Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed production assets. Average annual cost of fixed assets: formula for calculating the cost of fixed assets for

« TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY»

I approve

Publishing house

Tomsk Polytechnic University

BBK U9(2)29 – 57 Ya73

B363 Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline “Economics, Enterprise Management” for fourth-year students studying in the direction 200100 “Instrument Engineering”, specialties: 200101 “Instrument Engineering”, 200106 “Information and measuring equipment and technologies”, 200102 “Instruments and methods quality control and diagnostics.” / . – Tomsk: Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House, 2009. – 29 p.

BBK U9(2)29 – 57 Ya73

« 18 » 11 2008

Head Department of Management

Professor, Doctor of Economics __________

Chairman of the educational and methodological department

commission __________

Reviewer

candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the department. management of IEF TPU

© Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009

© Design. Tomsk Publishing House
Polytechnic University, 2009

BASICPRODUCTION FACILITIES

Fixed production assets are an integral part of production assets. The role of fixed production assets in the formation of the material basis of production. Classification, composition and structure of fixed production assets, their active and passive parts. Forms of reproduction of fixed production assets (capital construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, replacement and modernization of equipment). Accounting and valuation methods. Physical and moral wear and tear, their forms and methods of determination. Depreciation of fixed assets. Methods for calculating depreciation rates. Repair of fixed assets. Indicators characterizing the use of fixed production assets: capital productivity, capital intensity, shift ratio and equipment load. Specific capital intensity of a unit of work and a unit of production. Determination of future needs for fixed production assets. Rent. Property valuation. Lease forms.

The basis of any production process is human labor, a necessary condition for the application of which is the availability of means and objects of labor. Instruments of labor are a set of material means with the help of which a worker influences the object of labor, changing its physical and chemical properties. The leading part of the means of labor are tools. Unlike objects of labor (raw materials, materials, etc.), which are consumed during one production cycle, tools of labor participate in production processes many times, performing qualitatively different functions. Gradually wearing out, they transfer their value to the created product in parts over a number of years (depreciation).

In accordance with the standard classification, the main production assets of an enterprise are divided into eight groups depending on the homogeneity of their production purpose and natural material characteristics.

The active part of fixed production assets includes: transmission devices, machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. By industry, the active part of fixed assets is divided according to the nature of its impact on objects of labor and its influence on the formation of products.

ü 2. Indicators characterizing the composition and structure of the main production assets

To assess changes in the qualitative composition of fixed production assets, a system of indicators is used, which includes: the renewal coefficient, i.e. the share of fixed production assets introduced in the reporting year in their total value at the end of the year (the higher the renewal coefficient, the greater the possibilities for replacing physical and obsolete fixed production assets with new, more progressive and economical ones); the retirement (liquidation) coefficient, i.e. the share of fixed production assets retired in the reporting year in their total value at the beginning of the year; the growth rate of fixed production assets, i.e. the share of their real growth in the total value of fixed production assets at the end of the year.

ü 3. Wear, restoration and replacement of equipment

All production tools, machines and equipment are subject to wear processes. Wear and tear can be physical and moral. Physical wear and tear manifests itself in two forms: mechanical wear and tear of labor tools and loss of technical and production qualities during their operation; destruction of means of labor as a result of the influence of natural conditions (metal rusting, corrosion, etc.).

Physical wear and tear is a natural phenomenon. The main task is to prevent its premature appearance. Completely physically worn out assets are replaced: the active part - with new equipment; buildings and structures - through capital construction.

Obsolescence comes in two forms. The first form is the result of an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the level of technical equipment of production, when there is a reduction in labor costs and, as a consequence, the cost of manufactured products. Tools of labor lose part of their value in proportion to the reduction in socially necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in their purpose, but fully retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor they make it possible to produce the same amount of products as new tools.

The second form of obsolescence is associated with scientific and technological progress, thanks to which more advanced tools appear - both in their design and technical parameters and in operational indicators. Elimination of obsolescence can be carried out through both replacement and modernization.

ü 4. Types of valuation

There are the following types of valuation of fixed production assets:

Initial cost, which is defined as the sum of the acquisition cost (price) and the costs of transportation and installation of labor tools;

In capital construction - the estimated cost established for the commissioned facility;

Replacement cost is the cost of a product, determined not by the time actually spent on its production, but by the time that is necessary for the reproduction of the product in modern conditions. It is calculated using the formula:

,

where Tsper is the initial cost, rub.;

P is the average annual growth rate of labor productivity for the industry as a whole;

t - time lag (from the year of release to the moment of assessment).

Due to the sharp increase in the cost of fixed capital, the initial information for revaluation should be the full book value of fixed assets and conversion factor indices. Replacement cost is used when revaluing fixed assets. According to the recommendations of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, revaluation is carried out after 10-20 years at low inflation rates and annually at high inflation rates;

Residual value is that part of the cost of fixed production assets that is not transferred to finished products as a result of the fact that further use of this equipment is not economically justified, and is determined by the formula:

Tsost = Tsper - Tsper Na Tek = Tsper (1 – Na Tk),

where Na is the depreciation rate, in fractions of a unit;

Tek - period of operation, in years;

Liquidation value - the cost of selling dismantled equipment at Tslik > TsOST.

