We first learn about the concept of gravity in school. There we are usually told that there is such an amazing force that holds everyone on Earth, and only thanks to it we do not fly into outer space and do not walk upside down. This is where the fun practically ends, because at school we are told only the most basic and simple things. In reality, there is a lot of debate about universal gravity, scientists propose new theories and ideas, and there are many more nuances than you can imagine. In this collection you will find several very interesting facts and theories about gravitational influence, which either were not included in the school curriculum, or they became known not so long ago.
10. Gravity is a theory, not a proven law.
There is a myth that gravity is a law. If you try to do online research on this topic, any search engine will offer you many links about Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. However, in the scientific community, laws and theories are completely different concepts. A scientific law is an irrefutable fact based on confirmed data that clearly explains the essence of occurring phenomena. A theory, in turn, is a kind of idea with the help of which researchers try to explain certain phenomena.
If we describe gravitational interaction in scientific terms, it immediately becomes completely clear to a relatively literate person why universal gravity is considered in a theoretical plane, and not as a law. Since scientists still do not have the ability to study the gravitational forces of every planet, satellite, star, asteroid and atom in the Universe, we have no right to recognize universal gravity as a law.
The robotic Voyager 1 probe traveled 21 billion kilometers, but even at such a far distance from Earth, it barely left our planetary system. The flight lasted 40 years and 4 months, and during all this time the researchers did not receive much data to transfer thoughts about gravity from the theoretical field into the category of laws. Our Universe is too big, and we still know too little...
9. There are many gaps in the theory about gravity
We have already established that universal gravity is just a theoretical concept. Moreover, it turns out that this theory still has many gaps that clearly indicate its relative inferiority. Many inconsistencies have been noted not just within our solar system, but even here on Earth.
For example, according to the theory of universal gravity on the Moon, the gravitational force of the Sun should be felt much stronger than the gravity of the Earth. It turns out that the Moon should revolve around the Sun, and not around our planet. But we know that the Moon is our satellite, and for this, sometimes it’s enough just to raise your eyes to the night sky.
At school we were told about Isaac Newton, who had a fateful apple fall on his head, inspiring him with the idea of the theory of universal gravitation. Even Newton himself admitted that his theory had certain shortcomings. At one time, it was Newton who became the author of a new mathematical concept - fluxions (derivatives), which helped him in the formation of that very theory of gravitation. Fluxions may not sound so familiar to you, but in the end they have become firmly entrenched in the world of exact sciences.
Today, in mathematical analysis, the method of differential calculus is often used, based precisely on the ideas of Newton and his colleague Leibniz. However, this section of mathematics is also rather incomplete and not without its flaws.
8. Gravitational waves
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was proposed in 1915. Around the same time, the hypothesis of gravitational waves appeared. Until 1974, the existence of these waves remained purely theoretical.
Gravitational waves can be compared to ripples on the canvas of the space-time continuum, which appear as a result of large-scale events in the Universe. Such events could be a collision of black holes, changes in the rotation speed of a neutron star, or a supernova explosion. When something like this happens, gravitational forces spread across the space-time continuum, like ripples in water from a stone falling into it. These waves travel through the Universe at the speed of light. We don't see catastrophic events very often, so it takes us many years to detect gravitational waves. That's why it took scientists more than 60 years to prove their existence.
For almost 40 years, scientists have been studying the first evidence of gravitational waves. As it turns out, these ripples arise during the merger of a binary system of very dense and heavy gravitationally bound stars revolving around a common center of mass. Over time, the components of the binary star come closer together and their speed gradually decreases, as predicted by Einstein in his theory. The magnitude of gravitational waves is so small that in 2017 they were even awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their experimental detection.
7. Black holes and gravity
Black holes are one of the biggest mysteries in the Universe. They appear during the gravitational collapse of a fairly large star, which becomes a supernova. When a supernova explodes, a significant mass of stellar material is ejected into outer space. What is happening can provoke the formation of a space-time region in space in which the gravitational field becomes so strong that even light quanta are not able to leave this place (this black hole). It is not gravity itself that forms black holes, but it still plays a key role in observing and studying these regions.
It is the gravity of black holes that helps scientists detect them in the Universe. Because gravitational pull can be incredibly powerful, researchers can sometimes notice its effects on other stars or on the gases surrounding these regions. When a black hole sucks in gases, a so-called accretion disk is formed, in which matter is accelerated to such high speeds that it begins to produce intense radiation when heated. This glow can also be detected in the X-ray range. It was thanks to the accretion phenomenon that we were able to prove the existence of blacks (using special telescopes). It turns out that if it weren’t for gravity, we wouldn’t even know about the existence of black holes.
6. Theory about black matter and black energy
Photo: NASA
Approximately 68% of the Universe consists of dark energy, and 27% is reserved for dark matter. In theory. Despite the fact that in our world dark matter and dark energy have been allocated so much space, we know very little about them.
We presumably know that dark energy has a number of properties. For example, guided by Einstein's theory of gravity, scientists have suggested that dark energy is constantly expanding. By the way, scientists initially believed that Einstein’s theory would help them prove that over time, gravitational influence slows down the expansion of the Universe. However, in 1998, data obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope gave reason to believe that the Universe is expanding only at an increasing speed. At the same time, scientists came to the conclusion that the theory of gravity is not able to explain the fundamental phenomena occurring in our Universe. This is how the hypothesis about the existence of dark energy and dark matter appeared, designed to justify the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe.
5. Gravitons
Photo: pbs.org
At school we are told that gravity is a force. But it could also be something more... It is possible that gravity in the future will be considered as a manifestation of a particle called graviton.
