Particle discharges example sentences. Particles

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological characteristics

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Unchangeable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: formative, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives are used to express negation, strengthen negation, or give a sentence a positive meaning when double negative. These include: no, neither. Modals are used to express various shades of meaning and feelings in a sentence. These include: really, really, what for, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles introduce the following semantic shades:

1) question: whether, really, really, for example: Have you prepared the previous material for today’s lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) instructions: here, there, for example: Here are the necessary tools for the practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: This particular specialist will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. Medical worker must be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what the, like, for example: How nice it is for a teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: unlikely, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make an effort;

7) strengthening: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have they repeated the basic terms;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Also, particles are a class of words that express diverse relationships realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of what is being communicated to the participants in the speech act (speaker, listener), as well as the relationship between them; the relationship of what is being reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); the relationship between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, particles realize their meanings. Some meanings of the particle contain semantic components that modify the content of what is being communicated (only, all, was, not, nor).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (would, let, let). In the “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language” particles are classified on a different basis - by function. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, really, really, etc.) and negative (not, nor) particles. Among the subjective modal particles, intensifying (-that, even, after all, here, right), excretory (only, only), etc. differ in meaning. In the “Russian Grammar” the main categories of particles are also distinguished by function. Characterizing a sign (action or state) by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, by effectiveness or ineffectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). Particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dismemberable (that would be, here and, like this, etc.) and non-dividable (it would be good, if only, if only, etc.); within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished (no, no, and; which of that, etc.). Thus, the question of classes of particles and the principles of their isolation is solved in different ways. When studying particles as lexical units in their system, it is revealed a large number of intersecting subclasses interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of language, taking the individual meaning of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, analysis of the semantics of particles is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification criterion - semantic, particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types subjective relations. With the help of such particles, meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality/irreality and reliability/unreliability.

The meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity” associated with the opposition reality/irreality correspond to the particular meanings of expectation expressed by particles (simple, and, precisely, nevertheless, after all; for example, And you agreed!), surprise (well, look how), motivations, encouragements, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, let, if, when, it would be good; for example, I wish I was alive!; So that I would be good meeting!), reminders/memories (tea, more, same; e.g., Take some candy! - I can’t see the candy!; Do you remember her: she also sang a song to you!), assumptions (perhaps, as if, exactly, as if, like , definitely, not at all; e.g., As if someone came in?), fears (unequal); Associated with the opposition of reliability/unreliability are the particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumption (albeit, well, good), doubt, distrust [yes, no, directly, perhaps; eg: I'll find you a book! -Yes, you will find it! (meaning “you won’t find it”); I stay. No, really? (meaning “I can’t believe it”)]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, ridicule): well, see, see, simply, directly. Some researchers classify these words (except simply, directly) as interjections as words serving the sphere of emotions. They come close to particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Addressative particles expressing semantics associated with the social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions superior/inferior/equal; yours/someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the meanings of a particle, the sign of categorical/non-categorical is revealed, which leads to the sphere of modal meanings. Contextual particles that serve to identify authorial behavior and to draw attention to certain components of a statement or text. Contextual particles can be associated with the organization of speech activity (yes, and, yes, no, here, there; for example, Yes, another piece of news; Yes, I almost forgot, I have a letter for you), with various kinds of clarifications regarding the chosen expressions, filling “emptiness” in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transmission of someone else’s speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing a quantitative characteristic of a component of propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, like this).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). A phase particle (was), which modifies the propositional semantics of a verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was assumed, but did not take place or was interrupted. Excretory particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence between the assumed, expected and actual (only, only, even, even, precisely, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, He was born here and lives here all his life; I have the same book (like the one on the display)], which serve to express anaphoric relations in the text (relations of coreference or equilexicality). Gradational particles expressing an increase in a characteristic (even). Replica particles and capable of functioning in dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). Semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (well, ek, only, there, you), others can bring the statement into a wider text, being non-union indicators of connection in the text (like, and, an Well, only, even, exactly). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: a question - is it possible, is it possible, is it possible; by impulse - let it, give it, well, so that, otherwise; statement - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this regard are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, total). Particles, being words that have a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. Thus, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of its relevance to the speech act; particles ek - emotional-expressive, functions in isolated statements and in statements; Is the particle modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

The particles would be (b), same (g), whether (l) are written separately: would read, if, here, which, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when the specified particles are part of the word: so that, also, also, really, or, etc.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, koe- (koy-), (-kas - dialect), -or, -ni, -s, -tka, -tko, -to: you-de, she -here, here, here, look, someone, someone, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , once upon a time, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when conveying someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they speak) and in the meaning of particles they say, they say; cf.: And if I see that the execution is too small for him, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a rest stop: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, it’s an expensive occasion, they say, since I’m a local resident, it’s just a stone’s throw from the yard (Tv.). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

The particle -s (derived from the word sir) gives a connotation of servility, obsequiousness: Chatsky. Lured by honors and nobility? Molchalin. No, sir, everyone has their own talent...Chatsky. You? Molchalin. Two: moderation and accuracy (Griboyedov). If there is a preposition between the particle koe- (koi-) and the pronoun, then the whole combination is written separately: koy from whom, koy on what, koy from whom, koy with whose.