The excess cost is directed to the income of the enterprise. If Tslik< Цост, потери зачисляются в убыток, а при оценке эффективности новой техники, поступающей на замену ликвидированной, потери приплюсовываются к новой стоимости, но только для оценки эффективности замены.

ü 5. Methods for calculating depreciation rates

Depreciation- gradual transfer of the value of fixed production assets to the manufactured product. The calculation of depreciation and the formation of a depreciation fund are carried out by establishing standards as a percentage or fraction of a unit of the book value of fixed production assets.

There are several methods for calculating depreciation rates.

The proportional method provides for the calculation of the depreciation rate (Na) during any period of operation of fixed production assets, i.e.

Na = 1/Tn, where Tn is the standard service life of the equipment, in years.

The most common method for determining the standard service life is that as the service life of fixed assets increases, annual depreciation charges (Ai) are reduced, and the costs of maintaining fixed assets in working condition

(3pi) are growing. The economically justified service life (Teo) will be determined by the year (Teoi) in which the annual total costs, i.e., annual depreciation charges (Ai) plus repair costs (3pj), will be minimal: Teoi = Ai + 3pi = min.

The need to establish an economically justified period is explained by the fact that if the standard service life of equipment is overestimated, then complete physical wear and tear will occur before the cost of fixed assets is transferred to the finished product. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the cost of fixed assets is transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.

The accelerated method is that a large share of depreciation charges falls on the first years of operation of fixed assets. In this case, the standard service life is calculated in conventional years. For example, with Tn = 10 years, the conditional amount will be: Tus = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55. In the first year, Nai = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second – Na2 = 9/55 = = 16.3%, in the third - Na3 = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth - Na10 = 1/55 = 1.8%.

This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence of the active part of fixed production assets. It is beneficial in cases where fixed production assets are used beyond the standard service life, since the tax for the use of equipment is paid in the amount of the depreciation rate in the last year of the equipment service life. With the accelerated method (Tn = 10 years) Na = 1.8%; with the proportional method - Na = 10%. Another method of accelerated depreciation provides for a 2-fold increase in the rate of depreciation for the active part, calculated in a proportional (uniform) way.

Along with accelerated depreciation, enterprises in priority industries that ensure technical progress can additionally write off up to 50% of the initial cost of equipment with a service life of more than 3 years. In case of inappropriate use, the additional amount of depreciation deductions is included in the tax base and is subject to income tax.

ü 6. Main indicators of the use of fixed production assets

The efficiency of using fixed production assets is assessed by general and specific indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed production assets is capital productivity. There are several methods for calculating capital productivity. The most common is the calculation method based on the cost of gross output, i.e., a comparison of the cost of gross output (GP) and the average annual cost of fixed production assets. However, this method does not take into account the influence of material costs, which artificially affect the value of capital productivity. Other methods involve the use of: commercial products, own, private and conditionally private products, profit. Particular indicators include shift factor, load factor, utilization factor of dimensional parameters, etc.

The shift coefficient (Kcm) of equipment operation or whole-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the actually worked number of machine shifts during the day (C) to the number of installed equipment (nу): Kcm = (C1 + C2+ C3)/pu. The load factor (Kzg) or intra-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of its actual operating time (machine capacity of the annual program - SEg) to the annual effective fund of operating time of the installed equipment: Kzt = SEg/Fef.

The coefficient of use of dimensional parameters of equipment is defined as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the dimensional parameter (interval) of the part by the load factor of the machine with parts of a given interval, and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine by the total factor of its load:

,

Where is the i-th dimensional interval of the part, mm;

Dimensional parameter of the machine, mm;

Kzgi - load factor of the machine with parts of the i-th dimensional interval;

- total machine load factor;

k- number of dimensional intervals (i = 1, 2, 3, ..., To);

T - dimensional parameter of the machine (length - l; height - h; diameter - d etc.).

The overall coefficient of use of dimensional parameters is determined by the formula:

,

Where P- number of dimensional parameters.

The average annual cost of fixed assets can be calculated by two methods. According to the first method, the input and retirement of fixed production assets are timed to coincide with the beginning of the period (month), and the average annual cost of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:

,

Where OPFng, OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the reporting year;

The total cost of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month, starting from February (i = 2) and ending in December (n = 12).

,

Where OPFng is the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;

;- the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed assets in the i-th month;

Ti is the period of operation of introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months.

ü 7. The relationship and influence of labor productivity on capital productivity

Capital productivity, defined as the ratio of the value of gross output (VP) to the average annual cost of fixed production assets (OPFavg. g), can be calculated using the formula:

= production/capital-labor ratio,

Where H- average number of workers.

Capital productivity increases provided that the growth rate of output (productivity) exceeds the growth rate of the capital-labor ratio.

ü 8. Full and direct capital intensity

The indicator of capital intensity of production is used mainly in justifying the pace and proportion of expanded reproduction, assessing the efficiency of the industry structure and location of production, pricing and determining the long-term need for fixed production assets.

In general, capital intensity reflects the cost of fixed production assets per 1 ruble. manufactured products. It is the inverse indicator of capital productivity, i.e. FE = 1/FO.

Depending on the participation of fixed production assets in production, capital intensity is of three types. Direct capital intensity of products takes into account the cost of fixed production assets of a particular enterprise, for example, an automobile plant. Indirect capital intensity of products includes only the cost of fixed production assets that operate at related enterprises and indirectly participate in the creation of components for a specific enterprise. Thus, related enterprises for an automobile plant are metallurgical plants, instrument-making plants and petrochemical plants, etc.

