable (class 2) includes working conditions when handling man-made sources of ionizing radiation, under which the maximum annual potential effective dose will not exceed 5 mSv per year and the maximum annual potential equivalent doses will not exceed:
At the same time, the absence of deterministic effects of exposure is guaranteed, and the risk of occurrence of stochastic effects of exposure will not exceed the average values of the industrial risk for working conditions in other industries that are not related to harmful or dangerous.
Harmful working conditions (class 3) include working conditions with man-made sources of ionizing radiation, in which the maximum annual potential effective dose may exceed 5 mSv per year, but not more than 100 mSv per year, or the maximum annual potential equivalent doses may exceed:
This guarantees the absence of deterministic effects of exposure, but the risk of stochastic effects of exposure exceeds the average occupational risk for working conditions in other industries that are not harmful or dangerous.
Hazardous working conditions (class 4) include working conditions with man-made sources of ionizing radiation, in which the maximum annual potential effective dose may exceed 100 mSv per year or in which the maximum annual potential equivalent doses in the lenses of the eyes, skin, hands or feet may cause deterministic radiation effects (more than 150 mSv per year for the lenses of the eyes or more than 500 mSv per year for the skin, hands and feet).
2.8.7. Working conditions with sources of ionizing radiation, regardless of their origin, in which the maximum potential effective dose may exceed 5 mSv / year, and the maximum equivalent dose in the lens of the eye, skin, hands and feet - 37.5, 125, 125 and 125 mSv / year, respectively, are classified as harmful (grade 3).
2.8.8. Hazardous (extreme) working conditions (class 4) include working conditions when working with sources of ionizing radiation, under which the maximum potential effective dose may exceed 100 mSv/year.
2.8.9. The impact on the body of workers of harmful or dangerous non-radiation factors that can increase the risk of deterministic and stochastic effects should be taken into account.
2.9. The severity and intensity of the labor process
2.9.1. The criteria and classification of the severity and intensity of the labor process are presented in appendices 14 and 15 to the rules, respectively.
2.9.2. The assessment of indicators of the severity of the labor process is carried out in accordance with Appendix 17 to the rules. At the same time, a class is first set for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is set according to the highest degree of severity. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 or 3.2, working conditions are rated 1 degree higher in terms of the severity of the labor process (3.2 or 3.3 classes, respectively). According to this criterion, the highest degree of severity of labor is class 3.3.
2.9.3. Evaluation of indicators of labor intensity is carried out in accordance with Appendix 18 to the rules. If there are three or more indicators of class 3.1 or 3.2, the working conditions in terms of the intensity of the labor process are rated 1 degree higher (3.2 or 3.3 classes, respectively). According to this criterion, the highest degree of labor intensity is class 3.3.
2.10. General hygienic assessment of working conditions
2.10.1. Working conditions at the workplace meet hygienic requirements and belong to class 1 or 2, if the actual values of the levels of harmful factors are within the optimal or permissible values, respectively. If the level of at least one factor exceeds the allowable value, then the working conditions at such a workplace, depending on the magnitude of the excess and, in accordance with these sanitary rules, both for a single factor and for their combination, can be attributed to 1 - 4 degrees of class 3 harmful or class 4 dangerous working conditions.
2.10.2. To establish the class of working conditions exceeding the MPC, the MPC can be registered during one shift, if it is typical for a given technological process. In case of atypical or episodic (within a week, month) exposure, the assessment of working conditions is carried out according to the equivalent exposure and / or the maximum level of the factor.
2.10.3. Evaluation of working conditions, taking into account the combined action of factors, is carried out on the basis of the results of measurements of individual factors, taking into account the effects of summation in the combined action of chemicals, biological factors, and various frequency ranges of electromagnetic radiation. The results of the assessment of harmful factors of the working environment and the labor process are entered in the table of Appendix 19 to the rules.
The overall score is set by:
According to the highest class and degree of harmfulness;
In the case of a combined action of 3 or more factors belonging to class 3.1, the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2;
With a combination of 2 or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 - working conditions are rated one degree higher, respectively.
3.10.4.# Classes of working conditions are determined on the basis of the actually measured parameters of the factors of the working environment and the labor process, taking into account the duration of their impact. If the normative levels are exceeded, the employer develops a set of measures to improve and improve working conditions, including organizational and technical measures to eliminate the hazardous factor, and if it is impossible to eliminate it, reduce its level to safe limits. If, as a result of the introduction of preventive measures, the risk of health problems persists, measures are used to reduce the time of its exposure (time protection). The use of personal protective equipment (hereinafter referred to as PPE) takes the last place among the priorities of measures to improve working conditions**.
3.10.5.# Modes of work and rest of workers exposed to vibration do not change the class of working conditions.