After all, the particles, over there, even, they say, are written separately: well, over there, like that, even he; brought it, they say. The particle -taki ("yet", "however", "nevertheless", "in fact", "in the end") is written with a hyphen: after the verbs - persuaded, appeared; after adverbs - truly, for a long time, again, again; after particles - after all, quite, really, really. In other cases, the particle is written separately; cf.: The secretary, although he felt slight dissatisfaction, was still glad to have such old women among the assets of the district (Plat.). - But although the temptation was great, I still managed to overcome myself (Dostoevsky); “But they’ve gained weight,” answered the cunning coachman (Cor.). The particle -to is attached with a hyphen to pronouns and adverbs both to express uncertainty and to give the statement an emotional coloring: Somewhere, probably in the garden of Soviet trade employees, unfulfilled music was carried away by the wind into nature (Plat.); - Why did your heart go bad? (Payment).

Note 1. The combination is written separately like that (“namely”) before listing homogeneous members: In mixed forests there are various trees, such as: birch, aspen, cedar, pine.

Note 2. If the particle -then appears inside a complex word written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is placed before the particle and omitted after it: Bandage it crosswise (cf.: crosswise); Exactly, but that’s not the point (cf.: exactly). Note 3. If a particle, which is written with a hyphen, stands after another particle, then the hyphen is not written: after all, somewhere; With someone, they say, this doesn’t happen (cf.: after all, with someone, they say, this doesn’t happen). Exception: before the particle -s the hyphen remains: Would you like to take a bite, sir?

The class of particles combines unchangeable non-nominal (functional) words, which, firstly, participate in the formation of morphological forms of words and sentence forms with different meanings of irreality (motivation, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability); secondly, they express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics and assessments of the message or its individual parts; thirdly, they participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation; fourthly, they characterize an action or state by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation. The listed functions of particles are grouped, on the one hand, into functions of shape formation, and on the other hand, into functions of various communicative characteristics of a message. What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain the meaning of a relationship: either the relationship (relatedness) of an action, a state, or a whole message to reality, or the relationship of the speaker to the communicated, and both of these types of relationships are very often combined in the meaning of one particle . The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle discharges

In accordance with the named functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1) formative particles (particles that form the forms of words and particles that form the forms of sentences);

2) negative particles;

3) interrogative particles;

4) particles characterizing a sign (action or state) by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;

5) modal particles;

6) particles - affirming or denying dialogue lines.

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles that characterize an action in its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

According to their structure, all particles are divided, on the one hand, into primitive and non-primitive, on the other hand, into simple and composite; composite particles are divided into divisible and non-divisible; Within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished.

A characteristic feature of many particles is that in their structure and functions they are close to adverbs, conjunctions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases, particles also come close to introductory words (they are described in the section “Syntax. Simple sentence”).

The primary division of particles from the point of view of their formal structure is their division into primitive and non-primitive. The primitives include the simplest, with a few exceptions, monosyllabic particles, in modern language not having living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes; these are particles bish (simple), by, vish (simple), yes (as part of the imperative form), de (colloquial), say (colloquial), same, in (simple), ish (colloquial) .), -ka, they say (colloquial), no, I suppose (simple), no, really, don’t let it (simple), nor, well, -s, this (simple), yet, those (simple) , well, tea (simple). All other particles are nonprime. Another division of particles is into simple and composite. Particles consisting of one word are called simple; compound - particles formed from two (less often - more) words: two particles, a particle and a conjunction, a particle and a preposition, as well as a particle and a verbal form or adverb isolated from its class. Compound particles can be indivisible - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or disjunctive: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Within the composite particles, phraseological particles are distinguished: these are several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.

Simple particles include all primitive particles (see above), as well as particles that, to varying degrees, display living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions.

In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: and, fortunately, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, in fact, in (simple), at all, over there, here, it seems, everything, everything, where, look , yes (not as part of the imperative form), give (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, also, know, and, or, exactly, how, which, where, okay, whether , better, in no way (simple, question), nothing, nothing, but, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, perhaps, decisively, evenly, itself, rather, as if, completely, thank you (meaning (good)), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, what, purely (simple), that, so that, ek, this.

As already said, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain, to varying degrees, elements of the meanings of adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, else, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, completely, so, there, good), pronominal words (all, all, which, it, itself, itself, you, what, this), verbs (it happens, happened, was, give (those), give (those), know, look), conjunctions (and, good, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, even though, that, so that, that), comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: He would rather die than agree; Rather it would be vacation!), prepositions (like: It seems like someone is calling?), interjections (eh, thank you: They, what a heat! You can’t find a place. Thank you, I took a little nap in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particle and pronoun, particles and interjections are so close that opposing such meanings to each other as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word must qualify as “particle-conjunction”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”.

Compound particles are divided into two groups.

1) Indivisible particles: otherwise (- Aren’t you afraid? - Otherwise I’m afraid!; Will they let you spend the night? - Otherwise they won’t let you in); without that (He’s already a silent man, but here he’s completely withdrawn. Field.; There’s no time to wait, anyway we’re already late); it would have been (simple) (If only I had not stayed, but gone home!); hardly; just (Only an hour of time); yet; lo and behold (colloquial) (Waited and waited, lo and behold, and fell asleep); far from (far from confident of success; far from beautiful); divi (simple) (divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s ignorant!); how good (how good the forest is! How tired you are!); it would be good; if (If not for the war!); Of course (They don’t touch you. - If only you would have touched!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- He didn’t recognize it, apparently? - He didn’t recognize it and exists. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is there. Fad.); and so (Don’t be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They’re not allowed to go to the skating rink; I saw it a long time ago, and then only briefly; Talk to him. - I’ll talk about that too); as it is (simple) (You said everything as it is correctly. Bazhov; - Cold? - Cold as it is); how; just (I came just in time; I’m afraid of the service: you’ll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Farewell. - How so farewell?); somehow; where is it (How much fun!); okay; for what (for what is cunning, but even then he was mistaken); no way; unlikely; not at all (not at all a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so-and-so (So-and-still didn’t show up?); so much (- I have all the tobacco. - So all of it?); or not (Or not life!); so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so I see he’s calmed down); to the same place (To the same place from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; The boy, and argues there too); already (They did it themselves. - They did it themselves?; It’s a disease. - It’s a disease!); grab and (While they were getting ready, grab and the rain began); so that (so that he would have thought to call!); well (- Shall we go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or something?; Help or something!; Are you deaf?); phraseological particles: not otherwise (how) (No other than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening), not that (that), no (that) (What a fur coat they rot! No to think; somewhere is the master’s fur coat? Necr.); either the matter (Ivan Ilyich made a stupid decision; what is the matter with you. L. Tolstoy); look for that (and look for that one to die; look for that one to be forgotten), wait for that (simple) (The stove for that and wait for it to fall down. Bazhov.); look at that (after all, there are too many trots; look at that, that will break the neck! Gogol); exactly the same; whatever (simple) is (this is his favorite song).