Full capital intensity production is the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity. For example, in the automotive industry, the cost of fixed production assets per 100 thousand rubles. products is 30 thousand rubles. (direct capital intensity). However, the manufacturing technology of automotive products is associated with the costs of not only living, but also embodied labor (means and objects of labor with which products for the automotive industry are manufactured (metallurgy, instrument making, etc.)). This is indirect capital intensity. Taking into account its size, the total capital intensity of automotive products is 152 thousand rubles. for 100 thousand rubles. products.

Incremental capital intensity- this is the ratio of the increase in the value of fixed production assets for a certain period (month, quarter, year) to the increase in production for the same period. It is used to establish the reasons influencing the level of capital intensity in the period under study.

ü 9. Specific capital intensity

Calculating the specific capital intensity for each product item in multi-product production is fraught with certain difficulties. Therefore, the entire range of manufactured products is grouped based on the similarity of certain classification characteristics. In each group, a typical representative is identified, for which the specific capital intensity is calculated.

The cost of fixed production assets of various divisions of the enterprise is determined by the method of direct differentiated calculation of the specific capital intensity of a unit of production. The specific capital intensity of a unit of production is the product of the specific capital intensity of work and the machine tool intensity of the product. The specific capital intensity of work is determined by dividing the cost of the enterprise's fixed production assets by the machine tool intensity of the annual program.

This method consists of sequentially establishing the cost of all elements of fixed production assets per unit of work and product. In this case, the calculation is carried out from the previous stage of the product manufacturing process to the subsequent one, leading to the final technological operation.

The production process is heterogeneous in its internal structure and content. It can be divided into a large number of components, i.e., private processes, each of which differs in the form and originality of its organization.

Information on the distribution of the cost of fixed production assets cannot serve as a basis for forecasting future needs or estimating the excess cost of fixed capital, since the results obtained are typical for the production conditions prevailing at the time of calculation and take into account all negative deviations associated with the use of fixed production assets.

Consequently, the current real and future need for fixed production assets (as well as their surplus) should be based on the standard specific capital intensity per unit of production for each year of the prospective period, since the market requires competitive products, which require a more advanced production technology compared to that , which is used by a competitor.

ü 10. Rental of fixed production assets

The classic form of lease is the temporary transfer by the owner of the property of the legal right to use tools and other elements of fixed production assets to the lessee. The relations of the parties to the transaction are legitimized by a lease agreement.

Redemption of leased property is a type of installment sale, therefore one of the main issues of rental relations is the valuation of the leased property. The valuation of property refers to the total costs of forming the entire set of production assets, as well as the costs of maintaining them in working order.

One of the forms of long-term rental of machinery, equipment and other types of property with periodic payment of its cost is leasing.

If leasing is a lease from 5 to 20 years, then hiring is a medium-term lease from one to 5 years, and rating is short-term (up to one year).

The leasing form of rent is the most progressive and has a number of advantages for both the lessor and the lessee. It is implemented on the basis of a concluded agreement, which reflects all the conditions that allow the lessor to transfer the leased object to another party - the lessee - for a certain fee. The agreement formulates all the main articles in detail and clearly to eliminate disagreements.

Objectives and guidelines

■ Task 1.

Determine the coefficients characterizing the structure of fixed production assets.

Initial data: cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 15 million rubles. During the year, OPFvv was introduced - 5.4 million rubles, and 2.7 million rubles were written off from the balance sheet of the OPFlik enterprise.

Guidelines

Renewal rate of fixed production assets:

where OPFkg - fixed production assets at the end of the year:

OPFkg = OPFng + OPFpr (here OPFpr = OPFvv – OPFlik).

Attrition rate: Click = OLFlic / 0PFng.

Growth coefficient: Kpr = OPFpr / OPFkg.

§ Task 2.

Determine the cost of entry (OPFvv) and disposal (OPFlik), the growth rate (Kpr) and disposal (Click).

Initial data: cost of OPFng = 2.0 million rubles; increase in OPFpr = 0.2 million rubles; update factor Cobn = 0.35.

Guidelines

Cost of fixed assets at the end of the year

OPFkg= OPFng+ OPFpr.

Cost of input OPFvv = OPFkg Kobn.

Cost of disposal of OPFlik = OPFvv - OPFpr.

Growth coefficient Kpr = OPFpr/ OPFkg.

Attrition rate Click = OPFlic / OPFng.

§ Task 3.

Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets (using two methods).

Initial data: OPFakt = 4.0 million rubles; share of the active part αact = 0.4; introduced during the year: March - 0.5 million rubles; July - 0.1 million rubles; dropped out: May - 200 thousand rubles; August - 150 thousand rubles.

Guidelines

Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed production assets can be carried out using two methods. According to the first method, the input and retirement of fixed production assets are timed to coincide with the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets takes the following form:

where OPFng; OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning (January 1) and end (December 31) of the reporting year;

The total cost of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February ( i= 2 ) and ending with December ( n = 12 ).

According to the second method, entry and exit are timed to the end of the analyzed period:

where OPFvvi; OPFliki, - the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed production assets in i-th month;

Ti is the period of operation of introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months;

n, m - number of activities to enter and write off fixed assets from the balance sheet.

