Culture of the Ancient East
Slides: 45 Words: 1587 Sounds: 0 Effects: 11The peculiarity of the artistic culture of the Ancient East. East. Mesopotamia. Art culture. King's march. Ruler of Gudea. Nature and man. Nature. The great Wall of China. Guard towers. Human harmony. Autumn in the Yellow River Valley. Man is subject to nature. Harmony of man and nature. Temple at the top. Religious beliefs in ancient China. Harmony in the world. Scientific and cultural achievements. Ornament. Religious beliefs. Artistic culture of India. Hindu-Buddhist philosophy. Excavations. Indians worshiped sacred animals and plants. Figurine in a headdress. - Culture of the Ancient East.pptx
Philosophy of the Ancient East
Slides: 46 Words: 1210 Sounds: 0 Effects: 212Philosophy of the Ancient East. Plan for learning new material. 6th century BC - intensive development of philosophy in the East. Vedic period. Cultural origins of ancient Indian philosophy. Veda. Basic concepts of Indian philosophy. Karma is the law of retribution. Ahimsa - non-harm to the living. The law of samsara. The law of karma. Those whose behavior is righteous, the road will lead to a blessed body. Law of Ahimsa. The general concept of all ancient Indian philosophy. Astika. Each school offers its own way of getting rid of suffering. Vedanta. Jainism. Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (623-544 BC) is the founder of Buddhism. - Philosophy of the Ancient East.ppt
architecture of the middle east
Slides: 14 Words: 522 Sounds: 0 Effects: 010 architectural gems of the Middle East. Architecture of Arwad Island. Petra (Jordan). Mosque of Omeyads (Damascus. Syria). The temple complex is over 4 thousand years old. Center of ancient Philadelphia. Bridge across the Khabur River in the Iraqi town of Zakho. The oldest arch bridge in the Middle East. Ulu-Jami. Ruins of the Temple of Fortune. Ruins of the Temple of Fortune in Roman Heliopolis - the City of the Sun. Fortress in Aleppo (Syria). Amazing and well-preserved citadel and fortress in Aleppo (Syria). Erbil city. Seljuk cemetery in Ahlat (Eastern Türkiye). What other interesting architectural structures of the East do you know? - Architecture of the Middle East.ppt
Eastern dance
Slides: 13 Words: 707 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The history of the origin of oriental dances. The history of the origin of oriental dance. Arabic dances. From the history of Arabic belly dance. Culture in oriental dance. Alexandrian dance. Khalizhi. Asaya. Beladi. Nubia. Male dance. - Oriental dances.ppt
Art of China and Japan
Slides: 71 Words: 363 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0art countries of the east. China. PROJECTS: - Chinese painting Chinese calligraphy paper-cutting technique painting dishes in the style of Chinese porcelain. Topic1 Chinese traditional painting. Mountain-water style. Style "flowers-birds". PROJECT "Etudes in the style of Chinese painting". Work by Alexander Golovlev, 2006. Theme 2 Chinese calligraphy. "There is no direct way to the top of the mountain." PROJECT "Inscription of Chinese characters". Artwork by Blinkov Nikita, 2006. THEME 3 The art of paper cutting - "Jianzhi". PROJECT "Paper cutting in traditional Chinese technique". - Art of China and Japan.ppt
MHC India
Slides: 17 Words: 654 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Artistic culture of INDIA. Architecture. The first monuments of Indian architecture appear presumably in the II millennium BC. Shiva Temple is one of the famous buildings in India. Stupa in Sanchi. - one of the architectural complexes of India. At the top of the dome is a model of Mount Meru. Chaitya in Karli. In the 1st century BC e. in the religious architecture of India, cave temples - chaityas - were widely spread. The central corridor is separated from the side corridors by rows of columns with sculpted capitals. At the far end of the prayer hall rises a stupa -. Exterior facade of Chaitya in Karli. Decorated with sculptural reliefs with male and female figures. - MHC India.ppt
Indian dances
Slides: 15 Words: 1092 Sounds: 0 Effects: 23The art of Indian dance... A bit of history... God Shiva is one of the three great gods of Hinduism. Shiva-Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. In the second hand - a fire that destroys all obsolete. The dance of the god is a symbol of cosmic movement and renewal. Dance directions... Kuchipudi. It was from the 15th century that Kuchipudi began to be performed exclusively by men. According to an ancient tradition, a dancer of the Kuchipudi style recites and dances at the same time. Bharatnatyam. Kathak. The term "kathak" comes from the word "katha", which means "story", "story". Odissi. One of the most refined classical dance styles is ODISSI. - Indian dances.ppt