2) Disintegrable particles: if only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here it is (Here’s a friend for you!; Here’s the result for you!; Did you believe him? So trust people after that!); like this (These are the orders!; These are the orders!; Here we have a garden! almost (almost were late; almost broke my head); almost (It was almost the first time in his life that he lied); how not (How can I not understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); if only (If only it wouldn’t rain!); little not (simple) (He began to ring the bell, but didn’t cut off the little. Dos.; Out of fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground. Lesk.); let him (Let him sing to himself!); sooner (spring sooner!; spring sooner!); so (and it emanates peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just not to be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke my leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now). Particles are always dismembered, whether (Should we rest?), or (Shouldn’t we spend the night here!).

Phraseologized particles: no, no and (yes and) (No, no, yes, and will come to visit; No, no, and will remember his grandfather); what the (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (what) (What of his promises to me!; What now of the fact that he has returned?). Note. One should distinguish from composite particles the various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; for example: already - already, well, so, so, so... well; how - yes how, well, how, how, yes how, well; like - like, like, like, like and, like; see § 1698 about this.

Particle discharges by function

As already mentioned, particles are distinguished by function:

1) formative,

2) negative,

3) interrogative,

4) characterizing the action in terms of time or effectiveness,

5) modal,

6) particles - affirming or denying replicas.

Form-forming particles include:

1) particles with the help of which the forms of words are formed; this is the particle let's (those), forming the form of the imperative mood: let's (those) sing; a particle that forms the form of a compound. nakl.: would read, would go; particles with the help of which syntactic forms of sentences with meaning are formed. unreality: a) particles let, let, yes, and also always an unstressed particle so that, with the help of which the forms of syntactic are formed will stimulate. incl.: [Bobchinsky:] Don’t bother me, let me tell you! (Gogol); May there not be a single unsown strip! (Mayakovsky); At least another month like this, And then let them again have bayonets, dungeons, Moors (Simon.); Let there be more housewarmings (gas); Hey, slaves, take the guslar by your sides! Damn Kamarinskaya to me, you trepaka! (Color.);

2) the same particle with the help of which the forms of syntactic moods of the subjunctive, conditional are formed (If they had left: there would have been no shouting, no noise; If I had happened to meet, I would have recognized him; If boletus mushrooms were real mushrooms, I would have an old man, lean over for the black mushroom! (Prishvin) and desirable (I wish I had more free time!; I wish I could relax!); c) modifications of the particle, with the help of which the form of the syntactic desired sentence is formed: If only there was more free time!; If only (if only, if only, if only, that would be, it would be nice, if only) there was more free time!; If only (if only, if only, if only, if only, soon, it would be nice, if only) to rest! Negative particles include particles not and neither. The particle is not introduced into a sentence to express general and specific negation (He didn’t come today; He didn’t come today; It wasn’t he who arrived today).

The negative value of the particle is not weakened in the following cases.

1) The particle connects two identical forms of the same word pronounced together, expressing:

a) uncertain denial (Polyanka is not a clearing, but still a clean place. Bazhov);

b) uncertainty or ambiguity of the sign (The driver was caught: he is driving - he is not driving. Saltykov-Shchedrin; At the meeting he will hide in the far corner, frown: he sleeps - he does not sleep, and listens - he does not listen. G. Radov);

c) indifference for what follows (cry, don’t cry, you can’t bring back the past; happy, not happy, but welcome; a blizzard is not a blizzard - we’re going); in the first two cases, the particle formalizes separation relations ((either - or)).

2) The particle connects two identical forms of single-root verbs (the second is always prefixed), and the whole combination has the meaning of completeness and duration of action: you don’t have to transport, you don’t carry, you don’t drag, you don’t exhaust, you can’t rejoice, I can’t see enough, you can’t sleep through sleep .

3) The particle together with the verb sov. type with the prefix na-, denoting perception, attitude, forms a combination with the meaning. high degree and duration of emotional state: I can’t stop looking at you, I can’t get enough of it, I can’t be surprised at you, I can’t get enough of you.

4) The particle in combination with how (how, yes how, yes how, how) in the dialogue opens up an affirmative replica-repetition: [Akhov:] Do you need a dowry? [Kruglova:] No matter how necessary, of course, it is necessary (Ostrovsky); - So, in your opinion, these are scammers? - he added, grinning. - Why not scammers? (Dostoevsky); Are you happy? - I’m not glad! Are you really that happy? mother (L. Tolstoy).