Hypothetically, gravitons are massless elementary particles that emit a gravitational field. To date, physicists have not yet proven the existence of these particles, but they already have many theories about why these gravitons must certainly exist. One of these theories states that gravity is the only force (of the 4 fundamental forces of nature or interactions) that has not yet been associated with a single elementary particle or any structural unit.
Gravitons may exist, but recognizing them is incredibly difficult. Physicists suggest that gravitational waves consist of just these elusive particles. To detect gravitational waves, the researchers conducted many experiments, in one of which they used mirrors and lasers. An interferometric detector can help detect mirror displacements over even the most microscopic distances, but unfortunately it cannot detect changes associated with particles as tiny as gravitons. In theory, for such an experiment, scientists would need mirrors so heavy that if they collapsed, black holes could appear.
In general, it does not seem possible to detect or prove the existence of gravitons in the near future. For now, physicists are observing the Universe and hope that it is there that they will find answers to their questions and will be able to detect manifestations of gravitons somewhere outside of ground-based laboratories.
4. Theory of wormholes
Photo: space.com
Wormholes, wormholes or wormholes are another great mystery of the Universe. It would be cool to go into some kind of space tunnel and travel at the speed of light to get to another galaxy in the shortest possible time. These fantasies have been used more than once in science fiction thrillers. If there really are wormholes in the Universe, such jumps may be quite possible. At the moment, scientists have no evidence of the existence of wormholes, but some physicists believe that these hypothetical tunnels can be created by manipulating gravity.
Einstein's general theory of relativity allows for the possibility of mind-bending wormholes. Taking into account the work of the legendary scientist, another physicist, Ludwig Flamm, tried to describe how the force of gravity could distort time space in such a way that a new tunnel would form, a bridge between one region of the fabric of physical reality and another. Of course, there are other theories.
3. Planets also have a gravitational influence on the Sun
We already know that the gravitational field of the Sun affects all objects in our planetary system, and that is why they all revolve around our single star. By the same principle, the Earth is connected with the Moon, and that is why the Moon revolves around our home planet.
However, each planet and any other celestial body with sufficient mass in our solar system also has its own gravitational fields, which affect the Sun, other planets and all other space objects. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted depends on the mass of the object and the distance between the celestial bodies.
In our solar system, it is thanks to gravitational interaction that all objects rotate in their given orbits. The strongest gravitational attraction, of course, is from the Sun. By and large, all celestial objects with sufficient mass have their own gravitational field and influence other objects with significant mass, even if they are located at a distance of several light years.
2. Microgravity
Photo: NASA
We have all seen more than once photographs of astronauts soaring through orbital stations or even going outside the spacecraft in special protective suits. You are probably accustomed to thinking that these scientists usually tumble in space without feeling any gravity, because there is none there. And you would be very wrong if so. There is gravity in space too. It is customary to call it microgravity, because it is almost imperceptible. It is thanks to microgravity that astronauts feel light as feathers and so freely float in space. If there were no gravity at all, the planets simply would not revolve around the Sun, and the Moon would have left Earth’s orbit long ago.
The further an object is from the center of gravity, the weaker the force of gravity. It is microgravity that acts on the ISS, because all the objects there are much further from the Earth’s gravitational field than even you are right here now. Gravity weakens at other levels as well. For example, let's take one individual atom. This is such a tiny particle of matter that it also experiences a fairly modest gravitational force. As atoms combine into groups, this force, of course, increases.
1. Time travel
The idea of time travel has fascinated humanity for quite some time. Many theories, including the theory of gravity, give hope that such travel will actually one day become possible. According to one concept, gravity forms a certain bend in the space-time continuum, which forces all objects in the Universe to move along a curved trajectory. As a result, objects in space move slightly faster compared to objects on Earth. More precisely, here’s an example: the clocks on space satellites are 38 microseconds (0.000038 seconds) ahead of your home alarm clocks every day.
Since gravity causes objects to move faster in space than on Earth, astronauts can actually be considered time travelers as well. However, this journey is so insignificant that upon returning home neither the astronauts themselves nor their loved ones notice any fundamental difference. But this does not negate one very interesting question - is it possible to use gravitational influence for time travel, as shown in science fiction films?
June 14th, 2015 , 12:24 pm
We all studied the law of universal gravitation in school. But what do we really know about gravity beyond what our school teachers put into our heads? Let's update our knowledge...
Fact one: Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation
Everyone knows the famous parable about the apple that fell on Newton's head. But the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply not present in his book “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” There is no formula or formulation in this work, as anyone can see for themselves. Moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the 19th century and, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier. By the way, the coefficient G, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical meaning and was introduced to hide contradictions.
Fact two: falsifying the gravitational attraction experiment
It is believed that Cavendish was the first to demonstrate gravitational attraction in laboratory ingots, using a torsion balance - a horizontal beam with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string. The rocker could turn on a thin wire. According to the official version, Cavendish brought a pair of 158 kg blanks from opposite sides to the rocker weights and the rocker turned at a small angle. However, the experimental methodology was incorrect and the results were falsified, which was convincingly proven by physicist Andrei Albertovich Grishaev. Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results would fit Newton's average density of earth. The methodology of the experiment itself involved the movement of the blanks several times, and the reason for the rotation of the rocker arm was microvibrations from the movement of the blanks, which were transmitted to the suspension.
This is confirmed by the fact that such a simple installation of the 18th century for educational purposes should have been installed, if not in every school, then at least in the physics departments of universities, in order to show students in practice the result of the law of universal gravitation. However, the Cavendish installation is not used in educational programs, and both schoolchildren and students take the word that two blanks attract each other.