Art of Indian dance
Slides: 15 Words: 587 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0National dance. A country. Folk dances. Indians. Dance with candles. Traditions of Indian dance. Dance art. Foot position rules. Dance is closely related to the manifestation of emotions. Four styles of Indian dance are considered classical. Religious dances. Bharata Natyam. Kathakali. Manipuri. - Art of Indian dance.pptx
ancient indian culture
Slides: 26 Words: 1480 Sounds: 0 Effects: 24Culture of Ancient India. Hindu-Buddhist philosophy. Religion. Vedism. Hinduism. God is the creator. Buddhism. Buddhism contained the idea of salvation. Philosophy. Atomistic doctrine of the Vainishika school. Literature. Epos. Linguistics. Architecture. Sculpture. Several schools of sculpture. Painting. Wall paintings. Mathematics. Mathematics and Astronomy. Medicine. - Ancient Indian culture.ppt
Music and dances of ancient India
Slides: 18 Words: 1312 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Music and dances of ancient India. Music. ancient civilization. Music of Ancient India. religious tasks. Origins of Indian Music. Two independent layers of improvisation. Musical instruments of ancient India. Wine and sitar. Flute. Dances of Ancient India. Theatrical performance. Scene from the play. - Music and dances of ancient India.ppt
Features of ancient Indian culture
Slides: 12 Words: 824 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Culture of Ancient India. Features of Indian culture. Bust of a priest. Castes. Religions of ancient India. Religion. Buddhism. Jainism. development of ancient Indian architecture. Ancient Indian art. Sculptures. Relief. - Features of ancient Indian culture.ppt
Buddhist temple
Slides: 12 Words: 63 Sounds: 0 Effects: 57Sacred buildings: BUDDHIST TEMPLE. The structure of the Buddhist complex. The interior decoration of the temple. Sculpture. Painting, frescoes. Calligraphy. Emakimono are long horizontal scrolls depicting scenes from Buddhist sacred history or related tales. Nokogiriyama Nihonji Temple, Kanto, 1783. Temple of Totsi, Kyoto, 796. Itsukushima Shrine, Fr. Miyajima, 12th century. Kinkakuchi Temple, Kyoto, 1393 Ginkakuchi Temple, Kyoto, 1490 - Buddhist temple.ppt
Japanese theater
Slides: 12 Words: 713 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Traditions and history of Japanese theater. Theater of Japan. The traditions and history of Japanese theater are rooted in a very distant past. The most important attributes of traditional Japanese theater: masks. Theater No. Nowadays, of course, anyone can visit the Noh theater performance. The archaic language in which the story is told deepens the "great mystery" of the masks. The Kyogen Theatre. But elegant, poetic, Kyogen prosaic and common people. Kabuki theater. Joruri Theatre. Yose Theatre. Yose is a traditional comedy chamber theater. The performer, customarily dressed in a kimono, sits down on the stage on a seat cushion. - Japanese Theatre.ppt
Japanese engraving
Slides: 20 Words: 575 Sounds: 2 Effects: 2Japanese engraving. What is engraving. Goal of the work. Engraving. Convex and in-depth engravings are distinguished. Specific features of engraving. Japanese woodcut. The Japanese borrowed the woodcut technique from China. The engraving process. Engravings of Japan occupy a worthy place. Feature of Japanese engraving. The best answer to a question is silence. In the art of the 17th-19th centuries, a new style, ukiyo-e, was formed. Asai Ryoi, Japanese writer. The founder of ukiyo-e prints was Hisikawa Moronobu (1618-1694). Torii Kiyonobu (1664-1729). Katsukawa Shunsho (1726–1793). Suzuki Harunobu (1725-1770). Katsushika Hokusai. - Japanese print.pptx
Islamic architecture
Slides: 7 Words: 282 Sounds: 0 Effects: 10Geometry in architecture. Islam. Science-sacred geometry. Entire spiritual concepts are represented in the amazing geometric patterns of Muslim buildings. Mosques of Central Asia… Like lamps in the dark. Better: like corals in the desert. - Architecture of Islam.ppt
Islamic architecture
Slides: 43 Words: 1206 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19Islamic architecture. History of occurrence. Styles. Moorish architecture. Ottoman architecture. The main features of the interior decoration of the mosque. Mosques. Clay wall. The walls were strengthened with rare wooden beams. The walls were flat and "boring". Protrusions and niches. Later they began to decorate the walls with patterns. Corners of large buildings. Clay. A kind of arch. Ivan. Ivan has become an indispensable part of any building. Sometimes the whole facade consisted of iwans. Dome. City buildings. Place of teaching. Caravanserai. Mosque. Complex. High towers. minaret shape. Paul in the mosque. Frescoes and stained glass. - Islamic architecture.ppt