______________________________
* It is recommended to use the following average values of pulmonary ventilation volumes, which depend on the level of energy consumption and, accordingly, the categories of work according to the hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises:
** By reducing the levels of influencing harmful factors (dust, chemicals, noise, vibration, microclimate, etc.), PPE can simultaneously have adverse side effects
Annex 1
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area (exceeding the MPC or SHEL, times)
| Harmful substances | Working condition class | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| admissible | harmful | dangerous*(8) | ||||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3,4 | 4 | |||
| Hazardous substances of hazard classes 1-4*(1) except for those listed below | <=ПДК_макс | 1,1 - 3,0 | 3,1 - 10,0 | 10,1 - 15,0 | 15,1 - 20,0 | >20,0 | ||
| <=ПДК_сс | 1,1 - 3,0 | 3,1 - 10,0 | 10,1 - 15,0 | >15,0 | ||||
| Enzymes of microbial origin*(2) | <=ПДК_макс | 1,1 - 5,0 | 5,1 - 10,0 | > 10,0 | - | - | ||
| Features of the effect on the body | substances dangerous for the development of acute poisoning | with a highly targeted mechanism of action * (2); chlorine, ammonia | <=ПДК_макс | 1,1 - 2,0 | 2,1 - 5,0 | 5,1 - 10,0 | 10,1 - 50,0 | > 10,0 |
| irritant*(3) | <=ПДК_макс | 1,1 - 2,0 | 2,1 - 4,0 | 4,1 - 6,0 | 6,1 - 10,0 | > 50,0 | ||
| carcinogens*(4), substances hazardous to human reproductive health*(5) | <=ПДК_сс | 1,1 - 2,0 | 2,1 - 4,0 | 4,1 - 10,0 | >10,0 | - | ||
| Allergens*(6) | highly dangerous | <=ПДК_макс | - | 1,1 - 3,0 | 3,1 - 15,0 | 15,1 - 20,0 | >20,0 | |
| moderately hazardous | <=ПДК_макс | 1,1 - 2,0 | 2,1 - 5,0 | 5,1 - 15,0 | 15,1 - 20,0 | >20,0 | ||
| anticancer drugs, hormones (estrogens)*(7) | + | |||||||
| Narcotic analgesics*(7) | + | |||||||
| *(1) In accordance with hygienic standards for maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area. *(2) In accordance with the hygienic standards for maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area and approximate safe exposure levels (SEL) of harmful substances in the air of the working area. *(3) In accordance with the guidelines for the hygienic assessment of working environment and work process factors. *(4) In accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations of carcinogenic factors and the basic requirements for the prevention of carcinogenic hazard. APFD is compared according to Appendix 3. *(5) In accordance with the hygienic requirements for working conditions for women, methodological recommendations for the hygienic assessment of harmful production factors and production processes that are dangerous to human reproductive health. *(6) In accordance with the guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. *(7) Substances, upon receipt and use of which contact with the respiratory organs and skin of the worker must be excluded with mandatory control of the air in the working area by approved methods in accordance with the hygienic standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area. *(8) The indicated level can lead to acute, incl. and fatal, poisoning. "+" - regardless of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, working conditions belong to this class. | ||||||||
Appendix 2
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the content of the biological factor in the air of the working area (maximum concentration limit, times)
| biological factor | Working condition class | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| admissible | harmful | dangerous | |||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | ||
| Producing microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms* | <=ПДК | -10,0 | 10,1 - 100,0 | > 100 | - | ||
| pathogenic microorganisms | Particularly dangerous infections | + | |||||
| Causative agents of other infectious diseases; Biological carcinogens** | + | + | |||||
| * In accordance with hygienic standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of producing microorganisms, bacterial preparations and their components in the air of the working area. ** In accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations of carcinogenic factors and the basic requirements for the prevention of carcinogenic hazard. Asbestos-containing dusts are compared according to Appendix 3. | |||||||
Annex 3
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the concentrations of APFD in the air of the working area, and dust loads on the respiratory organs (multiplicity of exceeding the MPC, CPF, times)
| Aerosols | Working condition class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permissible | Heavy | Harmful | Dangerous*** | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 4 | |
| Highly and moderately fibrogenic APFD*; dust containing natural (asbestos, zeolites) and artificial (glass, ceramic, carbon, etc.) mineral fibers | <=ПДК, <=КПН | >1,0 - 2,0 | >2,0 - 4,0 | >4,0 - 10,0 | >10 | - |
| Weak fibrogenic APFD** | <=ПДК <=КПН | >1,0 - 3,0 | >3,0 - 6,0 | >6,0 - 10 | >10 | - |
| * Highly and moderately fibrogenic APFD include APFD with MPC<= 2 мг/м3 ** К слабофиброгенным АПФД относятся АПФД с ПДК >2 mg/m3 *** Organic dust in concentrations exceeding 200-400 mg/cu. m, poses a fire and explosion hazard. | ||||||
Appendix 4
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the magnitude of the excess of the current standards of noise levels, local and general vibration, infra- and ultrasound at the workplace
| Factor name, indicator, unit of measurement | Working condition class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Permissible | Harmful | Dangerous | ||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | |
| Exceeding the MPD up to __________ dB / times (inclusive): | ||||||
| Noise, equivalent sound level, dBA | <=ПДУ*(1) | 5 | 15 | 25 | 35 | >35 |
| Vibration local, equivalent corrected level (value) of vibration velocity, vibration acceleration (dB/time) | <=ПДУ*(2) | 3/1,4 | 6/2 | 9/2,8 | 12/4 | > 12/4 |
| Vibration total, equivalent corrected level of vibration velocity, vibration acceleration (dB/time) | <=ПДУ*(2) | 6/2 | 12/4 | 18/8 | 24/16 | > 24/16 |
| Infrasound, equivalent sound pressure levels, in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 2, 4, 8 and 16 Hz, dB. | <=ПДУ*(3) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | >20 |
| Air ultrasound, sound pressure levels in 1/3 octave frequency bands, dB | <=ПДУ*(4) | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | >40 |
| Contact ultrasound, vibration velocity level, dB | <=ПДУ*(4) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | >20 |