5) The particle connects the infinitive and the personal form of the same verb, forming a combination that holistically expresses a categorical negation: I don’t know, I don’t know, and don’t think. In infinitive sentences such as I shouldn’t spend the night here, I shouldn’t run after him, meaning a subjectively perceived impossibility, the particle not together with the particle forms a composite dismembered particle not... but. The particle does not express negation either in the very structure of the unextended sentence (Not a soul; Not a sound; Not the slightest hope; Not a step back!; Not from the place!), or when spreading negative sentence, combining the meaning of negation with the meaning. amplification (We didn’t hear a sound) or with the value. union transfer (There is no letter, no parcel, no telegram for you). The particle does not contain an element of the meaning of complete absence or categorical negation. Interrogative particles include the particles a, whether (l), not... whether, really, in any way (simple), really (obsolete), perhaps, for, what, or how. All these particles combine the meaning of interrogative with more or less pronounced modal coloring. The whether particle forms both the actual question (How long has he been gone?; Did they bring the mail?), and a question with a tinge of doubt (Is this so?; Is it true?; Can this be?). The particle doesn't... introduces into the question a shade of softness, non-categoricalness, and sometimes uncertainty (Aren't you tired?; Was he mistaken?; Is it a thunderstorm?). Particles really, really, in any way (simple) always introduce into an interrogative sentence a shade of doubt, uncertainty or surprise (Is this really true?; Do you believe him?; Are you drunk? I. Gorbunov).

Particles, isn’t it... is it, really, really also formulate a rhetorical question (Didn’t I help you?; Could we have assumed betrayal!; Is this what friends do?; Could you really believe it!). The particle what kind of person usually frames a question - a requirement for clarification, explanation: What kind of person is this?; What kind of letter is this? Particles, or something, or something, relate to colloquial, casual speech. The particle that either opens an interrogative sentence, or follows the name placed at the beginning of the sentence: What, he’s late again?; Is he late again? The particle that also expresses questioning (- Can you hear me? - What?).

A particle or something, introducing a touch of familiarity, usually concludes a sentence (Did you fall asleep or what?; Another scandal, or what?), but it can also open it. This particle is very often used together with the particle that; they frame the sentence (What, fell asleep, or what?; What, another scandal, or what?).

The particle a contains a question; it introduces the meaning of an incentive to answer (Let's go, huh?) or expresses a repeat question (- Come here. - Huh?). The particle how actually has an interrogative meaning: How (well, how), do you agree?; when asked again: - I won’t go. - How? How can you not go? (How is it?; How is it (I won’t go)?). Interrogative particles often appear in free combination with each other: What, tired, huh?; What, shouldn't we wait?; Did you fall asleep or something?; Well, I agree, huh?; Connections that if, and if, and suddenly formulate a question-fear: What if (and what if) he doesn’t come?; What if we're late? Particles that characterize a sign (action or state) by its course in time, by the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, by effectiveness or ineffectiveness include the particles were, happened, happens, almost (was) not, almost (was) not, how, little not (simple), well (with the infinitive), just not, no, no (yes) and, so and. All these particles also contain modal meanings.

The particle was introduces into the sentence the meaning of an action that took place, but was either interrupted, not completed, or did not lead to the desired result, did not achieve the goal. This particle is combined with a verb in the past form. vr. or is introduced into a sentence with the general meaning of the past: Akakiy Akakievich was still talking about the repairs, but Petrovich didn’t hear enough (Gogol); He was about to leave. - Wait, wait! Where are you going? - Oblomov (Goncharov) stopped him; The cart started to move; but he stopped her (L. Tolstoy). The particle was also connected with past participles. vr. and gerunds of owls. view: those gathered were about to leave; decided to stay. Particles sometimes happen to be close to the introductory words; they indicate irregular repetition: it happened - in the past (about what is being remembered: We used to spend evenings together; we used to walk around; we used to go to our neighbors), it happens - in the present (Sometimes a hunter comes, he wants to rest, he will stick an ax in tree. Prishvin). Particles slightly (slightly) (was) not, barely (was) not, just not, little not (simple) mean an action close to implementation, but not realized or not being realized, close, but not revealed or not revealed sign : The poor man almost went crazy with joy (Krylov); [Vozhevatov:] And how much she loved him, she almost died of grief (A. Ostrovsky); The actor playing the role of the manager's stupid son was just doing somersaults, trying to make the audience laugh (Letters); He slapped him on the back so that Morozkin’s head was barely separated from his body (Fadeev); Look... how much pen your grandmother has accumulated! Almost a complete sieve! (Bazhov). The particle no-no (yes) and, combined with the verb, introduces the meaning of irregular, episodic repetition: You remember, Sashko. No, no, remember. We must not forget (Panova); No, no, and he’ll come and visit. Particle as in combination with the verb owl. the form forms the meaning of a sudden and intense action: - And the deacon howled, how he roared... (Mamin-Sibiryak); How you raised me, my brother, squealing, how you screamed, so be it three times wrong (Chekhov). The particle, and in combination with the verb, conveys the meaning of tension, intensity and completeness of the action: Snow splashes from under the horses’ hooves (Lesk.); I was shaking with laughter (New.-Pr.). Particles well, come on, and (obsolete and simple) in combination with the infinitive of the verb nes. types mean a sharp attack of intense long-term action: So they come running to the stable, open the doors wide, and with the feet of a fool, well, push in all directions (Ershov); Then I stood up and let’s walk, and let’s go! He walked for two nights and all day without rest (Gorky); he dances and dances (A. A. Shakhmatov). Modal particles contribute to a sentence different meanings subjective attitude to what is being reported. This relationship may be uncomplicated (see below, group 1), or it may be combined with a meaning. objective relationship of what is being reported to reality (groups 2 and 3). However, a subjective attitude, a hint of a particular reaction, an assessment in modal particles are always present. This element of attitude, subjective reaction is present to varying degrees in other particles - negative and formative; let us compare, for example, the particles let and yes (Let the Motherland be glorified!; Let the Motherland be glorified!), of which the second contains the meaning of categoricalness and solemnity; in the particles was, happened (see § 1694), characterizing the action as it progresses in time, there are also modal meanings: in bylo there is an element of the meaning of incompleteness, inferiority, in bylo - an element of the meaning of remembering; To one degree or another, all conjunction particles and adverb particles are modally significant. Thus, modal coloration is characteristic of the class of particles as a whole. In the particles considered in this section, the entire complex of such modal values is most fully represented.