Fact three: The law of gravity does not work during a solar eclipse
If we substitute reference data on the earth, moon and sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the Moon flies between the Earth and the Sun, for example, at the moment of a solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the Sun and the Moon is more than 2 times higher than between Earth and Moon!According to the formula, the Moon would have to leave the earth's orbit and begin to revolve around the sun.
Gravity constant - 6.6725×10−11 m³/(kg s²).
The mass of the Moon is 7.3477×1022 kg.
The mass of the Sun is 1.9891×1030 kg.
The mass of the Earth is 5.9737×1024 kg.
Distance between the Earth and the Moon = 380,000,000 m.
Distance between the Moon and the Sun = 149,000,000,000 m.
Earth and Moon:
6.6725×10-11 x 7.3477×1022 x 5.9737×1024 / 3800000002 = 2.028×1020 H
Moon and sun:
6.6725 × 10-11 x 7.3477 1022 x 1.9891 1030 / 1490000000002 = 4.39 × 1020 H
2.028×1020H<< 4,39×1020 H
The force of attraction between the Earth and the Moon<< Сила притяжения между Луной и Солнцем
These calculations can be criticized by the fact that the moon is an artificial hollow body and the reference density of this celestial body is most likely determined incorrectly.
Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that the Moon is not a solid body, but a thin-walled shell. The authoritative journal Science describes the results of the work of seismic sensors after the third stage of the rocket that accelerated the Apollo 13 spacecraft hit the lunar surface: “the seismic ringing was detected for more than four hours. On Earth, if a missile struck at an equivalent distance, the signal would last only a few minutes.”
Seismic vibrations that decay so slowly are typical of a hollow resonator, not a solid body.
But the Moon, among other things, does not exhibit its attractive properties in relation to the Earth - the Earth-Moon pair does not move around a common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation, and the ellipsoidal orbit of the Earth, contrary to this law, does not become zigzag.
Moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the Moon itself do not remain constant; the orbit, in scientific terminology, “evolves”, and does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation.
Fact four: the absurdity of the theory of ebb and flow
How can this be, some will object, because even schoolchildren know about ocean tides on Earth, which occur due to the attraction of water to the Sun and Moon.According to the theory, the Moon's gravity forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean, with two tidal humps that move across the Earth's surface due to daily rotation.
However, practice shows the absurdity of these theories. After all, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high should move through the Drake Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic in 6 hours. Since water is incompressible, the mass of water would raise the level to a height of about 10 meters, which does not happen in practice. In practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000-2000 km.
Laplace was also amazed by the paradox: why in the seaports of France full water comes sequentially, although according to the concept of a tidal ellipsoid it should come there simultaneously.
Fact five: the theory of mass gravity does not work
The principle of gravity measurements is simple - gravimeters measure the vertical components, and the deflection of the plumb line shows the horizontal components.
The first attempt to test the theory of mass gravity was made by the British in the mid-18th century on the shores of the Indian Ocean, where, on one side, there is the world's highest rock ridge of the Himalayas, and on the other, an ocean bowl filled with much less massive water. But, alas, the plumb line does not deviate towards the Himalayas! Moreover, ultra-sensitive instruments - gravimeters - do not detect a difference in the gravity of a test body at the same height, both over massive mountains and over less dense seas of kilometer depth.
To save the theory that has taken root, scientists came up with a support for it: they say the reason for this is “isostasy” - denser rocks are located under the seas, and loose rocks are located under the mountains, and their density is exactly the same as to adjust everything to the desired value.
It was also experimentally established that gravimeters in deep mines show that the force of gravity does not decrease with depth. It continues to grow, depending only on the square of the distance to the center of the earth.
Fact six: gravity is not generated by matter or mass
According to the formula of the law of universal gravitation, two masses, m1 and m2, the sizes of which can be neglected in comparison with the distances between them, are supposedly attracted to each other by a force directly proportional to the product of these masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. However, in fact, not a single proof is known that matter has a gravitational attractive effect. Practice shows that gravity is not generated by matter or masses; it is independent of them and massive bodies only obey gravity.The independence of gravity from matter is confirmed by the fact that, with rare exceptions, small bodies of the solar system have no gravitational attractive ability completely. With the exception of the Moon, more than six dozen planetary satellites show no signs of their own gravity. This has been proven by both indirect and direct measurements; for example, since 2004, the Cassini probe in the vicinity of Saturn has been flying close to its satellites from time to time, but no changes in the speed of the probe have been recorded. With the help of the same Casseni, a geyser was discovered on Enceladus, the sixth largest moon of Saturn.
What physical processes must occur on a cosmic piece of ice for jets of steam to fly into space?
For the same reason, Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a gas tail as a result of atmospheric outflow.
No satellites predicted by theory have been found on asteroids, despite their huge number. And in all the reports about double or paired asteroids that supposedly revolve around a common center of mass, there was no evidence of the rotation of these pairs. The companions happened to be nearby, moving in quasi-synchronous orbits around the sun.
Attempts to place artificial satellites into asteroid orbit ended in failure. Examples include the NEAR probe, which was sent to the Eros asteroid by the Americans, or the HAYABUSA probe, which the Japanese sent to the Itokawa asteroid.
Fact seven: Saturn's asteroids do not obey the law of gravity
At one time, Lagrange, trying to solve the three-body problem, obtained a stable solution for a particular case. He showed that the third body can move in the orbit of the second, all the time being in one of two points, one of which is 60° ahead of the second body, and the second is the same amount behind.
However, two groups of companion asteroids found behind and ahead in the orbit of Saturn, which astronomers joyfully called the Trojans, moved out of the predicted areas, and the confirmation of the law of universal gravitation turned into a puncture.