| *(1) In accordance with the sanitary norms for noise at workplaces, in the premises of residential, public buildings and in residential areas. *(2) In accordance with the sanitary standards of industrial vibration, vibration in the premises of residential and public buildings. *(3) In accordance with the sanitary norms for infrasound at workplaces, in residential and public buildings and in residential areas. *(4) In accordance with hygienic requirements when working with sources of air and contact ultrasound for industrial, medical and domestic purposes. | ||||||
Annex 5
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Accumulation of heat in the human body and hygienic assessment of working conditions
Appendix 6
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions in terms of thermal radiation and exposure dose (upper limit)
Annex 7
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions in terms of air temperature when working in a room with a cooling microclimate
| Category of works * | General energy consumption, W / sq. m* | Classes of working conditions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal | Permissible | Harmful ** | Dangerous | |||||
| 1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | ||
| Ia | 68 (58 - 77) | SanPiN* | according to SanPiN* | 18 | 16 | 14 | 12 | <12 |
| Ib | 88 (78 - 97) | according to SanPiN | according to SanPiN* | 17 | 15 | 13 | 11 | <11 |
| IIa | 113 (98 - 129) | according to SanPiN* | according to SanPiN* | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | <8 |
| IIb | 145 (130 - 160) | according to SanPiN* | according to SanPiN* | 13 | 11 | 9 | 7 | <7 |
| III | 177 (161 - 193) | according to SanPiN* | according to SanPiN* | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | <6 |
| * In accordance with hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises. ** The lower limit of air temperature, °C is given. | ||||||||
Appendix 8
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions when working in an open area or in unheated rooms for the cold period of the year, depending on the integral indicator of cooling conditions (ICC)
Appendix 9
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Permissible parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises equipped with radiant heating systems when performing work of medium severity during an 8-hour work shift in overalls with thermal insulation of 1 klo (0.155 osm / W)
| Air temperature, t, С | Thermal exposure intensity, J_1, W/m2 | Thermal exposure intensity, J_2, W/m2 | Relative humidity, f, % | Air velocity, V, m/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | 60* | 150 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| 12 | 60 | 125 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| 13 | 60 | 100 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| 14 | 45 | 75 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| 15 | 30 | 50 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| 16 | 15 | 25 | 15-75 | no more than 0.4 |
| * When J_1>60, you should use a headgear J_1 - Intensity of thermal irradiation of the parietal part of the head at a level of 1.7 m from the floor when working standing and 1.5 m - when working sitting. J_2 - Intensity of thermal irradiation of the parietal part of the head at the level of 1.5 m from the floor when working standing and 1 m - when working while sitting. | ||||
Annex 10
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the parameters of the light environment
| Factor, indicator | Working condition class | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| admissible | harmful - 3 | ||||
| 1st degree | 2 degrees | ||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | |||
| Daylight: | |||||
| Natural light coefficient KEO, % | >= 0,5* | 0,1 - 0,5* | <0,1 | ||
| artificial lighting: | |||||
| Illumination of the working surface (E, lx) for the categories of visual work: | I - III, A, B1 | En** | 0.5 En -<Ен | < 0,5 Ен | |
| IV - XIV, B2, C, D, E, F, F | En** | <Ен | |||
| * Regardless of the group of administrative regions according to light climate resources. ** Normative values: illumination - En, in accordance with building codes and regulations, hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of public and residential buildings. | |||||
Annex 11
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions depending on the parameters of the light environment, characterizing the quality of lighting
| Factor, indicator | Classes of working conditions | |
|---|---|---|
| allowable - 2 | harmful - 3.1 | |
| Direct gloss*(1) | Absence | Availability |
| Reflected luster*(2) | Absence | Availability |
| Illumination ripple factor (Kp, %) | Kpn*(3) | >cpn |
| Brightness*(4) (L, cd/m2) | Ln | >Ln |
| Uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view of a PC user (C, rel. units) | Cn*(5) | >Sn |
| *(1) Direct luster is checked visually. If there are blinding light sources in the field of vision of workers, deterioration in the visibility of objects of distinction and complaints from workers about visual discomfort, the working conditions for this indicator are classified as class 3.1. *(2) The indicator "reflected gloss" is visually checked when working with objects of distinction and working surfaces with directional diffuse and mixed reflection (metals, plastics, glass, glossy paper, etc.). Reflected gloss control is carried out visually. In the presence of a blinding effect of reflection glare, deterioration in the visibility of objects of distinction and complaints of workers about visual discomfort, working conditions for this indicator are classified as class 3.1. *(3) Normative values of the coefficient of pulsation of illumination - Kpn, in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations. *(4) The "brightness" indicator is determined in those cases where the regulatory documents indicate the need to limit it (for example, limiting the brightness of light work surfaces under local lighting; limiting the brightness of luminous surfaces in the worker's field of vision, in particular, when quality control of products in transmitted light, etc.). *(5) Normative values of the indicator of uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view of a PC user, in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations. | ||
Annex 12
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Classes of working conditions depending on the visual parameters of video display terminals
Annex 13
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions by the factor "lighting"
| Natural light rating* | Artificial lighting rating* | Preventive ultraviolet irradiation of workers | Overall Lighting Rating |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 2 | - | 2 |
| 3.1 | - | 3.1 | |
| 3.2 | - | 3.2 | |
| 3.1 | 2** | - | 2 |
| 3.1 | - | 3.1 | |
| 3.2 | - | 3.2 | |
| 3.2 | 2** | available | 3.1 |
| absent | 3.1 | ||
| 3.1 | available | 3.1 | |
| absent | 3.2 | ||
| 3.2 | available | 3.2 | |