Culture of the countries of the Caliphate
Slides: 21 Words: 415 Sounds: 0 Effects: 117Caliphate. Culture. Arabic. Map of the Arab Caliphate. The capital of the Caliphate was originally Mecca, then Damascus in Syria. Features of Arab culture: Arabesques are a kind of ornament in architecture and painting, based on the whimsical interweaving of leaves ... TSB. Art. Arabic writing. Outdoor calligraphy. Scheherazade. Development of science. Physics. The principles of glass magnification were developed. Alhazen wrote the book Treasures of Optics. Chemistry. Geography. Masterpieces of Arabic architecture. The Kaaba is a shrine of Arab culture. Architecture. Masterpieces of Arabic Architecture. Mosque in Cordoba. Palace at the Alhambra. - Culture of the countries of the Caliphate.ppt
Culture of the Arab Caliphate
Slides: 17 Words: 310 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Culture of the countries of the caliphate. Education. Schools - madrassas. The science. Arabs borrowed Indian numerals. Scholar al-Biruni. Medicine. "Thousand and One Nights". Architecture. Alhambra. Mosques. Inside the mosque was a square room. Minarets. Arabesque. The meaning of Arabic culture. - Culture of the Arab Caliphate.ppt
Culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate
Slides: 14 Words: 496 Sounds: 0 Effects: 28Culture of the countries of the Caliphate. Koran. Culture. Scientific representations. The peculiarity of the culture of the Caliphate. Development of education. Madrasah. Scientific ideas of the Arabs. Map of the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic Literature. features of Arabic art. Islam. Influence of the culture of the Caliphate. -
"The Art of Indian Dance" - Manipuri. Traditions of Indian dance. Religious dances. Bharata Natyam. Folk dances. Foot position rules. Four styles of Indian dance are considered classical. Dance with candles. Kathakali. National dance. Dance is closely related to the manifestation of emotions. Indians. A country. Dance art.
"Culture of the Ancient East" - Harmony of man and nature. Ajanta caves. Religious beliefs in ancient China. Buddhist temple in India. Figurine in a headdress. Indians worshiped sacred animals and plants. Nature and man. Temple at the top. Scientific and cultural achievements. The peculiarity of the artistic culture of the Ancient East.
"Culture of the countries of the Arab Caliphate" - The originality of the culture of the Caliphate. features of Arabic art. Scientific representations. Scientific ideas of the Arabs. Arabic Literature. Koran. Development of education. Culture of the countries of the Caliphate. Madrasah. Influence of the culture of the Caliphate. Map of the Arabian Peninsula. Islam. Culture.
"Philosophy of the Ancient East" - Philosophy of the Ancient East. Confucianism. Righteous attitude. Astika. At the center of Buddhism is the doctrine of the "four noble truths". Veda. Yin and yang. righteous effort. Each school offers its own way of getting rid of suffering. Righteous business. Jainism. Basic ideas of Confucianism. Law of Ahimsa. Those whose behavior is righteous, the road will lead to a blessed body.
"Ancient Indian culture" - Mathematics. Culture of Ancient India. Epos. Wall paintings. Architecture. Linguistics. Buddhism contained the idea of salvation. Medicine. Mathematics and Astronomy. Literature. Several schools of sculpture. Painting. Philosophy. Sculpture. Vedism. Hindu-Buddhist philosophy. Hinduism. God is the creator. Buddhism. Atomistic doctrine of the Vainishika school.
"Features of ancient Indian culture" - Ancient Indian art. Features of Indian culture. development of ancient Indian architecture. Religions of ancient India. Sculptures. Buddhism. Relief. Jainism. Culture of Ancient India. Religion. Bust of a priest. Castes.
In total there are 19 presentations in the topic
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Lesson objectives: Get acquainted with the culture and art of the Ancient East: India Japan China
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The culture and art of Ancient India is something mysterious, alluring, extremely interesting. It took shape over thousands of years, growing on the basis of several religious trends. The product of this synthesis of cultures is today called Indian art, which is very deep, colorful and has attracted the close attention of researchers for many years. In the words of the famous writer Mark Twain, India is "the only country under the sun that is infinitely interesting ... to the educated and the illiterate, the wise and the stupid, the rich and the poor."