In the most general form, modal particles, in terms of the values they introduce, are combined into the following groups:

1) particles that introduce emotional and other assessments, expressing the speaker’s immediate reactions;

2) particles expressing will;

3) particles that establish various connections and relationships of the message with its source, with other parts of the message, with other events and facts.

As already mentioned, different meanings can be combined in one particle.

1) The first group includes particles that emphasize (strengthen, accentuate) the message or some part of it; expressing one or another assessment, qualitative characteristic; agreement or disagreement; warning, threat; fear; offer, acceptance, admission; doubt, uncertainty, uncertainty of attitude; astonishment; confidence; the desire for softness, smoothness, blurred expression.

These are the particles a, after all, there, here, everything, just, yes, also, the same, and, and is, or, exactly, as it is, whether, just, well, it, simply, directly, yet, so- still, those for you, only, they introduce different shades of underlining, limitation, accentuating emphasis: I wanted it, I wanted to give it for nothing, but now you won’t get it! (Gogol); [Fedya:] She left me as a widow. [Petushkov:] So how? [Fedya:] And also: a widow. I’m not there (L. Tolstoy); - I told you - those boots. I can't wear these! - Yes, and they are standing there. - Where is it? - Yes, right there. - You're lying. - Yes, you’ll see (L. Tolstoy); And how I got drunk, I don’t understand! (Chekhov); Am I really not of any interest as a person? (Mamin-Sibiryak); We have a concern, Is it such a concern that it has survived from the houses (Nekrasov); So much for your fun! (colloquial speech); particles and then, I mean, good, as if, it would be, you see, here and, like this, like this, like, where, look, look and, almost, look, how not, what, where, where how, okay , no (that), really, no way, well, well, well, go, straight, perhaps, evenly, as if, look, so, so, there, look at that, too, or not, something, exactly, right there, grab it and, well, at least, purely (simple), what, well, what for, what from in order to, or whatever, whatever, almost, contributing the most various assessments, qualifications, expressions of subjective reactions, subjective attitude: [Scrambled eggs:] The face of this man is somehow suspicious to me: he almost came here then, why did I (Gogol) (meaning close probability, uncertain assumption); [Dudukin:] Oh, my beauty! [Korinkina:] What a beauty she is! What familiarity! (A. Ostrovsky) (meaning condemnation, protest, objection); - What, he’s healing, right? - What kind of treatment! Well, where is he! (Turgenev) (meaning uncertainty, seeking confirmation in a question and confident denial in an answer); And I became scared: well, they’ll kick me out of here - what then? (G. Usp.) (meaning fear); [Miron:] Well, yes, of course! So I would have let you into the office! (A. Ostrovsky) (meaning denial and challenge); He gets by on music. Also a servant of art! (Chekhov) (meaning neglect, negative assessment); Well, Marfa Semyonovna! Purely as Mamai became (Mamin-Sibiryak) (affirmation of identity); “You should have written to him yourself,” Lena said. - Well, how do I write there (Panova) (dismissive assessment); “I need to give them greetings from Moscow,” I lied. - Well, isn’t it hello (Cover.) (uncertain assumption); So that I would ever believe slander! (categorical exclusion); We won't be late? - Are we really going to be late? (colloquial speech) (confident denial); Should I drink some tea (colloquial speech) (hesitation); particle -s, introducing into speech a shade of respect, servility (obsolete) or irony (if you please, I’m listening, sir; Well, sir, what happened here?); particle -ka, softening a request, motivation (keep quiet, let's go together).

2) The second group includes particles expressing volitional orientation, expression of will: a call for agreement, for expectation; a request for an opportunity to do something; determination. These are the particles: give, give-ka, give-(those), this, this-ka (simple) (with a verb in the form of 1 l.): - But by the way, let me read the headman’s letter again with attention, and then I’ll get up. Zakhar! (Goncharov); - So I sat down under a tree; come on, they say, I’ll wait for the morning (Turgenev); “Hey, I’ll play checkers with him,” Chichikov thought to himself! (Gogol); Come on, Chubaty, let’s say something else there (L. Panteleev).