| absent | 3.2 | ||
| * The class of working conditions is determined in accordance with Table. 9. ** Taking into account the requirements of regulatory documentation for increasing illumination from artificial lighting due to insufficient or lack of natural lighting. | |||
Annex 14
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions under the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation
| Factor | Working condition class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| admissible | harmful | dangerous | ||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Geomagnetic field (weakening)*(2) | Exceeding the remote control (times) | |||||
| <=ПДУ | <=5 | >5 | - | - | - | |
| Electrostatic field*(3) | <=ПДУ*(1) | <=5 | >5 | - | - | - |
| Permanent magnetic field*(4) | <=ПДУ*(1) | <=5 | >5 | - | - | - |
| Power frequency electric fields (50 Hz)*(5) | <=ПДУ*(1) | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | - | >40*(11) |
| Power frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz)*(6) | <=ПДУ*(1) | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | - | - |
| Electromagnetic fields at the workplace of a PC user*(7) | <=ВДУ <=ПДУ | >VDU >PDU | - | - | - | - |
| RF Electromagnetic Emissions*(8) | ||||||
| 0.01 - 0.03 MHz | <=ПДУ*(1) | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | - | - |
| 0.03 - 3.0 MHz | <=ПДУ *(9) | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | - | - |
| 3.0 - 30.0 MHz | <=ПДУ*(9) | <=3 | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | - |
| 30.0 - 300.0 MHz | <=ПДУ*(9) | <=3 | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | >100*(11) |
| 300.0 MHz - 300.0 GHz | <=ПДУ*(9) | <=3 | <=5 | <=10 | >10 | >100*(11) |
| Broadband electromagnetic pulse*(10) | <=ПДУ | <=5 | >5 | >50*(12) | ||
| *(1) The MPL values with which the EMF values measured at workplaces are compared are determined depending on the time of exposure to the factor during the working day. *(2) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations for hypogeomagnetic fields in industrial, residential and public buildings and structures; *(3) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations for electromagnetic fields in a working environment. *(4) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations of electromagnetic fields in the production environment. *(5) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations of electromagnetic fields in the production environment. *(6) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations of electromagnetic fields in production conditions, the approximate safe levels of PMF 50 Hz. *(7) In accordance with hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work. *(8) In accordance with the sanitary rules and regulations for electromagnetic fields in production conditions, hygienic requirements for the placement and operation of land mobile radio communications. *(9) EMP energy exposure remote control. *(10) In accordance with the requirements for the protection of personnel from exposure to pulsed electromagnetic fields Note. *(11) Exceeding the maximum limit for short-term exposure. *(12) Exceeding the remote control of the electric field strength for the number of electromagnetic impulses not more than 5 during the working day | ||||||
Annex 15
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions under the action of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (laser, ultraviolet)
| Factor | Working condition class | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| admissible | harmful | dangerous | |||||
| 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| Laser radiation* | *PDU_1 | >PDU_1 | |||||
| *PDU_2 | >PDU_2 | <=10 ПДУ_2 | <10(2) ПДУ_2 | <10(3) ПДУ_2 | >10(3) RC_2 | ||
| Ultraviolet radiation | in the presence of industrial sources of UV-A + UV-B, UV-C, W/m2 | DIY** | >LBB** | ||||
| * In accordance with sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers (PDU_1 - for chronic exposure, PDU_2 - for single exposure). ** In accordance with sanitary standards for ultraviolet radiation in production facilities. If the limit is exceeded, work is allowed when using collective and / or individual protective equipment. | |||||||
Annex 16
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Boundary values of the maximum annual potential effective and equivalent doses in organs used to classify the working conditions of group A personnel when working with man-made sources of ionizing radiation, mSv per year
| Maximum annual potential doses | Working condition class | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid - 2 | Harmful - 3 | Dangerous - 4* | ||||
| 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3* | 3.4* | |||
| Effective | <=5 | >5 <=10 | >10 <=20 | >20 <=50 | >50 <=100 | > 100 |
| Equivalent in the lenses of the eyes | <=37,5 | >37,5 <=75 | >75 <=150 | - | - | > 150 |
| Equivalent in skin, hands and feet | <=125 | > 125 <=250 | >250 <=500 | - | - | >500 |
| * - Working with radiation sources in conditions where the maximum annual potential effective or equivalent doses exceed the main dose limits is allowed only when necessary protective measures are taken to ensure that the main dose limits are not exceeded. | ||||||
Appendix 17
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process
| Classes of working conditions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harmful (hard work) | ||||
| 1st degree | 2 degrees | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | |
| 1. Physical dynamic load (units of external mechanical work per shift, kg x m) | ||||
| 1.1. With a regional load (with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) when moving the load at a distance of up to 1 m: | ||||
| for men | up to 2 500 | up to 5 000 | up to 7 000 | over 7000 |
| for women | up to 1 500 | up to 3 000 | up to 4 000 | over 4000 |
| 1.2. With a general load (with the participation of the muscles of the arms, body, legs): | ||||
| 1.2.1. When moving a load over a distance of 1 to 5 m | ||||
| for men | up to 12 500 | up to 25 000 | up to 35 000 | over 35000 |
| for women | up to 7 500 | up to 15 000 | up to 25 000 | over 25000 |
| 1.2.2. When moving a load over a distance of more than 5 m | ||||
| for men | up to 24 000 | up to 46 000 | up to 70 000 | over 70000 |
| for women | up to 14 000 | up to 28 000 | up to 40 000 | over 40000 |
| 2. Mass of lifted and moved cargo manually (kg) | ||||
| 2.1. Lifting and moving (one-time) gravity when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour): | ||||
| for men | up to 15 | up to 30 | up to 35 | over 35 |
| for women | up to 5 | to 10 | up to 12 | over 12 |
| 2.2. Lifting and moving (one-time) gravity constantly (more than 2 times per hour) during a work shift: | ||||
| for men | up to 5 | up to 15 | up to 20 | over 20 |