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The features of the architecture of Ancient India are also in the sacred sense embedded in every detail of the building. Majestic temples were built according to a single plan, described in religious literature. But even despite this, each building is filled with individuality. Somewhere the outer inner surfaces of the walls contain sensual bas-relief images, and somewhere the main motive becomes a kind of story about the everyday life of peasants, kings or even gods. Architecture
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Building materials, from which buildings were erected in ancient India, varied depending on the area. For the northern districts, the use of stone, brick and wood was characteristic, and for the southern districts - wood and adobe blocks. A little later the main building material limestone and other rocks were used for their construction. Also not uncommon were cave temples, which were cut into a monolithic rock. To date, the architecture of Ancient India is represented by temple complexes made of stone, since wooden and brick structures have not been preserved in their original form.
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The dominant property of Greek art is beauty, and that of Egypt is religion. For highest forms created in Indian art, beauty is not important. Religion is not the top priority either. The art of India is characterized by 2 aspects: religious, world. Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Mongols and other conquerors often broke into ancient India, who left their marks in Indian cultural history. So, the art of India is the art of present-day India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir and Nepal. The basis of Indian art is the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, complemented by the cultures of Islam and the Helenist. Art
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After the sudden and mysterious death of the proto-Indian civilization, the Aryans came to the Hindustan peninsula (XV century BC, according to some Indian scientists, - XXV century BC). They brought with them mythology, folklore, traditions and customs, which formed the basis of one of the greatest literatures of the world - the literature of Ancient India. Literature
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THE MOST IMPORTANT MONUMENT OF ARyan LITERATURE is the Vedas (Skt. Veda - “knowledge”), the emergence and recording of which takes at least a millennium (from the 12th to the 2nd century BC). They are the basis of Vedanta, one of the most widespread religious and philosophical teachings in India. Vedas Shruti ("heard") - texts regarded as sacred. 4 samhitas are included: Rigveda (knowledge of the hymn) Samoveda (knowledge of the song) Yajurveda (knowledge of sacrifices) Atharvaveda (knowledge of spells) Smriti (“remembered”) - is not sacred; refer to the "Vedangas" (parts of the Vedas), consisting of sutras ("sutra" - a thread, a short rule * Sutra - a popular aphoristic genre of ancient Indian literature; the sutras set out questions of ritual, as well as other areas of knowledge (phonetics, grammar, etc.) .) *
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The culture of Japan was formed as a result of a historical process that began with the migration of the ancestors of the Japanese to the Japanese islands from the continent and the founding of the culture of the Jomon era. In the current culture of Japan, the influence of Asian countries (in particular Korea and China) can be traced, North America and Europe.
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The culture and worldview of the Japanese population was strongly influenced by the location of the country, climatic features and features of the relief, and in addition, constant natural disasters (earthquakes and tsunamis), which was reflected in the special reverence for the Japanese surrounding nature like a living being. The ability to admire the instant charm of nature is a characteristic feature of the Japanese mentality, and is reflected in Japanese art.
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Japanese language and writing. The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is distinguished by a difficult concept of writing, which is formed from three different types hieroglyphs - Chinese characters kanji, alphabet of katakana and hiragana syllables. Kanji
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Literature For a long time, the literature of Japan was influenced by the Chinese Empire, works of literature were also written in Chinese. The first examples of Japanese literature are the collection of Japanese legends and myths "Kojiki" ("Letters on the deeds of antiquity") and historical records "Nihon shoki" ("Annals of Japan written with a brush" or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), which were created in Nara era (VII - VIII centuries). At the same time, the poetic anthologies Manyoshu (Collection of Myriad Leaves, 759) and Kaifuso were written. Haiku, waka and tanka types of poetic styles are also popular outside of Japan. Haiku of the famous Japanese poet Basho: Flowers withered. Seeds are pouring, falling, Like tears ...
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Clothing In Japan, there are two types of clothing - national - wafuku, and ordinary European, which is worn in everyday life. Kimono (translated as “clothing, outfit”) is the general name for any clothing in the broad sense, and in the narrow sense it is the form of wafuku. Yukata - light robe; hakama—trousers; geta, waraji - sandals; obi - belt.
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Architecture The formation and development of architecture was primarily influenced by Buddhism, which penetrated the country from China. Palaces, temples, monasteries were built mainly in the Chinese style, which for a long time was formed initially in China itself and neighboring Korea. Of course, for the full introduction of Buddhism into the country, some material complex of this religion was also needed, so the first images of the Buddha, bodhisattvas, begin to appear. The architecture of those times combined foreign notes, organically mixed with local culture. Temples and palaces are always located in the middle of a beautiful garden. The painting of these structures was quite concise, but bright.