Fact eight: contradiction with the general theory of relativity
According to modern concepts, the speed of light is finite, as a result we see distant objects not where they are located at the moment, but at the point from which the ray of light we saw started. But at what speed does gravity spread?Having analyzed the data accumulated by that time, Laplace established that “gravity” propagates faster than light by at least seven orders of magnitude! Modern measurements of receiving pulsar pulses have pushed the speed of propagation of gravity even further - at least 10 orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. Thus, experimental research contradicts the general theory of relativity, which official science still relies on, despite its complete failure.
Fact nine: gravity anomalies
There are natural anomalies of gravity, which also do not find any clear explanation from official science. Here are some examples:Fact ten: research into the vibrational nature of antigravity
There is a large number of alternative studies with impressive results in the field of antigravity, which fundamentally refute the theoretical calculations of official science.Some researchers are analyzing the vibrational nature of antigravity. This effect is clearly demonstrated in modern experiments, where droplets hang in the air due to acoustic levitation. Here we see how, with the help of a sound of a certain frequency, it is possible to confidently hold drops of liquid in the air...
But the effect at first glance is explained by the gyroscope principle, but even such a simple experiment for the most part contradicts gravity in its modern understanding.
Few people know that Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist who studied the effect of cavity structures in insects, described the phenomena of antigravity in insects in the book “My World”. Scientists have long known that massive insects, such as the cockchafer, fly in spite of the laws of gravity rather than because of them.
Moreover, based on his research, Grebennikov created an anti-gravity platform.
Viktor Stepanovich died under rather strange circumstances and his work was partially lost, but some part of the anti-gravity platform prototype has been preserved and can be seen in the Grebennikov Museum in Novosibirsk.
Another practical application of antigravity can be observed in the city of Homestead in Florida, where there is a strange structure of coral monolithic blocks, which is popularly nicknamed Coral Castle. It was built by a native of Latvia, Edward Lidskalnin, in the first half of the 20th century. This man of thin build did not have any tools, he did not even have a car or any equipment at all.
He did not use electricity at all, also due to its absence, and yet somehow went down to the ocean, where he cut out multi-ton stone blocks and somehow delivered them to his site, laying them out with perfect accuracy.
After Ed's death, scientists began to carefully study his creation. For the sake of the experiment, a powerful bulldozer was brought in and an attempt was made to move one of the 30-ton blocks of the coral castle. The bulldozer roared and skidded, but did not move the huge stone.
A strange device was found inside the castle, which scientists called a direct current generator. It was a massive structure with many metal parts. 240 permanent strip magnets were built into the outside of the device. But how Edward Leedskalnin actually made multi-ton blocks move still remains a mystery.
The research of John Searle is known, in whose hands unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; discs with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.
The professor’s experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, a patent application for “devices for generating mechanical energy” was registered under No. 99122275/09. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergei Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced SEG (Searl Effect Generator) and conducted a series of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without costs; the rotating generator lost weight up to 40%.
The equipment from Searle's first laboratory was taken to an unknown location while he was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about it, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared.
The Hutchison Effect, named after the Canadian engineer-inventor, is also known. The effect manifests itself in the levitation of heavy objects, the alloy of dissimilar materials (for example, metal + wood), and the anomalous heating of metals in the absence of burning substances near them. Here is a video of these effects:
Whatever gravity actually is, it should be recognized that official science is completely unable to clearly explain the nature of this phenomenon.
Yaroslav Yargin
Gravity, also known as attraction or gravitation, is a universal property of matter that all objects and bodies in the Universe possess. The essence of gravity is that all material bodies attract all other bodies around them.
Earth gravity
If gravity is a general concept and quality that all objects in the Universe possess, then gravity is a special case of this comprehensive phenomenon. The earth attracts to itself all material objects located on it. Thanks to this, people and animals can safely move across the earth, rivers, seas and oceans can remain within their shores, and the air can not fly across the vast expanses of space, but form the atmosphere of our planet.
A fair question arises: if all objects have gravity, why does the Earth attract people and animals to itself, and not vice versa? Firstly, we also attract the Earth to us, it’s just that, compared to its force of attraction, our gravity is negligible. Secondly, the force of gravity depends directly on the mass of the body: the smaller the mass of the body, the lower its gravitational forces.
The second indicator on which the force of attraction depends is the distance between objects: the greater the distance, the less the effect of gravity. Thanks also to this, the planets move in their orbits and do not fall on each other.
It is noteworthy that the Earth, Moon, Sun and other planets owe their spherical shape precisely to the force of gravity. It acts in the direction of the center, pulling towards it the substance that makes up the “body” of the planet.
Earth's gravitational field
The Earth's gravitational field is a force energy field that is formed around our planet due to the action of two forces:
- gravity;
- centrifugal force, which owes its appearance to the rotation of the Earth around its axis (diurnal rotation).
Since both gravity and centrifugal force act constantly, the gravitational field is a constant phenomenon.
The field is slightly affected by the gravitational forces of the Sun, Moon and some other celestial bodies, as well as the atmospheric masses of the Earth.
The law of universal gravitation and Sir Isaac Newton
The English physicist, Sir Isaac Newton, according to a famous legend, one day while walking in the garden during the day, he saw the Moon in the sky. At the same time, an apple fell from the branch. Newton was then studying the law of motion and knew that an apple falls under the influence of a gravitational field, and the Moon rotates in orbit around the Earth.
And then the brilliant scientist, illuminated by insight, came up with the idea that perhaps the apple falls to the ground, obeying the same force thanks to which the Moon is in its orbit, and not rushing randomly throughout the galaxy. This is how the law of universal gravitation, also known as Newton’s Third Law, was discovered.