The disadvantage of the second method is that on its basis the average annual value of fixed production assets introduced and written off from the balance sheet is determined, and according to the first method - the average annual value of all cash assets involved in production on a monthly basis. When calculating by the second method, an error (decrease) in the average annual cost occurs, the value of which can be determined by the formula:

§ Task 4.

Determine the annual effective operating time of a piece of equipment () with an age equal to t1 , = 6 years; t2= 8 years; t3= 14 years; t4= 18 years old.

Guidelines

As equipment ages, the potential operating time is reduced, i.e., depending on the number of years of operation, the annual effective operating time of the equipment decreases.

The annual effective operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift with an age of up to 5 years does not change and amounts to 1870 hours, where 0.1 is the share of time allocated for repairs. As the age of the equipment increases, the annual time fund decreases: for ages from 6 to 10 years - annually by 1.5%, from 11 to 15 years - by 2.0%, over 15 years - by 2.5%.

So, for the age group up to 5 years = 1870 hours; from 6 to 10 years = 1870 (1 - ); from 10 to 15 years = 1870 (1 - ); over 15 years = 1870 (1 - ).

According to the aggregated estimate, the annual effective operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift with its actual age can be determined by the formula:

where tf is the actual age of the equipment.

§ Task 5.

Determine the annual effective operating time of the equipment fleet.

Initial data: the equipment fleet (Equipment) consists of 20 units, of which 5-year-old equipment is 8 units; 12 years old - 8 units, 16 years old - 4 units.

Guidelines

The annual operating time of an equipment fleet can be calculated using two methods.

According to the first method, the annual effective operating time of equipment for each age group is equal to:

,

where is the annual operating time of a piece of equipment i th age group;

ni- number of pieces of equipment of the Z-age group;

m-number of age groups ( i= 1, 2, 3, ..., t).

According to the second method, the annual operating time of an equipment fleet is determined as the product of the annual operating time of an average-aged piece of equipment () by the number of equipment in the fleet ( nP):

.

In its turn

,

Where ti- actual age i- group of equipment;

ni- number of equipment units i- th age group.

1870 (1) = 1870 x 0.925 = 1729 hours, and the annual effective operating time of the equipment fleet will be:

.

§ Task 6.

Determine the economically feasible service life of the equipment.

Initial data: price of a unit of equipment Tsob = 6 thousand rubles, the costs of maintaining the equipment in working condition are carried out in the third year of operation of the equipment and amount to: 3з = 0.2 thousand rubles; 34 = 0.5 thousand rubles; 35 = 0.7 thousand rubles; 36 = 0.8 thousand rubles; 37 = 0.9 thousand rubles; 38 = = 0.9 thousand rubles; 39 = 1.0 thousand rubles; 310 =1.2 thousand rubles.

Guidelines

It is known that as the service life of fixed production assets increases, annual depreciation charges are reduced, as the rate of depreciation charges (Na) changes: Na = 1/T, where T is the service life of the equipment. Consequently, the longer the service life of the equipment, the lower the depreciation charges. However, an increase in equipment service life is accompanied by an increase in repair costs. The economically justified service life of the equipment is determined by the year (Feasibility Study) when the total costs, i.e., annual depreciation charges (Ai) plus repair costs (3 pi), will be minimal. In other words, the following condition must be met:

Ai + 3pi = min, where Ai is the annual depreciation charge in the i-th year:

Аi = Цj, Наi. So, with T1 = 1 year Ha = 1.0; at T2 = 2 years Ha = 0.5; at T3 = 3 years Ha = 0.33, ..., at T10 = 10 years Ha = 0.1.

§ Task 7.

Determine the depreciation rate using the method of proportional and accelerated transfer of the value of fixed assets.

Initial data: price of a unit of equipment Tsob = 10 thousand rubles; service life T = 12 years.

Guidelines

The proportional method of calculating depreciation provides for the calculation of an equal rate of depreciation in any period of operation of fixed production assets: Na = 1/Tn 100%; for example, with T = 5 years Na = (1/5) 100 = 20%, or 0.2.

The advantage of this method is the straight-line accumulation of depreciation charges, and the disadvantage is the obviously fixed, constant value of the depreciation period. In addition, this method of calculating depreciation does not sufficiently stimulate increasing the efficiency of equipment use.

The accelerated method is that the main share of depreciation charges falls on the first years of equipment service. In this case, its service life is calculated in conventional years, i.e., expressed as the sum of natural numbers from one to n, where n is the service life in years. So, with T = 10 years, the conditional number of years is: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55 conventional. years. In the first year, Ha = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second – Ha = 9/55 = 16.3%, in the third – Na = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth, Na = 1/55 = 1.8%. This method is widely used in industries with high obsolescence rates. It is beneficial in cases where fixed assets are used beyond their standard service life, since the tax on equipment is the depreciation rate in the last year of its service life. With the proportional method it will be 10%, with the accelerated method - 1.8%. The accelerated method allows you to increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise, as it has greater opportunities for updating the equipment fleet.

■ Task 8.

Determine the initial, replacement and residual value of fixed assets.

Initial data: purchase price of a unit of Tsob equipment - 5 thousand rubles; transportation and installation costs Ztm = = 1.0 thousand rubles; average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry Consumption = 0.03, or 3%; depreciation rate

Ha = 10%, or 0.1; The period of operation of Tek is 7 years.