3) The third group includes particles expressing the completion or identification of a previous state; compliance or non-conformity with the expected; association with the known, reference to the known; preference for something before something; independence, not being connected to anything; timeliness; uniqueness and exclusivity; opposition; conditionality or unconditionality; concessional delimitation; the relationship of a message to its source. These are the particles: (and) without that, here and, here you (those) and, everything, yes, de, they say, only, yet, know (know to yourself), and so, and then, exclusively, better, they say, on that, no, but, well, and, however, so and, to you, only, that, the same, to yourself, supposedly: And don’t think in vain. Know yourself, look ahead! (Stanyuk.); Is it a deception? Know, write and deceive (S.-Sch.) (meaning freedom to exercise, unconditionality); [Bubnov:] All fairy tales... [Ashes:] N-yes... these are the righteous land... it didn’t turn out, that means (Gorky) (inconsistency with what was expected); Do you really not remember where we met? (Paust.) (continuation of the previous state); “I have no time,” he says, “to talk.” Without that, we overslept and went to look at the grass (Bazhov) (meaning independence from something else); And I ahead of schedule I managed, so I came (Bends over). (meaning conditionality); With my strength and to die a humble lamb? (New-Pr.) (opposition); - Why are you doing this so soon? Sit! “You can’t, brother,” Metelitsa spread his hands, “it’s best to scout out while it’s dark (Fad.) (timeliness); Stop thinking about it. - No, but Vitka is like that! (colloquial speech: return to the interrupted flow of thought). Modal are also all particles that in dialogue can function as replicas expressing affirmation or negation. This includes particles yes and no, as well as particles expressing the statement there are (- Do. - Yes!), exactly, so, really, exactly, here, exactly, as it is (simple), well, yes (colloquial), good , okay (colloquial), goes (colloquial), well (simple), a particle expressing negation in no way, as well as many particles that combine the meaning of negation with a pronounced meaning of a subjective attitude: too (to me), directly, there, here's another, where (already), where (already). Some particles, depending on the situation, can express both affirmation and negation, for example: - Does your daughter at least help at home? - Of course! (the answer can mean both affirmation and negation: (of course, it helps) or (does not help at all)): similar: Otherwise!; Really! Well! The meaning of the answer is determined by the intonation and context of speech. The meanings of each individual particle are described in explanatory dictionaries. Modal particles, expressing immediate reactions, attitude to what was said, evaluation, have the ability to combine with each other into whole complexes, which in a sentence easily arise and easily fall apart and are modified. Such complexes are organized around one particle, enhancing or complementing its meaning with very subtle semantic shades.

So, for example, with an accentuating particle, other particles with similar meanings can be grouped: already, and, and, yes, already, and... well: I’m already angry! I'm really angry! Yes, I got angry! I'm really angry! Analogous are the complexes that arise around particles like this (well, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it, that’s it), well (well, that’s it, that’s it, well... it’s) , what (what, well, what, what, and what, and what), like (like and, like), and then (and that, and that, and that, and that, and that here) and many more. etc. Particles expressing doubt and uncertainty are often contaminated with each other into free and unstable binary compounds; for example: as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if; as if; as if exactly: Just as if there was noise on the street? (I. Gorbunov); Well, I look at him, he’s absolutely unconscious (Saltykov-Shchedrin); And you seem to have lost weight (Chekhov).

They are connected in a similar way: just (only), just like that (just like that), unless (if unless), know to yourself (know to yourself) what is there, what is here. Many particles, in their meaning and in their syntactic functions, do not sharply oppose words of other classes - conjunctions, introductory words, interjections, adverbs, but combine the qualities of a particle and a word of one of these classes. Accordingly, within the class of particles, particles are distinguished that combine the characteristics of particles with the characteristics of named words: particle-conjunctions, particles-adverbs, particles-interjections and particles-introductory words. Conjunctive particles combine different modal meanings with the meanings of connecting words. These are (in their individual meanings) the particles a, good, as if, after all, that’s all, after all, yes (unstressed), even, marvel (simple), good, if, and, and then, as if, okay, just, well, it and, just, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, so (unstressed), so (unstressed), only, exactly, even though, although, so that. Particles a, and express the actual connection, connection: - What is this! - I cried. - And it’s something that I don’t know what to do with it (Dostoevsky); - And you are wonderful! - Yegorkin suddenly said. - How wonderful? - And everyone! (Stanyuk.); - Count on me, Pavlo, I won’t let you down. - That’s what I’m counting on (Makar.). Particles, yes, even, so, simply, only, perform the functions of connecting words in opposition: - What about the old woman? - Why, the old woman creaks (L. Tolstoy); - They'll kill you. - No, they’re okay, they’re like that (L. Tolstoy); - Hey! Apparently, the truth does bite! But I love the truth so much! (Saltykov-Shchedrin); A reasonable person like you, but not to get through to the ranks? (New-Pr.); I didn’t steal it... Sonya herself gave it to me for a while (King); I'm not sick, just (only) tired. Particles and, here and, well and, it and, so, and so form an investigative connection: [Famusov:] Give you free rein, it would have settled (Mushroom); [Sasha:] You're angry with me, I did something stupid that I decided to come here. Well, get indignant, shout at me, stamp your feet (Czech); The cattle have torn up all the land - so the sands are sent to you (Paust.); - Did you do a bad job? Well, it’s bad and you get paid by workdays (Sheep). The particles are even, precise, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if they combine the meaning of uncertainty, obscurity with the function of a conjunction introducing an unreliable comparison: He woke up from the stomping of a horse and some other strange sound, unfamiliar to him, as if they were beating a kettle on a kettle (B . Ivanov); And you stubbornly look outside the window, As if, really, someone might meet you (Simon. ); My usual joke provoked your reproach: as if I were speaking to you in a frivolous tone (Civil.). In the particle-conjunction it is pure - the meaning of a reliable comparison: Oh, how warm it is here..., well, it’s clean in the bathhouse (A.N. Tolstoy).

Does the particle really combine the meaning of doubt, hesitation with the function of an opposing conjunction: It’s tricky to tell: there are many turns; Shall I give you a girl to see you off (Gogol). The particles okay, marvel, good would combine their modal meanings with the function of connecting words with the mental assumption of something as something that could explain, justify or justify what is being reported: [Osipov] It would be good indeed that something worthwhile, otherwise a simple elistratishka (Gogol); [Vozhevatov:] It would be amazing if a hunter never even picked up a gun (A. Ostrovsky); It would be nice to work, otherwise he’s sitting at home (colloquial speech). The particle good combines the modal meaning of a positive assessment, approval with the meaning. causal union: He left the service, fortunately some kind of inheritance appeared, giving him the opportunity to exist without labor (Garshin); Yes, fortunately, he died soon, and they returned me to the village (Turgenev).