In the language of mathematical formulas, this law looks like this:
F=GMm/D 2 ,
Where F- the force of mutual gravity between two bodies;
M- mass of the first body;
m- mass of the second body;
D 2- the distance between two bodies;
G- gravitational constant equal to 6.67x10 -11.
Don DeYoung
Gravity (or gravitation) keeps us firmly on the earth and allows the earth to revolve around the sun. Thanks to this invisible force, rain falls on the earth, and the water level in the ocean rises and falls every day. Gravity keeps the earth in a spherical shape and also prevents our atmosphere from escaping into outer space. It would seem that this force of attraction observed every day should be well studied by scientists. But no! In many ways, gravity remains the deepest mystery of science. This mysterious force is a remarkable example of how limited modern scientific knowledge is.
What is gravity?
Isaac Newton was interested in this issue as early as 1686 and came to the conclusion that gravity is the force of attraction that exists between all objects. He realized that the same force that makes the apple fall to the ground is in its orbit. In fact, the Earth's gravitational force causes the Moon to deviate from its straight path by about one millimeter every second as it orbits the Earth (Figure 1). Newton's Universal Law of Gravity is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time.
Gravity is the “rope” that holds objects in orbit
Picture 1. Illustration of the moon's orbit, not drawn to scale. Every second the moon travels approximately 1 km. Over this distance, it deviates from the straight path by about 1 mm - this occurs due to the gravitational pull of the Earth (dashed line). The moon constantly seems to fall behind (or around) the earth, just as the planets fall around the sun.
Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (Table 1). Note that of the four forces, this force is the weakest, and yet it is dominant relative to large space objects. As Newton showed, the attractive gravitational force between any two masses becomes smaller and smaller as the distance between them becomes larger and larger, but it never completely reaches zero (see "The Design of Gravity").
Therefore, every particle in the entire universe actually attracts every other particle. Unlike the forces of weak and strong nuclear interactions, the force of attraction is long-range (Table 1). The magnetic force and the electrical force are also long-range forces, but gravity is unique in that it is both long-range and always attractive, which means it can never run out (unlike electromagnetism, in which forces can either attract or repel).
Beginning with the great creation scientist Michael Faraday in 1849, physicists have continually searched for the hidden connection between the force of gravity and the force of electromagnetic interaction. Currently, scientists are trying to combine all four fundamental forces into one equation or the so-called “Theory of Everything”, but to no avail! Gravity remains the most mysterious and least studied force.
Gravity cannot be protected in any way. Whatever the composition of the blocking partition, it has no effect on the attraction between two separated objects. This means that it is impossible to create an anti-gravity chamber in laboratory conditions. The force of gravity does not depend on the chemical composition of objects, but depends on their mass, known to us as weight (the force of gravity on an object is equal to the weight of that object - the greater the mass, the greater the force or weight.) Blocks consisting of glass, lead, ice or even styrophoma, and having the same mass, will experience (and exert) the same gravitational force. These data were obtained during experiments, and scientists still do not know how they can be theoretically explained.
Design in gravity
The force F between two masses m 1 and m 2 located at a distance r can be written as the formula F = (G m 1 m 2)/r 2
Where G is the gravitational constant first measured by Henry Cavendish in 1798.1
This equation shows that gravity decreases as the distance, r, between two objects becomes greater, but never completely reaches zero.
The inverse square law nature of this equation is simply fascinating. After all, there is no necessary reason why gravity should act as it does. In a disorderly, random, and evolving universe, arbitrary powers such as r 1.97 or r 2.3 would seem more likely. However, precise measurements showed an exact power, to at least five decimal places, of 2.00000. As one researcher said, this result seems "too precise".2 We can conclude that the force of gravity indicates a precise, created design. In fact, if the degree deviated even a little from 2, the orbits of the planets and the entire universe would become unstable.
Links and notes
- Technically speaking, G = 6.672 x 10 –11 Nm 2 kg –2
- Thompsen, D., "Very Accurate About Gravity", Science News 118(1):13, 1980.
So what exactly is gravity? How is this force able to operate in such a vast, empty space? And why does it even exist? Science has never been able to answer these basic questions about the laws of nature. The force of attraction cannot arise slowly through mutation or natural selection. It has been in effect since the very beginning of the universe. Like every other physical law, gravity is undoubtedly a remarkable evidence of planned creation.
Some scientists have tried to explain gravity using invisible particles, gravitons, that move between objects. Others talked about cosmic strings and gravitational waves. Recently, scientists using a specially created LIGO laboratory (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) were only able to see the effect of gravitational waves. But the nature of these waves, how physically objects interact with each other over vast distances, changing their head start, still remains a big question for everyone. We simply do not know the origin of the gravitational force and how it maintains the stability of the entire universe.
Gravity and Scripture
Two passages from the Bible can help us understand the nature of gravity and physical science in general. The first passage, Colossians 1:17, explains that Christ “there is first of all, and everything depends on Him”. The Greek verb stands (συνισταω sunistao) means: to adhere, to hold, or to be held together. The Greek use of this word outside the Bible means a vessel containing water. The word used in the book of Colossians is in the perfect tense, which generally indicates a present ongoing state that has arisen from a completed past action. One of the physical mechanisms in question is clearly the force of gravity, established by the Creator and unfailingly maintained today. Just imagine: if the force of gravity were to cease for a moment, chaos would undoubtedly ensue. All celestial bodies, including the earth, moon and stars, would no longer be held together. Everything would immediately be divided into separate, small parts.
The second Scripture, Hebrews 1:3, declares that Christ “He upholds all things by the word of his power.” Word holds (φερω pherō) again describes the support or preservation of everything, including gravity. Word holds, as used in this verse, means much more than just holding weight. It involves control over all the movements and changes that occur within the universe. This endless task is carried out through the omnipotent Word of the Lord, through which the universe itself began to exist. Gravity, a “mysterious force” that remains poorly understood after four hundred years of research, is one manifestation of this amazing divine care for the universe.