Guidelines

The initial cost is the cost of purchasing a unit of equipment (Tsob) plus transportation and installation costs (3tm): Tsper = Tsob + Ztm. Replacement cost is the cost of equipment for the year of revaluation:

Tsvos = Tsper(1 + P)t, where P is the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry; t is the time between the years of production of equipment and revaluation, for example, the year of acquisition is 1989, the year of revaluation is 1997, t = 8 years.

Residual value is the original cost reduced by the amount of transferred cost: Tsost = Tsper – Tsper Na Tek = Tsper (1- Na Tek)

■ Problem 9.

Determine the utilization factors for whole-shift (shift factor) and intra-shift operating time of equipment, the integral utilization factor.

Initial data: installed equipment in the amount of ny = 30 units. worked in the first shift S1 = 30 machine shifts, in the second S2 = 15 machine shifts. Machine-tool capacity of the annual production program: products A - SEB = 15 thousand hours. The average age of the Tsr equipment fleet is 9 years.

Guidelines

Shift coefficient is the ratio of the number of machine tool shifts worked per day to the amount of installed equipment (ny): Kcm = (S1 + S2)/ny

Coefficient of whole-shift utilization of the installed equipment fleet: Ksm. isp = Ksm/Kr, where Kr is the operating mode of the equipment (number of shifts per day,

Kr from 1 to 3).

Equipment load factor is the ratio of the machine-tool capacity of the annual production program (SEyear) to the annual effective operating time of the installed equipment fleet:

Kzg = SEyear/Fef ( - annual operating time of a piece of equipment with an average age T).

Integral utilization factor of the installed equipment fleet:

§ Problem 10.

Determine capital productivity based on gross and net production.

Initial data: value of gross output at the end of the year VPkg = 5 million rubles; the share of material costs taking into account depreciation αмз = 0.6. The cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 2 million rubles; introduced during the year (July) - 2 million rubles; dropped out (September) - 1.5 million rubles.

Guidelines

Capital productivity is the cost of manufactured products per 1 ruble. average annual cost of fixed production assets. In the practice of planning and analyzing production efficiency, several methods are used to calculate capital productivity: based on gross output, based on net output, etc.

The gross output of an enterprise is the volume of products in monetary terms produced over a certain period:

where CI is the price of a unit of the i-th product range;

Ai is the annual volume of the i-th product;

To- number of product items.

Net output is the value newly created in the production process, which is calculated as the difference between gross output and material costs (MC), including depreciation (A):

PP=VP-(MZ+A)=VP(1-αмз),

Where αмз is the share of material costs taking into account depreciation.

Average annual cost of fixed production assets - see task 3 of this topic and guidelines for it.

■ Problem 11.

Determine the growth rate of capital productivity.

Initial data: cost of gross output VP= 12 million rubles, cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFNG= 6 million rubles; share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year αact n = 0.6; load factor Kzg = 0.75. By the end of the year, the share of the active part will increase to αact k = 0.7, load factor Kzg = 0,85.

Guidelines

The cost of the active part of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:

OPFact = OPFαact,

Where OPF- cost of fixed production assets;

αact - the share of the active part of fixed production assets.

Increase in gross output as a result of:

a) growth of the active part:

VPact = FOact. ng(OPAct. kg-OPAct. ng)

Where FOact. ng - capital productivity of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;

OPFact. ng, OPFact. kg - the cost of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;

αact ng; αact kg - the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;

b) reducing intra-shift losses:

,

Where Kzg. ng; Kzg. kg- load factor at the beginning and end of the year.

Total increase in gross output: VPo5sch= VPact + VPv/cm.

The growth rate of capital productivity is the ratio of capital productivity at the end of the year to capital productivity at the beginning of the year: tp FO = FOKG/FONT.

§ Problem 12.

Determine the utilization factor of equipment dimensional parameters.

Guidelines

At the first stage, parts are grouped by size intervals and machine capacity or load factor is determined for each size interval.

The coefficient of use of dimensional parameters of equipment is established as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the i-th dimensional interval of the part (Rdi) by the load factor of the machine with parts of the corresponding dimensional interval (Kzgi), and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine (m) by its total load factor:

,

Where ; - dimensional interval of the part and machine for the corresponding m-th characteristic ( l- length, d- diameter, h- height, etc.);

To- number of dimensional intervals of the part (i=1,2, 3, ..., k).

The overall coefficient of use of dimensional parameters Ki(total) is defined as the sum of coefficients of use of dimensional parameters divided by the number of characteristics:

, or

Where ; ; - equipment utilization rates

by diameter ( d), length ( l), m-th characteristic;

b - number of characteristics (i = 1, 2, ..., b).

When assessing the use of dimensional parameters of equipment, it should be borne in mind that its characteristics indicate the size of the part being processed or installed.

For equipment whose dimensional parameter is determined by the diameter and length of the product being installed, it should be taken into account that when the diameter is fully used, the length processing capabilities are reduced to 50%.

Then

If the length of the installed product is fully used, the ability to process the part in diameter should not exceed 60%.

The calculation formula for the machine diameter utilization factor takes the following form:

§ Problem 13.