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To some extent, the style and features of Japanese ancient architecture influenced by local nature. Capricious, but beautiful, even then she could crush and break, which was reflected in the creations of local architects. There are no majestic ancient buildings that, with their size or complexity, were admired. The buildings were simple and clear, there is nothing superfluous in them, but they are distinguished by the elegance of lines. Wood was the main building material. The houses were built on a frame, which made it possible not to let moisture into the house, due to an air cushion between the ground and the floor. Houses, temples, palaces have always had columns on which the house “leaned” during seismic activity. Instead of the usual windows, there were openings, with a stretched thin fabric or canvas letting soft light into the house. All walls, except for bearing ones, could be moved apart, removed, replaced. This made it possible to change the layout. The room could be one, two or more, depending on the number needed and the space available. The roof has always been wide and strong, to protect the house from moisture, rain, wind and cold, as well as the scorching summer sun.
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Sculpture The first figurines of warriors, animals, servants, and priests found in Japanese royal barrows date back to the 3rd-5th centuries AD. Since the 8th century, the number of statues that often adorned palace temples has increased. Clay, bronze, wood, varnish were used for their manufacture. In connection with the development of the country, many more statues of deities are being created. A sculptural portrait also appears around this period. Since the 9th century, the images of deities have also changed, which are now depicted as many-faced and many-armed. This change is associated with the development of religion, or rather its offshoots in the form of small sects. The sculpture of this time is characterized by a special way of their development. Used wood and lacquer. The desired shape was cut out of wood, which was covered with a layer of varnish. When the latter hardened, the tree was taken out, and only a thin lacquer shell remained. It was painted and easily transferred to any place.
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Painting Painting in the ancient country appeared quite late, as much as in the 11-12 centuries. This is the Yamato-e school of painting. Ceramic vessels, screens, kimonos, scrolls, books, fans, walls of palaces were used as canvases. Painters often depicted illustrations for ancient myths, legends, and novels. At the same time, it was not the action itself that was depicted, but the mood of the characters. Masters drew inspiration from nature itself, permeating the art of that time. Writing Like other arts, science and, most importantly, writing were originally borrowed from the Chinese and Koreans. China had a strong influence, here and in Korea, the Japanese sent their children to study. In the 3rd century, Japan begins to borrow Chinese characters. At the same time, they were read differently, in Japanese. Over time, they became simpler, became less difficult to write. And already in the 8th century, the first Japanese written monuments appeared, written in Chinese.
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Writing The development of writing as part of the culture of ancient China can be briefly linked directly to the inventions made at the beginning of time. The fact is that the first devices for writing were a bamboo board and a pointed stick. But the invention of silk, brushes and ink made the process of writing more convenient and comfortable, the next impulse was the invention of paper. In the 15th century BC, about 2000 hieroglyphs were used in the Celestial Empire to fix thoughts in writing. These hieroglyphs form the basis of modern Chinese writing to this day.
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Architecture, painting, applied arts The Chinese, already in the 1st millennium BC, were able to build buildings with several floors. The scheme was simple: a support made of wooden poles, a roof covered with baked clay tiles. The peculiarity of such roofs was manifested in the edges bent up, this style is called pagoda. The Song-yue-si pagoda and the Great Wild Goose Pagoda have survived to our times. The level of development of architecture and construction is evidenced by the fact that by the 3rd century BC, more than 700 palaces were built for the emperor and his entourage. In one of the palaces, a hall was built, in which 10,000 people could gather at the same time. Simultaneously with the development of architecture, painting and applied arts also developed. A feature of the development of painting was the use of ink for drawing on paper and silk. The carvings made of jade and ivory that have come down to our time cannot but arouse admiration. The development of artistic ceramics was the forerunner of the appearance of porcelain.
L/O/G/O Culture of the Ancient East Balakireva Tatyana Anatolyevna MOU secondary school 256 G. Fokino Balakireva Tatyana Anatolyevna MOU secondary school 256 G. Fokino “What a country the East! Imagine: to the right - a mountain, to the left - a mountain, in front - a mountain, and behind, as you can imagine, the rotten West is turning blue! ... "- Kozma Prutkov
The most ancient oriental civilizations include the culture of Mesopotamia, India and China. The artistic culture of Eastern civilizations is symbolic.