| for women | until 3 | up to 7 | to 10 | over 10 |
| 2.3. The total mass of goods moved during each hour of the shift: | ||||
| 2.3.1. From work surface | ||||
| for men | up to 250 | up to 870 | up to 1500 | over 1500 |
| for women | up to 100 | up to 350 | up to 700 | over 700 |
| 2.3.2. off the floor | ||||
| for men | up to 100 | up to 435 | up to 600 | over 600 |
| for women | up to 50 | up to 175 | up to 350 | over 350 |
| 3. Stereotypical work movements (number per shift) | ||||
| 3.1. With local load (involving the muscles of the hands and fingers) | ||||
| up to 20 000 | up to 40 000 | up to 60 000 | over 60000 | |
| 3.2. With a regional load (when working with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) | ||||
| up to 10 000 | up to 20 000 | up to 30 000 | over 30,000 | |
| 4. Static load - the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts (kgf x s) | ||||
| 4.1. With one hand: | ||||
| for men | up to 18 000 | up to 36 000 | up to 70 000 | over 70,000 |
| for women | up to 11 000 | up to 22 000 | up to 42 000 | over 42,000 |
| 4.2. Two hands: | ||||
| for men | up to 36 000 | up to 70 000 | up to 140 000 | over 140,000 |
| for women | up to 22 000 | up to 42 000 | up to 84 000 | over 84,000 |
| 4.3. With the participation of the muscles of the body and legs: | ||||
| for men | up to 43 000 | up to 100 000 | up to 200 000 | over 200,000 |
| for women | up to 26 000 | up to 60 000 | up to 120 000 | over 120,000 |
| 5. Working posture | ||||
| 5. Working posture | Free comfortable posture the ability to change the working position of the body (sitting, standing). Standing up to 40% of shift time | Periodic, up to 25% of the shift time, being in an uncomfortable (work with rotation of the body, awkward placement of limbs, etc.) and / or fixed position (impossibility to change the relative position of different parts of the body relative to each other). Standing up to 60% of shift time | Periodic, up to 50% of the shift time, being in an uncomfortable and / or fixed position; stay in a forced position (kneeling, squatting, etc.) up to 25% of the shift time. Standing up to 80% of shift time | Periodic, more than 50% of the shift time, being in an uncomfortable and / or fixed position; stay in a forced position (kneeling, squatting, etc.) for more than 25% of the shift time. Staying in a standing position for more than 80% of shift time |
| 6. Body slopes | ||||
| Hull tilts (forced over 30°), number per shift | up to 50 | 52 -100 | 101 - 300 | over 300 |
| 7. Movements in space due to the technological process, km | ||||
| 7.1. Horizontally | up to 4 | up to 8 | up to 12 | over 12 |
| 7.2. Vertically | up to 1 | up to 2.5 | up to 5 | over 5 |
Appendix 18
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
Hygienic assessment of working conditions in terms of intensity of the labor process
| Indicators of the severity of the labor process | Classes of working conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal (light exercise) | Permissible (average physical activity) | Harmful (hard work) | ||
| 1st degree | 2 degrees | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | |
| 1. Sensory loads | ||||
| 1.1. Duration of focused observation (% shift time) | up to 25 | 26-50 | 51-75 | Over 75 |
| 1.2. Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of work | up to 75 | 76-175 | 176-300 | over 300 |
| 1.3. Number of production facilities of simultaneous observation | up to 5 | 6-10 | 11-25 | over 25 |
| 1.4. The size of the object of distinction (with a distance from the eyes of the worker to the object of distinction no more than 0.5 m) in mm with the duration of concentrated observation (shift time) | more than 5 mm - 100% | 5-1.1 mm - more than 50%; 1-0.3 mm - up to 50%; less than 0.3 mm - up to 25% | 1-0.3 mm - more than 50%; less than 0.3 mm - up to 26-50% | less than 0.3 mm - more than 50% |
| 1.5. Work with optical instruments (microscopes, magnifiers, etc.) with the duration of concentrated observation (% of shift time) | up to 25 | 26-50 | 51-75 | over 75 |
| 1.6. Monitoring the screens of video terminals (hours per shift): | ||||
| - with alphanumeric type of information display | up to 2 | until 3 | up to 4 | over 4 |
| - with a graphical type of information display | until 3 | up to 5 | until 6 | over 6 |
| 1.7. The load on the auditory analyzer (when the production needs to perceive speech or differentiated signals) | The intelligibility of words and signals is from 100 to 90%. No interference | The intelligibility of words and signals is from 90 to 70%. There is interference against which speech is heard at a distance of up to 3.5 m | The intelligibility of words and signals is from 70 to 50%. There is interference against which speech is heard at a distance of up to 2 m | The intelligibility of words and signals is less than 50%. There is interference against which speech is heard at a distance of up to 1.5 m |
| 1.8. Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week) | up to 16 | up to 20 | up to 25 | over 25 |
| 2. Operating modes | ||||
| 2.1. Actual working hours | 6-7 h | 8-9 h | 10-12 h | more than 12 hours |
| 2.2. Shift work | One shift work (no night shift) | Two shift work (no night shift) | Three shift work (night shift) | Irregular shift with night work |
| 2.3. Presence of regulated breaks and their duration | Breaks are regulated, of sufficient duration: 7% or more of working time | Breaks are regulated by insufficient duration: from 3 to 7% of working time | Breaks are regulated and of insufficient duration: up to 3% of working time | No breaks |
Annex 19
to SanPiN 2.2.2776-10
The final table on the hygienic assessment of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases
| Factors | Working condition class | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | admissible | harmful | dangerous (extreme) | |||||
| 1 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 4 | ||
| Chemical | ||||||||
| Biological | ||||||||
| PFD aerosols | ||||||||
| Acoustic | Noise | |||||||
| infrasound | ||||||||
| ultrasound air | ||||||||
| Vibration general | ||||||||
| Vibration local | ||||||||
| ultrasound contact | ||||||||
| Non-ionizing radiation | ||||||||
| ionizing radiation | ||||||||
| Microclimate | ||||||||
| Lighting | ||||||||
| The severity of labor | ||||||||
| Labor intensity | ||||||||
| General assessment of working conditions | ||||||||
Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated November 23, 2010 No. 153 "On approval of SanPiN 2.2.2776-10 "Hygienic requirements for assessing working conditions when investigating cases of occupational diseases"
Registration number 19525
Document overview
Approved SanPiN 2.2.2776-10 "Hygienic requirements for the assessment of working conditions in the investigation of cases of occupational diseases".