Determine the change in the value of fixed production assets in the reporting year, if in the base year the cost of fixed production assets amounted to OPFbase - 5.0 million rubles; machine capacity of the annual program

SE = 200 thousand h; machine capacity of a unit of product A - SEA = 150 h; products

B-SEB = 400 h; annual volume of product A - QA = 600 units; products B - QB = 275 units.

In the reporting year, QA = 400 units; QB = 600 units.

Guidelines

The distribution of the cost of fixed production assets by product is based on the specific capital intensity of work (UFErab), which is defined as the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets (OPF) to the machine-tool intensity of the annual program (SE): UFEra6 = OPF/SE.

The need for fixed production assets for the annual program of the i-th product is determined by the formula: ;

for the annual program of the entire issue:

;

where k is the number of products.

The change in value is defined as the difference between the value of fixed assets in the reporting and base years.

■ Problem 14.

Determine the price of the leasing contract in order to confirm that this transaction is economically beneficial for both the lessor and the lessee.

Input data: lease term Tar = 5 years; initial cost of rented equipment Tsper = 15 thousand rubles; depreciation rate Na - 0.125; net income standard NPV = 0.11; landlord's expenses Tsar = 16,850 rubles; annual interest rate for the loan D = 0.1. There are no benefits for the tenant.

Guidelines

The leasing transaction is economically justified:

for the lessor, provided that the actual value of net income (NHf) exceeds its standard value (NHn):

CHDf > CHDN;

for the lessee, provided that the loan amount for the purchase of leased equipment (the initial price of the equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan) exceeds the cost of the licensing contract, i.e. TsKR>TsL.

The price of the license contract is determined by the formula:

where Tsp is the initial price of the leased equipment;

depreciation rate is assumed to be 1.0;

Kni - coefficient taking into account property tax: Kni = (1 + 0.2) = 1.2.

Capital investments for the purchase of leased equipment, taking into account the loan rate, are calculated using the formula:

where D is the annual interest rate for the loan (in fractions of a unit).

Questions:

1) What is the criterion for classifying the property of an enterprise as fixed production assets (FPF)?

2) Reveal the essence of the technological, type (production) and age structure of the general industrial enterprise.

3) What types of OPF valuations exist and what are they used for?

4) What is the essence of physical and moral depreciation of OPF, the factors influencing them?

5) What is the essence and significance of reproductive policy at the micro level?

6) What are the main indicators that characterize the level of use of 0PF?

7) What is the essence of depreciation and what changes have occurred in depreciation policy in recent years?

8) What are the most important and realistic ways to improve usage

OPF at the enterprise?

8) What methods of calculating depreciation are used?

9) What are the methods for calculating depreciation?

Educational edition

MAIN PRODUCTION FACILITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE

Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline “Economics, Enterprise Management” for fourth-year students studying in the direction 200100 “Instrument Engineering”, specialties: 200101 “Instrument Engineering”, 200106 “Information and measuring equipment and technologies”, 200102 “Instruments and control methods quality and diagnostics".

Scientific editor

Candidate of Technical Sciences,

assistant professor

Editor

Layout

Cover design

Signed for publication on 00.00.2008. Format 60x84/16. Paper "Snow Maiden". Xerox printing. Conditional oven l. 1.63.-ed. l. 1.47 Order 42 Circulation 30 copies.
	Tomsk Polytechnic University Quality Management System Tomsk Polytechnic University certified NATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE according to ISO 9001:2000 standard
. Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30.

During operation, fixed production assets (FPAs) gradually wear out, and their value is transferred to manufactured products.

Classification

To classify OPF, two criteria are used - the degree of participation in the production process and the function being implemented.

Within the framework of the implemented function, the OPF is divided into:

• Building. Production facilities, warehouses, offices, buildings, etc. Buildings can accommodate personnel and production equipment.
• Facilities. Facilities for obtaining and storing natural resources. For example, quarries, mines, tanks for storing raw materials, etc.
• Equipment. Machine tools, units, measuring instruments and computers used to convert raw materials into finished products.
• Tools. Inventory with a service life of more than one calendar year.
• Transport. Cars and special equipment for transporting raw materials, materials and finished products.
• Transfer devices. They deliver heat, electricity, gas or oil products.

All main production assets are reused during operation and retain their shape.

Grade

The structure and composition of the OPF affects:

• cost of finished products;
• the possibility of introducing new production technologies;
• the feasibility of privatization and rental of funds.

When assessing OPF, three methods of calculating cost are used:

1. Initial. Calculation of the necessary costs for putting the fund into operation.
2. Restorative. Determining the cost of an object taking into account current prices.
3. Residual. Cost calculation taking into account wear and tear.

Types of wear

Deterioration of the OPF can be moral and physical.

Obsolescence

Reducing the cost of OPFs makes their use inappropriate due to the emergence of new technologies and equipment samples.

Physical deterioration

Material wear and tear of assets and deterioration of their technical characteristics due to thermal, chemical and mechanical effects during operation.

Result of use

The result of the use of fixed production assets reflects:

• capital intensity;
• capital productivity.

Capital intensity is the ratio of the cost of the open investment fund to the cost of the volume of production. Capital productivity is the ratio of the cost of the volume of manufactured products to the cost of the general operating fund. You can increase the return on use of fixed assets by:

• hiring qualified employees;
• increasing the intensity of use of OPF;
• conducting high-quality operational planning;
• increasing the share of equipment in the structure of the enterprise;
• carrying out technical modernization.