Distortions of time and space and black holes
Einstein's general theory of relativity views gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of space itself near a massive object. Light, which traditionally follows straight lines, is predicted to be bent as it passes through curved space. This was first demonstrated when astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington discovered a change in the apparent position of a star during a total eclipse in 1919, believing that light rays were being bent by the sun's gravity.
General relativity also predicts that if a body is dense enough, its gravity will distort space so much that light cannot pass through it at all. Such a body absorbs light and everything else that is captured by its strong gravity, and is called a Black Hole. Such a body can only be detected by its gravitational effects on other objects, by the strong bending of light around it, and by the strong radiation emitted by the matter that falls on it.
All matter inside a black hole is compressed at the center, which has infinite density. The “size” of the hole is determined by the event horizon, i.e. a boundary that surrounds the center of a black hole, and nothing (not even light) can escape beyond it. The radius of the hole is called the Schwarzschild radius, after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild (1873–1916), and is calculated by the formula RS = 2GM/c 2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum. If the sun were to fall into a black hole, its Schwarzschild radius would be only 3 km.
There is good evidence that after a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, it can no longer resist collapsing under its own enormous weight and falls into a black hole. Black holes with the mass of billions of suns are thought to exist at the centers of galaxies, including our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Many scientists believe that super-bright and very distant objects called quasars harness the energy released when matter falls into a black hole.
According to the predictions of general relativity, gravity also distorts time. This has also been confirmed by very accurate atomic clocks, which run a few microseconds slower at sea level than in areas above sea level, where Earth's gravity is slightly weaker. Near the event horizon this phenomenon is more noticeable. If we watch an astronaut's watch as he approaches the event horizon, we will see that the clock is running slower. Once inside the event horizon, the clock will stop, but we will never be able to see it. Conversely, an astronaut will not notice that his clock is running slower, but he will see that our clock is running faster and faster.
The main danger for an astronaut near a black hole would be tidal forces caused by the fact that gravity is stronger on parts of the body that are closer to the black hole than on parts further away from it. The power of tidal forces near a black hole with the mass of a star is stronger than any hurricane and easily tears into small pieces everything that comes their way. However, while gravitational attraction decreases with the square of distance (1/r 2), tidal influence decreases with the cube of distance (1/r 3). Therefore, contrary to conventional wisdom, the gravitational force (including tidal force) at the event horizons of large black holes is weaker than at small black holes. So tidal forces at the event horizon of a black hole in observable space would be less noticeable than the mildest breeze.
The stretching of time by gravity near the event horizon is the basis of creation physicist Dr. Russell Humphreys' new cosmological model, which he describes in his book Starlight and Time. This model may help solve the problem of how we can see the light of distant stars in the young universe. In addition, today it is a scientific alternative to the non-biblical one, which is based on philosophical assumptions that go beyond the scope of science.
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Gravity, a “mysterious force” that, even after four hundred years of research, remains poorly understood...
Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
Photo: Wikipedia.org
Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
Isaac Newton published his discoveries about gravity and the motion of celestial bodies in 1687, in his famous work " Mathematical principles" Some readers quickly concluded that Newton's universe left no room for God, since everything could now be explained using equations. But Newton did not think so at all, as he said in the second edition of this famous work:
“Our most beautiful solar system, planets and comets can only be the result of the plan and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being.”
Isaac Newton was not only a scientist. In addition to science, he devoted almost his entire life to the study of the Bible. His favorite Bible books were the book of Daniel and the book of Revelation, which describe God's plans for the future. In fact, Newton wrote more theological works than scientific ones.
Newton was respectful of other scientists such as Galileo Galilei. By the way, Newton was born in the same year that Galileo died, in 1642. Newton wrote in his letter: “If I saw further than others, it was because I stood on shoulders giants." Shortly before his death, probably reflecting on the mystery of gravity, Newton modestly wrote: “I don’t know how the world perceives me, but to myself I seem only like a boy playing on the seashore, who amuses himself by occasionally finding a pebble more colorful than the others, or a beautiful shell, while a huge an ocean of unexplored truth."
Newton is buried in Westminster Abbey. The Latin inscription on his grave ends with the words: “Let mortals rejoice that such an adornment of the human race lived among them.”.
To begin with, a number of facts from the article by O.Kh. Derevensky "Spillins and Wickets of Universal Gravitation." Due to the fact that the article is quite lengthy, here is a very brief version of some of the evidence for the falsity of the “Law of Universal Gravitation”, and citizens interested in the details will read the rest themselves.
1. In our solar system, only the planets and the Moon, the Earth’s satellite, have gravity. The satellites of the other planets, and there are more than six dozen of them, do not have gravity! This information is completely open, but not advertised by the “scientific” people, because it is inexplicable from the point of view of their “science”. Those. Most of the objects in our solar system do not have gravity - they do not attract each other! And this completely refutes the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.
2. Henry Cavendish's experience of attracting massive blocks to each other is considered irrefutable evidence of the existence of attraction between bodies. However, despite its simplicity, this experience has not been openly reproduced anywhere. Apparently, because it does not give the effect that some people once announced. Those. Today, with the possibility of strict verification, experience does not show any attraction between bodies!
3. Putting an artificial satellite into orbit around an asteroid. In mid-February 2000, the Americans brought the NEAR space probe quite close to the Eros asteroid, equalized the speed and began to wait for the probe to be captured by the gravity of Eros, i.e. when the satellite is gently attracted by the asteroid's gravity. But for some reason the first date didn’t go well. The second and subsequent attempts to surrender to Eros had exactly the same effect: Eros did not want to attract the American NEAR probe to itself, and without additional engine support, the probe did not stay near Eros. This cosmic date ended in nothing. Those. no attraction could be detected between the probe with a mass of 805 kg and an asteroid weighing more than 6 trillion tons.