In lV-l millennium BC peoples of high culture lived in Mesopotamia - they laid the foundations of mathematical knowledge; - learned to calculate with great accuracy the movement of the planets, the time of revolution of the Moon around the Sun; - erected high brick towers; - they drained the swampy area, laid canals and irrigated fields, planted orchards; - invented the wheel and built ships; - knew how to spin and weave, forged weapons and tools from copper and bronze; - achieved great success in the field of political theory and practice
The art of Mesopotamia is based on a clear understanding of the general picture of the world, a clear idea of the world order. Its main theme is the glorification of the strength and power of man.
Pictographic (pictorial) writing was gradually replaced by geometric signs. They wrote on "plates" on soft clay. Clay envelope The emergence of writing
Fine art of Mesopotamia Represented by reliefs that adorned the inner walls of the ceremonial halls in the palaces of the Assyrian rulers A significant part of the reliefs and mosaics is dedicated to the court life of the king and his entourage
Great lion hunt. Relief fragment. lX c. BC. British Museum, London C C
Stele of King Naramsin. 20th century BC e. Louvre, Paris
Architecture An important part of architectural ensembles is stairs and ramps (inclined planes that replace stairs)
Chinese culture Nature and man - the main theme of art In oriental art, man is only a small particle of Nature.
Architecture Architectural structures did not just fit into the natural landscape, but organically merged with it into an ensemble. Chinese architects chose the most picturesque place for their buildings. There are monasteries on the tops of the mountains. In hard-to-reach places - cave temples and pagodas. Along the edges of the roads - steles. In the center of noisy cities - the palaces of emperors
the great Wall of China
Pagoda is a Buddhist memorial building and relic storage. Pagoda is a Buddhist memorial building and relic storage. Dayant Pagoda
Painting The artist tried to convey the idea of the infinity of the world around him Paintings by Chinese artists are often monochrome (monochrome) They achieved special skill in conveying aerial perspective
Format and composition of paintings The horizontal format of the scroll is for depicting mountains. Vertical - for mountainous terrain overgrown with pointed pines
Guo Xi () Guo Xi. The beginning of spring in the mountains. Scroll. Ink. XI century. Early spring
Technology and materials Special paper is used - from bamboo, straw or rice or cloth. Paints are made from ground colored stones. Such paints do not fade. Ink is used in different types - from soot, from pine coal, from lacquer ash. Brushes are divided into soft and hard, made of horse hair, hare hair, sheep wool and rat hair.
Genres of Chinese painting Animalistic ("Flowers and Birds", "Plants and Insects") Household ("People and Objects") Ceremonial portrait Miniature on fans and other household items Landscape painting ("Mountains and Waters")
ancient india ancient india
Of the above ground buildings, the most significant are in Sanchi. Here, on the top of a large hill, not far from the important political center of the post-Maurian era, was located a huge Buddhist monastery. Little remains of the monastery itself and the hotel for pilgrims. And the main attraction of Sanchi is a large stupa built in the II - I centuries. BC. On the four sides of the world, it is surrounded by carved stone gates depicting scenes from Buddhist legends. The largest stupa is comparable in size to the Egyptian pyramids. A stupa is a burial mound for storing relics of the Buddha.
Chaitya is one of the types of Indian Buddhist architecture, which is an oblong hall with two rows of columns and a stupa placed at the rounded end of the hall opposite the entrance (a hemispherical funerary, and then a memorial structure). Chaitya in Carli
Taj Mahal This is a monument of Indian architecture, and the great love of the Sultan Shah - Jahan and his wife Mumtaz - Mahal. Built about a year ago on the banks of the Jumna River, in the city of Agra. This is a 5-dome structure 74 meters high on a platform, with 4 minarets at the corners. The walls are lined with white marble inlaid with gems. The Taj Mahal adjoins a garden with fountains and a swimming pool.
Used materials G.I. Danilova. World art culture grades 7-9, M.: Drofa, 2010 N.N. Kutsman. World art culture. Grade 7. Lesson plans according to Danilova's textbook
L/O/G/O Lesson over
2nd year students
2017-2018 academic year year
Lecture questions
1. General patterns2. Culture of ancient Mesopotamia
3. Culture of ancient Egypt
4. Culture of ancient India
1. General patterns
One of the patterns of historicalprocess is its uneven
development not only in time but also in
space. In ancient times, one, then another
peoples
became
carriers
social progress. And in the early
stages of history when man was still
highly dependent on nature, very
geographical factor was important. At the end of IV - beginning of III millennium BC. e.
creators of the first civilizations on Earth
became the peoples who inhabited the valleys of the great
cancer - Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Ganges,
Yangtze and Huang He. A decisive role in this
played
Availability
Very
fertile
alluvial lands formed during frequent
river overflows.
2. Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is the area betweenrivers Tigris and Euphrates (in Russian -
Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia). This territory
Now
belongs
Iraq.
Ancient
Mesopotamia is a historical region where,
earlier
Total
on
planet
develops
state.
Mesopotamia is often called the cradle
human civilization. Much of what
constitutes modern culture and surrounds us
in everyday life, originated there.
Irrigation
In Mesopotamia they start very earlybuild up
irrigation
structures.
Irrigation
carried
systematic,
large scale
character.
spills
Euphrates
there are
Very
strong
But
rare.
That's why
rummaged
huge
pits, they were filled with water during
spill - this is how a supply of water was created for a while
drought. Herodotus describes a navigable
channel dug between the Tigris and the Euphrates.
urban planning
At the end of IV - beginning of III millennium AD. BC. on SouthTwo rivers arise and rise somewhat
city-states united by historians
collective name Sumer (named after
the people who lived there).
At the end of IV millennium BC. e. the Sumerians build the first
on the planet of the city - Ur, Uruk, Lagash
The fact is that in Mesopotamia there are no ready-made
building materials - stone, wood. All
gigantic buildings were built from clay
bricks.
Temples and palaces
The main monumental structuresthere were temples and palaces. Temples were often located
at the top of a special stepped tower -
ziggurat.
Ziggurats consisted of several, decreasing
up platforms, folded solid
brickwork. Climb up to the temple
located on the upper platform, it was possible
up long, winding stairs. Such
processions formed part of religious ceremonies.
palaces
As majestic as the iconicbuildings were: the palaces of the rulers of Sumer,
Akkad, Babylonia and especially Assyria, so,
the entrance to the royal palace at Nineveh was decorated
many huge statues of deities -
winged bull-men and winged lion-man. On the walls of the halls - plot reliefs,
depicting in detail the life of the ruler.
The most famous of the reliefs is dedicated to hunting
- a favorite pastime of the Assyrian nobility.
Mesopotamian writing
Undoubtedly, the greatest achievement of cultureMesopotamia - writing. Created for the first time
Sumerians in the 4th millennium BC e. Appears at the beginning
picture writing - pictography. Then gradually
individual signs begin to convey no longer a word,
and syllables and sounds change their shape - there is
cuneiform. The most common natural
material in Mesopotamia - clay - began to be used
for writing. From very carefully refined clay
made
tablet,
inscription
inflicted
reed stick or metal rod
(according to the form of wedge-shaped lines, writing and
got its name) the finished tablet was burned
in special ovens.
Ashurbanipal Library
An amazing find was made inexcavations
Nineveh
–
first
V
stories
humanity library. It was created by order
Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. preserved
and a sign with a strict order sent to
throughout the country: to collect or rewrite clay
tablets. The library was brilliantly organized
even by modern standards: at the bottom of each
plates - the full title of the book and the number
"pages", the boxes are placed on the shelves in
according to the topics, on each shelf there is a tag with
number.
Scientific knowledge of Mesopotamia
- stargazing, connection establishedSuns with zodiac signs
- mathematical knowledge: four
arithmetic operations, raising to
square and square root,
calculation of the area of geometric shapes.
- calendar (7 days of the week);
- two medical schools
- The first written laws were issued
King Hammurabi
3.Culture of Ancient Egypt
In the X-VI millennium BC. e. on extensiveroamed the spaces of North Africa
scattered tribes engaged in hunting,
gathering and fishing. In connection with
climate change leading to desiccation
savannas, the tribes were forced to develop
valley of the Nile. Creation of complex irrigation
systems
allowed
go
To
high performance
agriculture
And
cattle breeding.
Happened
Union
tribal groups who spoke
related
languages.
arose
large
tribal unions, and later formed
Egyptian people.
The chronology of the ancient Egyptians
The ancient Egyptians kept track of chronologyruling dynasties. With the reign of a new
Dynasty history seemed to begin anew.
In the IV century. BC e. Egyptian priest - historian
Manetho divided the history of Egypt into
Ancient, Middle and New Kingdoms, ten each
dynasties in each.
monumental architecture
In Egypt, already at the beginning of the III millennium BC. e.develops
monumental
architecture.