Task No. 1. Determine the average annual cost of the company's fixed production assets, if you know the value of the fixed production assets owned by the enterprise at the beginning of the year, the amount of equipment retired due to wear and tear at the beginning of March and the amount of equipment that the enterprise purchased and installed at the end of September of this year.

Table 1.1

PF cost:
at the beginning of the year, in millions
introduced, in million deum
departed, in million units

F SG - average annual cost of fixed assets;

F NG =280 million units - value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period;

F in =38 million de, F out =54 million de - cost of input and retirement (withdrawn) fixed assets;

m 1 =3 - the number of full months of operation of the introduced fixed assets from the moment of introduction until the end of the current year, months;

m 2 =10 - the number of complete months of inactivity of retired fixed assets from the moment of withdrawal until the end of the current year, months;

Answer:

Task No. 2. The cost of the company's fixed production assets as of January 1 of the reporting year is known, as well as the fact that at the beginning of the 2nd quarter new equipment was purchased, and at the end of the 4th quarter worn-out equipment was liquidated. Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets as of January 1 of the next year, using the data from the table below.

Table 2.1

PF cost:
at the beginning of the year, in thousands
introduced, in thousands
departed, in thousands

F NG =705 thousand de -

F in = 210 thousand de, F out = 208 thousand de - cost of input and retirement (withdrawn) fixed assets, de;

m 1 =9 - the number of full months of operation of the introduced fixed assets from the moment of introduction until the end of the current year, months;

m 2 =0 - the number of complete months of inactivity of retired fixed assets from the moment of disposal until the end of the current year, months;

Answer:

Task No. 3. During the year, a certain amount of new equipment was installed, some of it was put into operation on April 1, 2003, and the rest - from July 30, 2003. Of the equipment owned by the enterprise, 12% retired on September 1, 2003 due to the high degree of wear and tear. Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets using the data from the table below.

Table 3.1

Options
Number of equipment units introduced:
Cost of a unit of introduced equipment, thousand units
Quantity of equipment owned by the enterprise as of 01/01/2003, in pcs.
Cost of a unit of retired equipment, thousand units

F SG - average annual cost of fixed assets, de;

F NG =2.4 million units - value of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period, de;

F in, F out - the cost of introduced and retired (withdrawn) fixed assets, de;

m 1 - the number of full months of operation of the introduced fixed assets from the moment of introduction until the end of the current year, months;

m 2 - the number of complete months of inactivity of retired fixed assets from the moment of disposal until the end of the current year, months;

F selected =47·105=4.935 million de.

Task No. 4. Determine the average annual cost of fixed production assets according to the data from table 4.1. Moreover, it is known that the cost of transport services amounted to 12% of the cost of acquired fixed assets, and installation – 9%.

Table 4.1

Options
Cost of PF at the beginning of the current year, in thousands
Cost of PF purchased: amount, in thousand	September
Cost of PFs retired: amount, in thousand

F SG - average annual cost of fixed assets, de;

F NG = 400 thousand units. - value of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period, de;

F in, F out = 28 thousand de. - cost of input and retirement (withdrawn) fixed assets, de;

m 1 = 3 - the number of full months of operation of the introduced fixed assets from the moment of introduction until the end of the current year, months;

m 2 =2 - the number of complete months of inactivity of retired fixed assets from the moment of withdrawal until the end of the current year, months;

Answer:

Task No. 5. Determine the average annual cost of the PF in the plan year, based on the following data for the base and plan years.

The average annual cost of production fixed assets (fixed assets, funds) is calculated in the economic activities of enterprises with the following goals:

• Entering information into the relevant accounting and statistical reporting,
• Determination of the tax base for property settlements;
• Achieving internal management and financial goals.

The full accounting value of an object of fixed assets is the original price of the object, adjusted by the amount of revaluation (that is, when the fixed assets are depreciated). Revaluation may be made due to:

• reconstruction,
• retrofitting,
• modernization,
• completions,
• partially carried out liquidation.

In the process of use, fixed assets are subject to wear and tear, losing in full or in part their original properties, therefore calculations of their average annual value influence the determination of residual value.

The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of depreciation (deductions) from the amount of the original cost.

Fixed assets are characterized by the fact that they are able to transfer their value to the finished product (goods) over a definitely long period, consisting of several cycles. That is why the organization of accounting simultaneously reflects and preserves the original form, including the loss of price over time.

To study the formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets, one should consider in more detail the composition of fixed assets.

The fixed assets (means) of production include:

• Buildings that are architectural objects and are used to create working conditions (garages, warehouses, workshop premises, etc.).
• Structures consisting of engineering construction type objects and used during the transportation process (tunnels, bridges, track construction, water supply systems, etc.).
• Transmission devices through which electricity, gas and oil are transmitted.
• Machinery and equipment, including presses, machine tools, generators, engines, etc.
• Devices for making measurements.
• Electronic computing and other equipment.
• Vehicles including locomotives, cars, cranes, forklifts, etc.
• Tools and equipment.

Formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets is as follows:

Sof = Spn + (Svved * M) / 12 - (Svyb x Msb) / 12

Here Sof is the average annual cost of fixed assets,

From Mon – initial cost of funds,

Swed – cost of introduced funds,

M – number of months of operation of newly introduced funds,

Disposal – the cost of disposed funds,

Mvyb – number of months of disposal,

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed production assets contains indicators in their original cost, which is formed at the time of acquisition. In case of revaluation of fixed assets in an organization, the value is taken as of the date of the last revaluation.