The meanings of connecting words are obviously present in particles but, however, in particles if, if, so that, with the meanings of assumption, fear (if) or desirability (if, that) preserving an element of the meaning of a conditional or explanatory (so that) conjunction (And if we Will we be late? - Wait a little. - Well, if a little...; May he fail!).

Service. It is intended to indicate various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in the Russian language are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

This division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in a sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meaning and emotions they express, particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, come on, come on, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, no, definitely, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, of course, what the, what, how, what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even;

6) concessional at least, after all, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-restrictive particles: only, solely, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in the Russian language

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): untruth, someone, nothing, etc.;

2) particles -or, -something, -that, something-. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

Shape-forming particle - would. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: would help, would win.

Particles in Russian. Classification by origin

In the Russian language, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, the following classification is made into:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: come on, let, see, etc.; from pronouns: -some, everything, -that, it, etc.; from conjunctions: and, yes, same, a, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, over there, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" mixed with words

An unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word is not used in use without it: ridiculous, inappropriate, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: no one, no one, nothing, some;

d) if there are no dependent words with the full participle: unwarming sun, uncorrected error.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in cases where it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: in no way, from nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I didn’t have a chance to take anyone on the road.

This material will be devoted to the auxiliary part of speech - the particle. The categories will be considered, examples will be given, and differences from homonymous words will be shown.

Meet the particle!

Let us explain to you what a particle is. You may have just noticed: in the previous sentence it is the word “zhe”. So, the particle is a service part of speech, introducing new semantic, emotionally charged shades into sentences, and serves to form new forms of words. Let's give an example right away.

He came. A simple, one might say, faceless proposal. Let's add various particles to this sentence.

He just arrived.

Has he come?

He barely arrived.

Notice how the meaning has changed and the emotional coloring has appeared in the sentences, just by adding small elements. By the way, “only” is also a particle.

It is worth noting that the Russian language is so rich in such components of speech that there are not even specific requirements for memorizing them. It is necessary to learn to find, see in the text, and also be able to distinguish them from other words in sentences. We will talk about this in our article.

Main particle discharges

From the entire variety of these elements, four categories can be distinguished.

Shaping particles (let's, let, let) are intended to form the form of a word; they can form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
Negative (no, far from it, not at all, not at all).
Particles that can characterize a sign (this can be a state or an action) occurring over time, in terms of effectiveness or completeness of implementation, or vice versa - sterility, incompleteness.
Modal particles that can be interrogative (exactly), demonstrative (here, there), clarifying (exactly, just, exactly), emphasizing and restrictive (only, only), exclamatory (what for, how), intensifying ( even, not, after all, after all, everything), mitigating demands, showing doubts (hardly, hardly) and, finally, motivating (let, let, let).

Examples

Let's look at the modal particle as an example in sentences:

Aren't we going fishing today?
Here he is, a real champion!
This was exactly the moment that could not be missed.
What is the music!
Still, I had to do the work again.
May the sun always shine!

Modal particles serve to convey additional meaning in the text or in the speech of the speaker, enhance the emotional side and focus attention.

Modal shape particles

With the help of formative elements, it becomes possible to create new forms of words. This category of modal formative particles includes: let, would, yes, give (those), less, most, let, more.

Let us give examples for clarity.

The word “would” can be used to form the conditional mood of a verb. I would have done more if I had gotten up earlier.

The imperative form of the mood is formed by the modal particles let, let, let, yes. Here are some examples:

Let spring come.
Tell him to hurry up.
“Let there be light!” - said the electrician.
Let's go on a trip to another country.

To form the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, the formative elements more and less are used. For example:

Faster access to the floor by elevator.
Less successful enterprise.

The formative element itself (pay attention to number and gender) can serve to form a superlative form for an adjective, for example: the brightest.

All of these listed formative elements are part of the verb form. When parsing a sentence into members, it is recommended to emphasize them as one member of the sentence, even if they are not nearby. It is necessary to give examples of sentences with modal particles.

I wouldn't have been late if I hadn't been late at work.
Let them come tomorrow.
Today the circumstances are less successful.
Now I will ask a more complex riddle.
She solved the most difficult problem in her life.

It is worth noting that such formative elements can be divided into conditional and imperative moods. The conditional mood includes modal particles would, b.

Imperative particles include such particles as: let, let, yes, let, come on.

Difference from homonymous words. Examples

Let's remember what homonyms are. So, homonyms are words that are identical in spelling and sound, but different in meaning.

It is important not to confuse, to be able to see and distinguish homonymous words. Examples:

Give him half a tablet of medicine every half hour. In this context the word Let's is not a formative element, but a verb form give.
Now let the boat go downstream. Here is also the word let him cannot be a particle, it is a verb form let in.
Is it really you? - I'm the one. In this version the word most is a pronoun and has no connection with the adjective.
She spoke very quietly, as if apologizing. In this sentence the word as if constitutes an indivisible construction that can be replaced by synonyms as if or as if.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

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Balashova Svetlana

Morphological characteristics

Modal particles introduce the following semantic shades:

1) question: whether, really, really, for example: Have you prepared the previous material for today’s lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) instructions: here, there, for example: Here are the necessary tools for the practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: This particular specialist will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. A medical worker must be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what the, like, for example: How nice it is for a teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: unlikely, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make an effort;

