Rationale for carrying out. How to write a business case: example and design rules

In the course of current financial and economic activities, law enforcement agencies, in order to maintain normal technical and operational characteristics of the buildings and structures assigned to them, carry out current and major repairs, and sometimes reconstruction and construction of new fixed assets. Let's talk about what institutions should pay attention to when carrying out repair work.

Conceptual apparatus

Before proceeding directly to carrying out repair work, the institution should determine what type of work being performed will be: major (current) repairs or reconstruction. Indeed, in case of incorrect qualification of work and payment for the wrong type of expenses, the institution may be held liable for misuse of funds.

To do this, it is necessary to refer to the regulations governing activities in the field of construction, since the current accounting and tax legislation does not contain definitions of these concepts.

In accordance with clause 3.8 of MDS 81-35.2004, major repairs of buildings and structures include work on the restoration or replacement of individual parts of buildings (structures) or entire structures, parts and engineering equipment due to their physical wear and destruction with more durable and economical, improving their performance.

For reference: Preventive (current) repairs consist of systematically and timely work carried out to prevent wear of structures, finishing, engineering equipment, as well as work to eliminate minor damage and malfunctions.

In the course of analyzing the above definitions, we can conclude that during routine repairs only minor work can be carried out, therefore, all major work must be performed during major repairs. For example, partial repair of the roof, taking into account the insignificance of material and labor costs, will be considered a current repair, and a complete change or replacement of all types of roofing will be a major one.

According to clause 3.4 of MDS 81-35.2004, during the reconstruction (reconstruction) of existing workshops of the enterprise and facilities of the main, auxiliary and service purposes, as a rule, without expanding the existing buildings and structures of the main purpose associated with improving production and increasing its technical and economic level and carried out Under a comprehensive project to modernize an enterprise in order to increase production capacity, improve quality and change the range of products, mainly without increasing the number of employees while simultaneously improving their working conditions and environmental protection, the following activities can be carried out:

• expansion of individual buildings and structures for main, auxiliary and service purposes in cases where new high-performance and more technically advanced equipment cannot be placed in existing buildings;
• construction of new and expansion of existing workshops and auxiliary and service facilities;
• construction on the territory of an existing enterprise of new buildings and structures of the same purpose to replace those being liquidated, the further operation of which, due to technical and economic conditions, is considered inappropriate.

Thus, if an institution plans to replace the roof covering, this will be recognized as a repair (current or major), and if it wants to equip offices in the attic or build an attic on the roof, then this work will already be a reconstruction.

Note that similar norms are in the Town Planning Code.

The list of main works carried out during current and major repairs in relation to social and cultural facilities is given in VSN 58-88(r), and in relation to production facilities - in MDS 13-14.2000.

In accordance with clause 1.1 of VSN 58-88(r), this provision applies to municipal and socio-cultural facilities, regardless of the form of ownership. According to Appendix B to SP 118.13330.2012 “Public buildings and structures. Updated version of SNiP 06/31/2009”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2011 No. 635/10, public buildings and premises include:

• buildings and structures for facilities serving the population;
• buildings of facilities serving society and the state (in particular, court buildings and prosecutor's offices, as well as law enforcement organizations (police, customs)).

Note: The list of additional work carried out during major repairs is given in Appendix 9 to VSN 58-88(r).

According to clause 5.1 of VSN 58-88(r), major repairs must include troubleshooting of all worn-out elements, restoration or replacement (except for the complete replacement of stone and concrete foundations, load-bearing walls and frames) with more durable and economical ones that improve the performance of the buildings being repaired . At the same time, economically feasible modernization of a building or facility can be carried out: improving the layout, increasing the quantity and quality of services, equipping with missing types of engineering equipment, and improving the surrounding area.

When reconstructing buildings (facilities), based on the existing urban planning conditions and current design standards, in addition to the work performed during major repairs, the following can be carried out:

• changing the layout of premises, erecting superstructures, extensions, and, if necessary justification is available, their partial dismantling;
• increasing the level of engineering equipment, including the reconstruction of external networks (except the main ones);
• improving the architectural expressiveness of buildings (objects), as well as landscaping the surrounding areas.

When reconstructing municipal and socio-cultural facilities, it may be possible to envisage the expansion of existing and construction of new buildings and structures for auxiliary and service purposes, as well as the construction of buildings and structures for the main purpose included in the complex of the facility, to replace those being liquidated.

The list of main works performed during routine repairs is presented in Appendix 4 to VSN 58-88(r).

Justification of the work carried out

Particular attention should be paid to the validity of repair work. According to paragraph 6 of Art. 55.24 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure the safety of buildings and structures during their operation, institutions must provide maintenance of buildings, structures, their operational control and routine repairs.

Operational control over the technical condition of buildings and structures is carried out during the period of their operation through periodic inspections, control checks and (or) monitoring of the condition of foundations, building structures, engineering support systems and engineering support networks in order to assess the state of structural and other reliability characteristics and safety of buildings, structures, systems and networks of engineering support and compliance of these characteristics with the requirements of technical regulations and design documentation.