Working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger are divided into 4 classes: optimal (class 1), permissible (class 2), harmful (class 3) and dangerous (class 4).
Harmful working conditions according to the level of excess of hygienic standards are divided into 4 degrees.
The rules include a hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process in terms of harmfulness and danger.
It is considered that working conditions at the workplace meet hygienic requirements and belong to class 1 or 2, if the actual values of the levels of harmful factors are within the optimal or permissible values, respectively.
If the level of at least 1 factor exceeds the permissible value, then working conditions can be classified as 1-4 degrees of the 3rd class of harmful or 4th class of dangerous.
It has been established how working conditions are assessed, taking into account the combined action of factors.
However, in many industries there are factors that can directly affect our performance and health, as well as the labor process itself. Moreover, the presence of such factors can cause various occupational diseases in an employee and even reduce life expectancy.
Such factors form harmful working conditions (Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
General information
In turn, according to the degree of harmfulness, working conditions are divided into four classes - optimal, permissible, harmful and dangerous working conditions (part 1 of article 14 of the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 426-FZ "On a special assessment of working conditions").
It should be noted that the employer has a legislative opportunity to reduce the class of working conditions by providing its employees with modern and effective personal protective equipment that has passed mandatory certification, subject to other requirements of the relevant technical regulation (parts 6 - 8 of article 14 of Law No. 426-FZ of 12/28/2013 , TR TS 019/2011, approved by the decision of the Commission of the Customs Union of December 9, 2011 No. 878).
The legislator strictly requires the employer to comply with regulations and create the safest working conditions for employees, including through regular assessment of the hazards of work and mandatory familiarization of all employees with the results obtained.
However, the employer cannot always exclude the presence of harmful factors at work, therefore the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for certain guarantees and benefits for persons employed in work with harmful working conditions.
Harmful factors
Damage to the health of an employee can be caused by:
- physical parameters of labor (air humidity, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, exposure to constant vibration, etc.),
- chemical provocateurs (hormonal and enzymatic substances, exposure to reagents, etc.),
- biological hazards (pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms, etc.),
- labor features (high load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body);
- labor intensity (high load on the central nervous system).
Classification of harmful working conditions
As mentioned above, the legislator refers to harmful working conditions as class 3.
Depending on the degree of impact of harmful factors on the health of the employee and his performance, harmful working conditions are classified into (part 4 of article 14 of Law No. 426-FZ of December 28, 2013):
- harmful working conditions of the 1st degree (subclass 3.1),
- harmful working conditions of the 2nd degree (subclass 3.2),
- harmful working conditions of the 3rd degree (subclass 3.3),
- harmful working conditions of the 4th degree (subclass 3.4).
The above classification of harmful working conditions is built by the legislator on the principle that each subsequent degree of exposure to harmful factors on the body of an employee leads our body to such changes and disorders, on the one hand, and loss of working capacity during the performance of official duties, on the other hand, that at 4 degrees the worker is completely unable to work.
How to prove harmful working conditions
In addition, the employee has the right to apply to his management and / or the controlling organization (its expert) with a statement that they conduct an inspection of his workplace in order to identify potentially harmful and (or) dangerous production factors (clause 2, part 1, article 5 Law No. 426-FZ of December 28, 2013).
Certificate of presence/absence of harmful working conditions
If, according to the results of the assessment of working conditions, your production is recognized as harmful, then the workers employed in it are entitled to receive an old-age labor pension earlier than the generally established retirement age (that is, men earlier than reaching 60 years old, women - 55 years old).
These provisions are provided for in paragraphs. 1 p. 1 art. 27 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" (hereinafter - Law No. 173-FZ).
In such cases, confirmation of the nature of the employee's work is required, namely, additional working conditions (factors) that determine the right of the insured person to early retirement benefits. For example, employment in hot work areas, work with radioactive substances with a certain degree of their activity in the workplace, underground work, in a certain structural unit, etc.
In practice, as confirmation of the nature of the work of the insured person, organizations provide clarifying certificates confirming the presence of harmful working conditions and periods of work.
In addition, in accordance with the requirements of Art. 283 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, when hiring a part-time job with another employer for work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, the employer has the right to require a certificate of the nature and working conditions at the main place of work.