And
almost
Not
preserved
buildings
civilian purpose, but many -
burial structures and temples. First
funerary building for which
stone
appeared
main
building
material was the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser
(Ancient
kingdom),
erected
under
leadership of Imhotep. Pyramid of Djoser
stepped, later they began to build
geometrically correct pyramids.
pyramids
Not far from modern Cairo, in Gizathe largest pyramids are located: Cheops,
Khafre and Mikerin. Pyramid of Cheops before
still the largest of the stone
buildings
peace.
pyramids
surrounded
temples.
rock tombs
WITHemergence
various
economic and political difficulties
pyramids are gradually "reducing" in
sizes, and then they are replaced by
rock tombs and tombs in the "Valley
the dead."
IN
1920-1922
gg.
big
event in Egyptology was the discovery
archaeologist
Howard
Carter
Not
plundered tomb of Pharaoh New
kingdom of Tutankhamen.
Temple complexes
During the New Kingdom were builtthe most famous temple complexes - temples
Amon-Ra in Karnak and Luxor, not far from Thebes.
From
Luxor
To
Karnak
leads
straight
a two-kilometer road - an alley of sphinxes.
The ensemble of temples is very complex, they were built
over the centuries. The most characteristic detail is the set
huge columns (in one of the halls of Karnak their
144). The trunk of some columns can clasp
only five people. Columns stylized
imitate Nile plants and trees - their
capitals (capital - the upper, decorated part
columns) are made in the form of closed or
blooming lotus flowers, palm leaves.
Scientific knowledge of the ancient Egyptians
- Calendar (360 days);- Division of the day into 24 hours;
- Decimal counting system;
- Ability to mummify and evolve
anatomical knowledge
4. Culture of Ancient India
One of the first centers of humancivilizations, along with Mesopotamia and
Egypt,
was
And
Ancient
India.
The Hindustan Peninsula is
a kind of subcontinent, separated from
the rest of Asia by a chain of mountains and mountainous
ranges, washed by the waters of the Indian
ocean. Already in antiquity he was one of
most populated places on the planet, sheltered by
themselves a huge number of nationalities. The centers of civilizations were
basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers (especially
tributaries of the Indus - "Five Rivers" or
"Punjab"), where the local inhabitants
started farming early.
It was in India that they began to grow rice,
which then went to other regions
Asia, Africa, Europe, sugar
cane
(self
word
"sugar"
comes from the Sanskrit "sakhari"
– cane sugar), cotton, were
domesticated zebu (humpback bull),
elephants.
urban planning
From the 20s of the XX century. Plannedexcavations in India.
Large urban settlements were found -
Harappa,
mohenjo-daro,
Kalibangan.
They
were built according to similar projects and consisted of
"citadels" - the "upper" city, located
on a hill, and the "lower" city with residential
buildings. Buildings were built from burnt
bricks, the binding material was silty
or plaster mortar. The streets intersected strictly
perpendicular, at intersections corners of buildings
rounded so as not to impede movement.
The houses did not have windows and decorations overlooking the
street. All cities had a system
sewers, and carried out
both water supply and drainage
Wastewater. Nothing like this in
other states of that time
not met yet. There were
Also
public
baths,
which served most likely
ritual ablutions.
ancient indian writing
The writing was not alphabetic andconsisted of drawings (pictograms). Strings
placed horizontally and included in
yourself up to 8 characters. They wrote from right to left.
The deciphering of these inscriptions is not yet
completed. According to the drawings on the seals, you can
draw conclusions about certain connections
religions of the inhabitants of Harappa with subsequent Artistic creativityThe emperors from the Gupta dynasty in every possible way
patronized
artistic
creativity.
On
basis
ancient
kind
theatrical
art - pantomime -
arises
dramaturgy.
At
yard
Chandragupta II (380-415) lived the best
poets of his time. The most famous of them
Kalidasa (353-420). We have received three
drama, the most perfect of which
is
"Shakuntala".
There was
And
folk theater that combined music and
dance plastic. The Indians were very fond of
various games. One of them is Chaturanga.
has come down to us in the form of modern chess.
General characteristics of ancient civilizations
general characteristics oldest on earthcivilizations of the East - Mesopotamia and Egypt,
India and China - shows that they climbed like
common
features,
So
And
significant
originality. Common features include:
- the exclusive role of the state in all
areas of life (primarily in the face of
supreme ruler)
- separation of mental work from physical,
accumulation of considerable scientific knowledge so far without
separation of science into an independent sphere;
- the leading place of monumental architecture in
art, and in it - a tendency to gigantic
forms.