For reference: Based on clause 3.2 of VSN 58-88(r), inspections are divided into scheduled and unscheduled. In turn, scheduled inspections are divided into general and partial.

During general inspections, the technical condition of the building or object as a whole, its systems and external improvements is monitored; during partial inspections, the technical condition of individual premises structures and elements of external improvements is monitored. Unscheduled inspections should be carried out after earthquakes, mudflows, rainstorms, hurricane winds, heavy snowfalls, floods and other natural phenomena that can cause damage to individual elements of buildings and objects, after accidents in heat, water, power supply systems and when deformations are identified grounds.

Note: General inspections should be carried out twice a year (spring and autumn).

To carry out these inspections, the institution should create a commission, and their results should be reflected in documents recording the technical condition of the building or facility (technical condition registers, special cards, etc.). These documents must contain an assessment of the technical condition of the building or object and its elements, identified faults, their locations, the reasons that caused these faults, as well as information about the repair work performed during inspections. Generalized information about the condition of a building or facility must be reflected annually in its technical passport.

The basis for carrying out repair work should be property inspection reports and defective statements (defective statements) (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 4, 2008 No. 03-03-06/4/94). In order to conduct inspections in an institution, it is necessary to form a commission or appoint responsible persons. It is advisable to show the following information in the defective statement:

• identification data of the fixed asset object (inventory number, brief description of the object, its location, etc.);
• identified defects and shortcomings;
• a list of necessary work to bring the fixed asset object into working condition;
• signatures of the commission members conducting the inspection.

At the same time, in our opinion, it is advisable to approve the forms of documents in the accounting policy of the institution. As an example, you can use a report on identified equipment defects, which is drawn up according to the OS-16 form, approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2003 No. 7.

Note: The forms of these documents have not been approved. This means that these documents can be drawn up in any form.

Repair work can be carried out either by the institution’s employees (as part of their performance of their official duties) or with the involvement of third-party organizations. Let us remind you that the involvement of a third-party organization must be carried out in accordance with the procedures provided for by federal laws dated 04/05/2013 No. 44-FZ “On the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Contract System ) and dated July 18, 2011 No. 223-FZ “On the procurement of goods, works, and services by certain types of legal entities.”

Design and permitting documentation

Once the institution has identified the deficiencies that must be eliminated, an estimate for repair work is drawn up and a government contract is concluded based on the procedures provided for in the Contract System Law. Let us recall that the construction contract must determine the composition and content of technical documentation, and must also stipulate which party must submit the relevant documentation and within what time frame.

The basis for determining the price of a contract for construction, reconstruction, major or current repairs of a capital construction project is design documentation (including the estimated cost of work), developed and approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

By virtue of Art. 48 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, design documentation is documentation containing materials in text form and in the form of maps (diagrams) and defining architectural, functional-technological, structural and engineering solutions to ensure the construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects, their parts, major repairs, if its implementation affects the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of capital construction projects.

The composition of the design documentation is given in Part 12 of Art. 48 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content.” In the case of a major overhaul of capital construction projects, separate sections of design documentation are prepared based on the instructions of the developer or customer, depending on the content of the work performed during the overhaul of capital construction projects.

Note: It should be taken into account that in the case of routine repairs, only an estimate justifying the cost of the work is sufficient.

In accordance with Art. 49 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, design documentation of capital construction projects is subject to state examination. An examination of design documentation is not carried out if construction or reconstruction does not require obtaining a construction permit, as well as when carrying out this examination in relation to the design documentation of capital construction projects that has received a positive conclusion from the state examination and is reused, or modification of this design documentation is not affecting the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of objects.

After receiving a positive conclusion from the state examination, the project documentation is approved by the developer or customer.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 51 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects are carried out on the basis of a construction permit.

Registration of completed work

Let us remind you that payment for work performed must be made in the manner established by the concluded contract. It should be remembered that, according to Part 3 of Art. 94 of the Law on the Contract System, in order to verify the results provided by the supplier (contractor, performer) provided by the contract, in terms of their compliance with the terms of the contract, the institution is obliged to conduct an examination. The examination of the results provided for by the contract can be carried out by the institution on its own, or experts and expert organizations can be involved in its implementation on the basis of contracts concluded in accordance with the Law on the Contract System. In the case of repair work, the examination should be carried out in the form of control measurements of the work performed.

Note: in the event that the documents do not fully contain the above information about work in the past, only the information available in the documents is entered into the duplicate work book.

The essence of this check is to compare the actual volumes of work performed in kind (at the construction or repair site) with similar volumes specified in the acts in the KS-2 form.

The initial documents for carrying out control measurements are:

• certificates of work performed in the KS-2 form, which reflect the types and cost of work performed;
• acts for hidden work.