Such a certificate is drawn up at the place of work, signed by the head and stamped. Since there is no standard sample, the certificate is compiled in an arbitrary form on the basis of documents containing information about the nature of the work (for example, orders for hiring and dismissal, staffing, time sheets, magazines for issuing overalls, milk or therapeutic and preventive nutrition, information about additional holidays in the employee’s personal card (form No. T-2), descriptions of the technological process, technological maps, orders, operating cards, hygiene certificates, job descriptions and instructions for workplaces, safety instructions, certification cards for workplaces according to the conditions labor, the results of the assessment of working conditions, etc.).
The document usually contains the following information:
- Full name of the employee, number of the insurance certificate;
- registration number of the organization in the FIU;
- position, work experience;
- information about the nature and special working conditions (if this information is not contained in the work book);
- information about the employee's full-time employment;
- mode of operation;
- other data.
Occupational safety at work is an important part of the labor process, without which a corporation cannot properly build a workflow. There are several categories of harmful working conditions that take into account environmental factors and workplace standards for employees.
Determination of a dangerous and harmful production factor
There is such a thing as a hazardous production factor - this is a combination of working conditions under which an employee is threatened with damage to his own health and even life. Harmful production factors of labor are such classes of the work process that do not meet the standards of occupational health and safety, can cause significant harm to the health of an employee during prolonged contact or shift work.
Read about the main causes of industrial injuries
Classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness
- Normal working process conditions at the enterprise, according to the grid and hazard class.
- Permissible class for harmful conditions.
- Harmful conditions, according to a specific subdivision grid. In turn, this category is subdivided into several classes.
- Extremely dangerous, according to the harmfulness of labor.
The concept of optimal conditions (Grade 1)
According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the optimal conditions in a corporation include such factors that cannot change the parameters of the microclimate at work and affect the parameters of human health. The professions that are on this list are suitable for pregnant women and minors, as they are very suitable for work and do not cause harm to human health.
What are the permissible working conditions in the workplace (grade 2)
The list of class 2 conditions is described by the labor code as quite safe with a short-term effect on the body. However, if you do not limit the impact, it is likely that harmful production factors affect the body and cause damage to systems and organs. In practice, it is found in enterprises in which the work process alternates with regulated rest, in accordance with the law.
What does the concept of harmful working conditions include? (grade 3)
This class, according to the list of harmfulness, includes violations in labor hygiene, as well as changes in standards, according to labor protection. With prolonged exposure to these factors, a person feels a significant impact on himself production processes, as well as emissions. Also, this category can indirectly affect the offspring of employees. This class includes several degrees, which are extremely different from each other.
Degrees of harmfulness in production
- Class 1, which includes functional changes and disorders of various organs and systems. With a short-term impact of these factors, the human body is able to quickly recover to its previous state.
- Class 2 includes the appearance of so-called occupational diseases that affect vulnerable organs with a direct impact on them.
- Category 3 carries with it not only functional changes, but also pathologies that occur during prolonged contact with dangerous factors.
- Category 4 is characterized by partial disability and the presence of severe forms of chronic diseases that were earned as a result of work at this enterprise.
1 hazard grid at work
The grid of harmful factors is represented by the following list of professions:
- Drivers of trucks and cars that are involved in the production process.
- Textile workers.
- Employees who are involved in the machine process and workers in the automotive industry.
- Taxi drivers, as well as public transport.
Harmfulness in production - 2 grid
The following professions are represented in the list:
- Nuclear industry workers.
- Mining company employees.
- Workers involved in electrical equipment.
- Metallurgical industry.
3 degree of harmfulness
If we mark the 3rd degree of harmfulness, then it includes not only significant changes in the body of a particular employee, but also the occurrence of pathologies, which, alas, cannot be cured. Work that is included in this spectrum can deprive a person of his ability to work for a long time.
4 degree of harmfulness of working conditions at work
Based on the comprehensive information in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it can be noted that this degree brings irreversible changes in the human body. With prolonged exposure to these factors of production, an employee may have a disability. At the same time, the employee is entitled to early retirement and related benefits.
Law on the abolition of harmfulness in production - amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation
According to the amendments to the law on the classes of hazardous factors at the enterprise, the government decided to reduce the list of professions that give the right to early release from the labor process. This measure will help reduce a certain burden on the budget and the economic situation in the country during the crisis.
It starts with a definition of this concept. The term implies a complex consisting of certain environmental conditions that accompany the production process and labor activity. It is the assessment of working conditions that makes it possible to determine how and to what extent they affect the level of working capacity and human life. This article will talk about these factors, which provide the operating mode.
Conditional subdivision
The classification of factors such as working conditions is largely determined by the physiological and psychological characteristics of a person. This is due to the fact that they form the basis of working capacity. These factors also affect the overall productivity and efficiency of the use of work resources. The principles of classification of working conditions are conditional. They can be divided into the following types:
- Socio-economic character. Such factors are enshrined in the legislative framework and state regulatory documents.
- technical and organizational nature. Their formation is influenced by the features of the production itself and the work process. Here, it is important how the administration manages and controls the safety of the labor regime and the observance of discipline.
- natural and natural character. The basis of this group is environmental phenomena. These may be biological, geographical, climatic or geological features.
- Socio-psychological character. The classification of working conditions according to the severity and tension of relations in the team refers precisely to this point. Important points here are personal and group values, as well as the way information is transmitted and exchanged in a working society.