Here we cannot fail to note the inexplicable tenacity of the Americans from NASA, because the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov, living at that time in the USA, which he then considered a completely normal country, wrote, translated into English and published in 1994 his famous book “Last Appeal to Humanity”, in which he explained “on the fingers” everything that specialists from NASA needed to know so that their NEAR probe would not hang around as a useless piece of hardware in Space, but would bring at least some benefit to society. But, apparently, exorbitant conceit played its trick on the “scientists” there.
4. The Japanese made the next attempt to repeat the erotic experiment with an asteroid. They chose an asteroid called Itokawa, and sent a probe called Hayabusa (Falcon) to it on May 9, 2003. In September 2005, the probe approached the asteroid at a distance of 20 km. Taking into account the experience of the “dumb Americans,” the smart Japanese equipped their probe with several engines and an autonomous short-range navigation system with laser rangefinders, so that it could approach the asteroid and move around it automatically, without the participation of ground operators. “The first number of this program turned out to be a comedy stunt with the landing of a small research robot on the surface of an asteroid. The probe descended to the calculated height and carefully dropped the robot, which was supposed to slowly and smoothly fall to the surface.
But... he didn’t fall. Slowly and smoothly he was carried somewhere away from the asteroid. There he disappeared without a trace... The next number of the program turned out to be, again, a comedy trick with a short-term landing of a probe on the surface “to take a soil sample.” It became comedic because, to ensure the best performance of laser rangefinders, a reflective marker ball was dropped onto the surface of the asteroid. There were no engines on this ball either and... in short, the ball was not in the right place... So whether the Japanese "Falcon" landed on Itokawa, and what he did on it if he sat down, is unknown to science..." Conclusion: the Japanese miracle Hayabusa did not was able to detect no attraction between the 510 kg probe and the 35,000 ton asteroid.
Separately, I would like to note that the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov gave a comprehensive explanation of the nature of gravity in his book “Heterogeneous Universe,” which he first published in 2002 - almost a year and a half before the launch of the Japanese Falcon. And, despite this, the Japanese “scientists” followed exactly in the footsteps of their American colleagues and carefully repeated all their mistakes, including landing. This is such an interesting continuity of “scientific thinking”...
5. Where do tides come from? A very interesting phenomenon described in the literature, to put it mildly, is not entirely correct. “...There are physics textbooks where it is written what the tides should be - in accordance with the “law of universal gravitation.” And there are textbooks on oceanography, where it is written what the tides really are. If the law of universal gravitation operates here, and ocean water is attracted, among other things, to the Sun and the Moon, then the “physical” and “oceanographic” patterns of tides should coincide. So do they match or not? It turns out that to say that they do not coincide is to say nothing. Because the “physical” and “oceanographic” pictures of tides have nothing in common with each other... The actual picture of tidal phenomena is so different from the theoretical one - both qualitatively and quantitatively - that it is impossible to pre-calculate tides on the basis of such a theory. Yes, no one is trying to do this. Not crazy after all. This is how they do it: for each port or other point that is of interest, the dynamics of the ocean level are modeled by the sum of oscillations with amplitudes and phases that are found purely empirically. And then they extrapolate this amount of fluctuations forward - and you get pre-calculations. The captains of the ships are happy - well, okay!..” This all means that our earthly tides also do not obey the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.
6. The moon moves around the Earth along a very strange trajectory. The Moon is the closest cosmic body to the Earth, and observations of it have been carried out for a very long time. It would seem that we should already know almost everything about the Moon and its orbit around the Earth. But “...the truth is that the parameters of the Moon’s orbit do not remain constant - the maximum and minimum distances change periodically. It would seem – well, what’s wrong with that? Why keep quiet about this? Oh, there really is a reason for that! According to the “law of universal gravitation”, the orbit of the unperturbed motion of the planet’s satellite is Keplerian – in particular, that very simple ellipse. And disturbances due to the action of a third body - in this case, the Sun - supposedly lead to the evolution of orbital parameters. But! They must evolve in concert: thus, a change in the semimajor axis must correspond to a change in the orbital period - in accordance with Kepler’s third law.
So: the movement of the Moon is an exception to this rule. The semimajor axis of its orbit changes with a period of 7 synodic months over 5500 km. The scope of the corresponding change in the orbital period, according to Kepler's third law, should be 14 hours. In reality, the change in the duration of a synodic month is only 5 hours, and the frequency of this change is not 7 synodic months, but 14! That is, in the case of the Moon’s orbit, the semimajor axis and the period of revolution evolve “in complete isolation” from each other - both in amplitude and periodicity! If such mocking behavior in no way follows from the “law of universal gravitation,” then how could it be possible to build a theory of the motion of the Moon on the basis of this law? No way. How was the theory of the motion of the Moon constructed? No way either. There is no “theory of the movement of the Moon”..."
The movement of the Moon around the Earth in reality does not occur at all as it should occur in accordance with the “Law of Universal Gravitation”.
These examples are quite enough. However, even with these examples, the reader will easily understand that the “Law of Universal Gravitation” is another invention of those circles that direct the vector of Humanity’s knowledge in a completely different direction, and would like people to remain at today’s very low level of evolutionary development, and better - they would sink even lower, right to the level of “intelligent animals”.
What is gravity really?
The real nature of gravity was clearly described for the first time in modern history by academician Nikolai Levashov in the fundamental scientific work “Heterogeneous Universe”. So that the reader can better understand what is written regarding gravity, I will give a small preliminary explanation.