Formula for the average annual cost of production fixed assets on the balance sheet

The formula for the average annual cost of fixed production assets can be calculated using information from the financial statements of the enterprise. This method is used by accountants to calculate company profitability indicators.

The formula in accordance with the balance sheet is calculated by finding the sum of the indicators on the balance sheet line “Fixed assets” at the end of the reporting year and at the end of the base year (previous year), then the amount must be divided by 2 or multiplied by 0.5.

For calculations using the formula, information is taken from the balance sheet, covering the totality of transactions not only for the period as a whole, but also separately for each month.

The formula for these calculations is as follows:

Sof = PS + (Svvod × M) / 12 – [D(12 – L)] / 12

Here PS is the initial cost of the investment fund,

Reduction – cost of input funds,

M – months of validity of the introduced funds,

D – cost of liquidation of funds,

L – number of months of operation of retired funds.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

Fixed assets are means of labor. Unlike objects of labor, fixed assets are used many times in the production process and change their material form, but gradually wear out over time.

They are divided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services, these include machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc. .

Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products; these include residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.

There are the following types of monetary valuation of fixed assets:

1. Valuation at original cost, i.e. at actual production costs at the time of creation or acquisition, including transportation costs and installation, at prices of the year in which the OFs were manufactured or purchased.

Depreciation calculations are determined based on the original cost of fixed assets.

valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of the PF at the time of revaluation.

This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire previously created or acquired PF at a given time.

On the balance sheet of an enterprise, PFs are listed at their original cost before their revaluation, and after revaluation - at their replacement cost. Therefore, the original or replacement cost is called the book value;

3) assessment based on the initial or replacement value, taking into account wear and tear (residual value), it gives a real idea of ​​the cost value of the assets at the time of their assessment, this is especially important for their premature write-off, replacement and reconstruction.

The average annual cost of fixed assets is determined on the basis of the initial cost, taking into account their commissioning and liquidation according to the following formula:

Table 4.1 - Initial data for calculating the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, the average annual cost (option No. 2)

Table 4.2 - Initial data on the movement of fixed assets at the enterprise (option No. 2)

	F bb.	Date entered		F select	Withdrawal date

The availability of fixed assets can be determined on a date and for a period. In the first case, these will be momentary indicators, in the second - averages for the period (interval). The value of fixed assets at the end of the period is determined:

Where: F k.p.- value of fixed assets at the end of the period;

F n.p.. - value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period;

F centuries- cost of received fixed assets;

F select - the cost of retired fixed assets for the period.

Determine the structure of fixed assets at the beginning of the year (Fig. 4.1):

Figure 4.1 - Structure of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, %

Calculation of the value of fixed assets at the end of the year:

• - building: F k.p. = F n.p.. + F centuries - F select. = 15 221,5 (3,6%)
• - structures: 52,341.2 (12.5%)
• - transfer devices: 22,694.3 + 1,530 - 1,730= 22,494.3 (5.3%)
• - machinery, equipment: 304,890 + 4,234 - 3,234 = 305,890 (73%)
• - transport: 15,123+ 3,670 - 2,670= 16,123 (3.9%)
• - tool: 7456 + 7.3 - 6.3 = 7,457 (1.8%)

Total: 419527.

We determine the structure of fixed assets at the end of the year (Fig. 4.2):

Figure 4.2 - Structure of fixed assets at the end of the year, %

Calculation of depreciation charges is carried out according to the formula corresponding to the selected method for each type of PF (Table 4.3)

Table 4.3 - Methods for calculating depreciation charges for each type of PF

Group of fixed assets	Method of calculating depreciation	Formula for calculation	Calculation, thousand rubles.
	Linear	A 1 =15 221,5 *2/100= 304,43
Facilities	Linear	A 2 =52 341,2 *3/100= 1570,236
Transfer devices	Linear	A 3 =22 494.3 *4/100= 899,772
Machines, equipment	Linear	A 4 =305 890*10/100= 30589
Transport	reducing balance method	where to -acceleration factor = 1,2	A 5 =16 123 * = 1547,808
Tool	Linear	A 6 =7 457 *50/100= 3728,5

Formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets:

Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets:

417726 + 1402,5 + 3528,3 + 1223,3 + 5,475 - 865 - 2425,5 - 1335 - 5,25 = 419 245,825

Table 4.4 - Results of calculating the value of fixed assets at the end of the year, the structure of fixed assets, average annual cost, depreciation

Group of fixed assets	Cost, thousand rubles.	Amount of depreciation, thousand rubles.
for the beginning of the year	structure, %	at the end of the year	structure, %
Facilities
Transfer devices
Machines, equipment
Transport
Tool

The value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period was 417,726 thousand rubles.

The value of fixed assets at the end of the period amounted to 419,527 thousand rubles.

The average annual value of fixed assets amounted to 419,245.825 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of buildings amounted to 304.43 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of structures amounted to 1,570.236 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of transmission devices amounted to 899.772 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of machinery and equipment amounted to 30,589 thousand rubles.

The amount of transport depreciation amounted to 1,547.808 thousand rubles.

The amount of tool depreciation amounted to 3,728.5 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation for the year amounted to 38,639.746 thousand rubles.