Hazard groups
The classification of factors of working conditions is also determined by the degree of their harmfulness and danger. The most harmless, at first glance, phenomena can cause a violation of human life. If the conditions are of a specialized nature, then even compliance with all established standards can lead to work-related injuries. Such factors are mainly determined by the use of complex moving mechanisms and machines, as well as chemical media, critical temperatures, and electric current. The classification of working conditions that have an increased hazard class is the following groupings:
- Sanitary and hygienic. They have a production character and are conditioned by the external objective environment. These include sound exposure, microclimate and degree of illumination.
- Physiological and psychological. Factors of this type depend on the specific load on the functions of human life. Here, first of all, the influence of factors on the motor and nervous system of workers is considered.
- Organizational. The root cause of their occurrence is the method of organization and control of safety in the enterprise. How this process is formed affects the level of probability of occurrence of accidents.
- Aesthetic. A group of factors depends on the establishment of a person's attitude to his work. Their impact is explained by the artistic perception of reality.
- Social and psychological. They are determined by the relationship in the team and the policy of communication between management and subordinates.
The cumulative impact and their proportional relationship ultimately form an indicator of the degree of severity of working conditions. That is, how the external environment is able to influence the working capacity of a person, his life-supporting functions and mental abilities, characterizes the harmfulness of the production process.
Characteristics of the production process
The criteria and classification of working conditions are also determined by the characteristics of the production process itself, which include:
- equipment used;
- products or services provided;
- technological processes;
- way of serving jobs.
The process also depends on the environment in which it is carried out. It is determined by sanitary and hygienic factors, as well as the provisions of life safety, set time for work and rest. As has been repeatedly stated, relationships in the team also play an important role.
An indicator of the efficiency of the production process is the intensity of labor. It represents the power and mental resources that were expended in a certain unit of time. This value depends on the level of employment of employees during the shift, the pace and effort applied to the implementation of a specific task, the number of planned cases, the volume of objects, the specifics of the workplace, sanitary and hygienic conditions and the ways in which employees interact.
First class conditions
According to certain established criteria, a classification of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness has been formed. Depending on this feature, four categories of factors are distinguished.
The conditions of the first class are considered the most optimal for the implementation of production activities. Thus, it is understood that the environment is the most favorable for all the functions of the human body to be normal, and the level of working capacity to be optimal.
Second class conditions
Conditions of the second class are considered acceptable for the implementation of production activities. This category refers to such factors that can occur only with their certain degree of severity. That is, their implementation is allowed only if the established norms are observed. The changes that occur in the human body in the course of his labor activity should not be too critical. That is, they in the complex should not affect the general state of the human body and, accumulating, should not lead to pathological changes in the next generation. Conditions in this category are defined as conditionally safe.
Harmful Conditions
Two more classes fall into this category - the third and fourth. The third class of danger characterizes harmful working conditions. These include such factors, the impact of which will inevitably lead to irreversible consequences for human health. The degree of harmfulness, in turn, is divided into four categories. All of them are characterized by hygienic standards, and if they are exceeded, then such a production environment corresponds to the third class of conditions.
The fourth class includes extreme factors. In this case, an environment consisting of hazardous elements affects employees and increases the risk of developing occupational diseases, as well as the likelihood of accidents.
Hygiene standards
The hygienic classification of working conditions also leaves its mark on their division into hazard classes. To be more precise, the above categories are determined by the degree of deviation from prescribed and established norms. These parameters were set not just at random, they clearly fix the permissible limits within which the state and vital activity of a person are in the optimum zone.
From this it follows that the hygienic standards are a set of values that are acceptable when a number of other conditions are met. They are prescribed for working hours, which are distributed on all days except weekends. This time for normative documentation is set as forty hours for seven days. It is believed that if such activity is carried out on a permanent basis, then throughout the entire length of service it should not cause consequences either for the health of the worker himself or for his descendants. Deviations in the functions of the body are not fixed throughout the implementation of the entire labor activity. The exception is people with initially poor health and hypersensitivity. This concept is also defined by hygienic criteria.
Comfortable environment
In many ways, it is the microclimate that determines and characterizes working conditions. The classification of these factors depends on the degree of provision of the environment with the necessary parameters. Naturally, the weather has a significant impact on the level of work capacity of the team. The latter depends on the characteristics of production and equipment, the season, the premises and its design. All these moments have a direct impact on the human body and are characterized by many indicators. Temperature is the most important factor as it describes how warm the air is. It depends on the kinetic energy of molecules, the source of which is different surfaces. They radiate warmth. Convection also plays a role in this moment.
Humidity indicators
Meteorology largely characterizes working conditions. Their classification also implies such a thing as humidity. It is determined by the content of water vapor in the atmosphere. In order to express this indicator in full, three more quantities are taken, such as relative, absolute and maximum humidity.
Other indicators
Other indicators are also important for assessing working conditions. These include:
- Air flow mobility. It is caused by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Movement is artificially created by means of ventilation.
- Intensity of thermal irradiation. The indicator is equal to the amount of energy that is emitted by any source and accepted by a unit of the surface of the human body.
Illumination degree
Vision is an important organ for the implementation of work activities. For this reason, the degree of illumination is also normalized by hygienic requirements. This condition is defined by two types:
- Natural lighting, which is necessary in those rooms where people are constantly. Lighting can be side, top and combined. Its presence is optional, unless it is provided for by the technological process.
- Artificial lighting, which is divided into three categories: general lighting, local and combined.
Thus, we can say that only the optimal combination of all parameters can provide a comfortable working environment and, accordingly, an increased degree of working capacity.