The space around us is not empty. It is completely filled with many different matters, which Academician N.V. Levashov called it “prime matter”. Previously, scientists called this whole riot of matter “ether” and even received convincing evidence of its existence (the famous experiments of Dayton Miller, described in the article by Nikolai Levashov “The Theory of the Universe and Objective Reality”). Modern “scientists” have gone much further and now they call “ether” “dark matter”. Colossal progress! Some matters in the “ether” interact with each other to one degree or another, some do not. And some primary matter begins to interact with each other, falling into changed external conditions in certain space curvatures (inhomogeneities).
Space curvatures appear as a result of various explosions, including “supernova explosions.” “When a supernova explodes, fluctuations in the dimensionality of space arise, similar to the waves that appear on the surface of water after throwing a stone. The masses of matter ejected during the explosion fill these inhomogeneities in the dimension of space around the star. Planets begin to form from these masses of matter (Fig. 2.5.3 and Fig. 2.5.4)..."
Those. planets are not formed from space debris, as modern “scientists” for some reason claim, but are synthesized from the matter of stars and other primary matters, which begin to interact with each other in suitable inhomogeneities of space and form the so-called. "hybrid matter". It is from these “hybrid matters” that planets and everything else in our space are formed. Our planet, like the other planets, is not just a “piece of stone”, but a very complex system consisting of several spheres nested one inside the other (see Fig. 2.5.12). The densest sphere is called the “physically dense level” - this is what we see, the so-called. physical world. The second densest sphere of slightly larger size is the so-called. “etheric material level” of the planet. The third sphere is the “astral material level.” The fourth sphere is the “first mental level” of the planet. The fifth sphere is the “second mental level” of the planet. And the sixth sphere is the “third mental level” of the planet.
Our planet should be considered only as the totality of these six spheres - six material levels of the planet, nested one within the other. Only in this case can you get a complete understanding of the structure and properties of the planet and the processes occurring in nature. The fact that we are not yet able to observe the processes occurring outside the physically dense sphere of our planet does not indicate that “there is nothing there,” but only that at present our senses are not adapted by nature for these purposes. And one more thing: our Universe, our planet Earth and everything else in our Universe is formed from seven different types of primary matter, merged into six hybrid matter. And this is neither a divine nor a unique phenomenon. This is simply the qualitative structure of our Universe, determined by the properties of the heterogeneity in which it was formed.
Let's continue: planets are formed by the merging of the corresponding primary matter in areas of inhomogeneity in space that have properties and qualities suitable for this. But these, as well as all other areas of space, contain a huge number of primordial matter (free forms of matter) of various types that do not interact or interact very weakly with hybrid matter. Getting into the area of heterogeneity, many of these primary matters are affected by this heterogeneity and rush to its center, in accordance with the gradient (difference) of the dimension of space. And, if a planet has already formed in the center of this heterogeneity, then the primary matter, moving towards the center of the heterogeneity (and the center of the planet), creates a directed flow, which creates the so-called. gravitational field. And, accordingly, by gravity we need to understand the impact of the directed flow of primary matter on everything in its path. That is, simply put, gravity is the pressing of material objects to the surface of the planet by the flow of primary matter.
Isn’t it true that reality is very different from the fictitious law of “mutual attraction”, which supposedly exists everywhere for a reason that no one understands. Reality is much more interesting, much more complex and much simpler, at the same time. Therefore, the physics of real natural processes is much easier to understand than fictitious ones. And the use of real knowledge leads to real discoveries and the effective use of these discoveries, and not to concocted “world sensations.”
Antigravity
The word “antigravity” almost always leaves the reading public in awe, because it seems that a little more, just a little more, and science will finally discover something that will allow you to fly through the air like in the movies: without noise, without stinking exhaust and without danger fall to the sinful Earth. But what about: after all, if you turn on anti-gravity, you won’t fall until you turn it off... There is some truth in these dreams. However, in order for them to become reality, our science must study real natural processes, not fictitious ones! But today everything is happening the other way around: fundamental science is engaged in anything but fundamental research into real processes (for more information on this, see the article “Not all is well in the academic kingdom”).
As an example of today's scientific profanation, we can briefly analyze the explanation by “scientists” of the fact that “rays of light are bent near large masses,” and therefore we can see what is hidden from us by stars and planets.
Indeed, we can observe objects in Space that are hidden from us by other objects, but this phenomenon has nothing to do with the masses of objects, because the phenomenon of “universal gravity” does not exist, i.e. neither stars nor planets attract any rays to themselves and do not bend their trajectory! Why then do they “bend”? There is a very simple and convincing answer to this question: rays do not bend! They simply do not spread in a straight line, as we are used to understanding, but in accordance with the shape of space. If we consider a ray passing near a large cosmic body, then we must keep in mind that the ray bends around this body because it is forced to follow the curvature of space, like a road of the appropriate shape. And there is simply no other way for the beam. The beam cannot help but bend around this body, because the space in this area has such a curved shape... A small illustration of what has been said.
Now, returning to antigravity, it becomes clear why Humanity is unable to catch this nasty “antigravity” or achieve at least anything of what the clever functionaries of the dream factory show us on TV. For more than a hundred years now, we have been specially forced to use internal combustion engines or jet engines almost everywhere, although they are very far from perfect in terms of operating principle, design, and efficiency. We are specially forced to produce electricity using various generators of cyclopean sizes, and then transmit this energy through wires, where most of it is dissipated in space! We are deliberately forced to live the life of irrational beings, so we have no reason to be surprised that we are not succeeding in anything meaningful either in science, or in technology, or in economics, or in medicine, or in organizing a decent life in society.