7) strengthening: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have they repeated the basic terms;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (would, let, let). In the “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language” particles are classified on a different basis - by function. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, really, really, etc.) and negative (not, nor) particles. Among the subjective modal particles, intensifying (-that, even, after all, here, right), excretory (only, only), etc. differ in meaning. In the “Russian Grammar” the main categories of particles are also distinguished by function. Characterizing a sign (action or state) by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, by effectiveness or ineffectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). Particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dismemberable (that would be, here and, like this, etc.) and non-dividable (it would be good, if only, if only, etc.); within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished (no, no, and; which of that, etc.). Thus, the question of classes of particles and the principles of their isolation is solved in different ways. When studying particles as lexical units in their system, a large number of intersecting subclasses are discovered, interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of language, taking the individual meaning of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, analysis of the semantics of particles is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification criterion - semantic, particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types of subjective relations. With the help of such particles, meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality/irreality and reliability/unreliability.

Separate writing of particles

The particles would be (b), same (g), whether (l) are written separately: would read, if, here, which, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when the specified particles are part of the word: so that, also, also, really, or, etc.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

Particles in Russian - what are they? What particles are there in the Russian language?

Particles are a service (one might say auxiliary) part of speech.

Having no lexical meaning, they give words different shades.

There are many particles in the Russian language, which are divided into:

word-forming particles. These include particles: either, either, then, etc.;
formative particles. These include the following particles: let, let, come on, etc.;
modal or meaning-forming particles.

They (modal particles) are in turn divided into:

negative (not, nor);
interrogative (is it, is it, etc.);
affirmative (exactly, yes, so, etc.);
amplifying (more, just, even, etc.);
clarifying (here, there, etc.);
exclamation marks (that - that, well, and so on);
comparative (as if, as if, like, etc.);
expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).

In the Russian language, the concept of particles refers specifically to the service and, at the same time, auxiliary parts of speech, which contribute to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.
So a particle can be negative (it is not, and also neither)
The particle can also be formative (let it be, let it be, let it be)
Also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with limitation (only, exclusively), with intensification (well, after all).
Here's more about modals:
Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional nuances to a sentence.
Can be written separately or hyphenated.
Particles are divided into categories:
- formative (subjunctive),
- modal,
- negative,
- characterizing a sign (action or state).
Particles are classified according to their meaning into primitive and non-primitive.
They are divided according to their composition into compound, simple, indivisible, and dismemberable.
In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service part.
It is customary to divide all particles into three groups, or categories.
1). Shaping particles. They participate in the formation of forms:
a) the verb will command. incl. (let it go, come on)
b) conditional verb forms. incl. (would and b),
c) forms of degrees of adjectives and adverbs (more, less).
2). The well-known particles NOT and NI form a group of negative adverbs.
3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.

Examples of sentences with modal particles:
Did you feel bad that you called your mom?
Look how many toys you’ve scattered, are you too lazy to put them away?
What kind of gift?
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.
Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let’s - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let’s make peace, let there be peace.
Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.
Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into
affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),
negative(no, neither),
interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),
comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)
amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index fingers(there, this, here),
clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)
excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),
exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),
expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).
Particle- This is perhaps the most morphologically insidious auxiliary part of speech, which is capable of forming new words, forms of words, or introducing new semantic shades into the context. The tricky thing about particles is that in different sentences they can turn into other parts of speech.
Word-forming.
These are particles such as this, either, that, either, not, nor and others. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. This is the difficulty.
Form-building.
Come on, let's, let, let, yes, let. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.
And all other particles can be grouped and called meaning-forming. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:
1. interrogative: LI (should I tell you?), UNLESS (doesn’t he understand?), REALLY (should I really tell you again?), A (ah, didn’t understand?);
2. exclamation marks: WHAT THE (what kind of nonsense is this!), WELL AND (what a scoundrel you are!), HOW (how cool, huh!), LOOK HOW (look how she jumps!), WHAT WOULD (well, still he spoke differently!);
3. affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (so, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning YES);
4. intensifying: EVEN (look, he doesn’t even think!), SAME (he’s stupid as a cork), AND (yes, even though), VED (that’s impudent), NEI (in the sense of strengthening negation or affirmation);
5. negative: not, not at all, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
6. demonstrative: HERE (here is our Yegorushka), OVER (behind that pine tree), HERE AND (here the sun came out), THIS;
7. clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;
8. restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;
This list contains not all, but the most common particles.
A particle is, first of all, a part of speech; it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words various shades, such as expressiveness, emotionality or specificity, the concept of a particle is described below,
It should be noted that the particles are also different.
This is an auxiliary part of speech that imparts additional meanings, shades of meaning to a sentence, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.
Particles can be negative, reinforcing, formative
Particle is a part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades(expressiveness, specificity, emotionality)
Particles do not change. Particles are not members of the proposal(but may be included in other members of the sentence). When parsing a sentence h astitsa is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.
Particles can consist of one word(such particles are called simple) - for example, After all.
or two (very rarely more than two) words(such particles are called composite) - for example, If.
At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, I wish), but some cannot (for example, It’s unlikely).
A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive and emotional. First of all, particles are divided into categories:
- 1st category: negative particles (not, nor);
- 2nd category: formative particles (come on, let's, let, let, would (b), yes);
- 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come with different shades of meaning:
indication (there, and there, here, and here);
question (is it, is it possible, is it really possible, what (for example: what, is this bad?);
exclamation (how, what);
doubt (hardly, hardly);
limitation/emphasis (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);
clarification (exactly, exactly);
strengthening (after all, the same, and, even, after all);
and finally, relaxation of the requirement(s).