According to Part 7 of Art. 94 of the Law on the Contract System, acceptance of the results of a separate stage of contract execution, as well as goods delivered, work performed or services rendered, is carried out in the manner and within the time frame established by the contract, and is documented in an acceptance document, which is signed by the customer (in the case of creating an acceptance commission, it is signed by all members of the acceptance committee and approved by the customer), or the customer within the same time frame sends to the supplier (contractor, performer) in writing a reasoned refusal to sign such a document.

In practice, there are cases when it is necessary to carry out additional work that was not originally envisaged. It should be remembered that when concluding and executing a contract, changing its terms is not allowed, except in cases provided for in Art. 34 and 95 of the Contract System Law.

In accordance with paragraphs. “b” clause 1 part 1 art. 95 of the Law on the Contract System, a change in the essential terms of the contract during its execution is possible if, at the customer’s proposal, the quantity of goods, volume of work or services provided for in the contract is increased by no more than 10% or the quantity of goods supplied, the volume of work performed or services provided is reduced by no more than 10%. than 10%. In this case, by agreement of the parties, it is allowed to change, taking into account the provisions of the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation, the contract price in proportion to the additional quantity of goods, additional volume of work or service based on the price of a unit of goods, work or service established in the contract, but not more than by 10% of the contract price.

When reducing the quantity of goods, volume of work or service provided for in the contract, the parties to the contract are obliged to reduce its price based on the unit price of the goods, work or service. The price of a unit of additionally supplied goods or the price of a unit of goods in case of a decrease in the quantity of supplied goods provided for in the contract should be determined as the quotient of dividing the original contract price by the quantity of such goods established in the contract.

So, if the customer needs to increase or decrease the scope of work stipulated by the contract (if such a possibility was established by the procurement documentation), during the execution of the contract, it is possible to increase or decrease the scope of work for certain items of the local estimate by no more than 10% based on the price established in the contract units of work volume. In this case, the total cost of the estimate should be changed in proportion to the additional volume of work, but not more than by 10%.

As for the need to perform work not provided for in the contract, to carry it out the institution needs to carry out a new procurement using competitive methods for determining the supplier (contractor, performer) established by the Law on the Contract System.

To reflect transactions in the accounting (budget) accounting of fixed assets transferred (received) for repairs, an acceptance certificate for repaired, reconstructed and modernized fixed assets (form 0504103) (hereinafter referred to as the act (form 0504103)) should be used. .

The act (f. 0504103) contains information about the timing of work under the contract and, in fact, information about the fixed assets and the costs of repair, reconstruction and (or) modernization work.

The first copy of the act remains in the institution, the second copy is transferred to the organization that carried out the repairs. The act is signed by members of the acceptance committee or a person authorized to accept fixed assets, as well as a representative of the organization (structural unit) that carried out the repair or reconstruction. It is approved by the head of the organization or a person authorized by him and submitted to the accounting department.

Note: if the repair is carried out by a third-party organization, the report is drawn up in two copies.

If repair work is carried out by employees of the institution in accordance with their job responsibilities, the costs are documented in the following unified forms of primary documentation:

• consumption of materials - act on write-off of inventories (f. 0504230);
• labor costs - time sheets (f. 0504421), payroll and pay slips (f. 0504401, 0504403).

The result of repair work on an object of fixed assets that does not change its value, including the replacement of elements in a complex object of fixed assets (in a complex of structurally articulated objects that constitute a single whole), is subject to reflection in the accounting register - the inventory card of the object of non-financial assets (f. 0504031) of the corresponding fixed asset item by making entries about the changes made without being reflected in the accounting accounts (clause 27 of Instruction No. 157n).

The write-off of inventories used in the process of work, acquired by the customer independently and transferred to the performer (contractor), is formalized by a write-off act of inventories, which is drawn up on the basis of the list of materials used during the work, indicated in the acceptance certificate for repaired, reconstructed, modernized fixed assets. .

In conclusion, we note once again that during repair work, worn-out parts and parts are replaced with new ones, while the functions of the fixed asset do not change, that is, such a replacement does not expand or increase the capabilities of the fixed asset object and does not improve its technical characteristics. During the reconstruction, the initially adopted standard performance indicators are improved (increased). The costs of reconstructing a fixed asset after its completion increase the initial cost of such an object.

In some cases, the customer has the right to purchase goods, work or services from a single supplier, bypassing the competitive procedure. Such a purchase must be justified, and a cost calculation must be included in the contract. Read more about this rationale in today's article.

When justification is not needed

Parts 3 and 4 of Article 93 of Law 44-FZ require that a sole supplier contract be accompanied by report justifying the purchase. But in some cases it will not be needed. Specifically, you do not need to prepare a report when purchasing:

• services for liquidation of natural disasters, accidents, including emergency medical care services;
• apartment building management services;
• repair work and maintenance services for non-residential premises;
• objects of cultural heritage, literature or art;
• services for organizing concerts and theatrical performances;
• other objects, a complete list of which is given in Article 93 of Law 44-FZ.

What to include in your justification

The law establishes the need for justification for purchasing from a single supplier, however, does not contain clear requirements for it. Nevertheless, experts recommend that it include the following provisions:

Registration in ERUZ EIS

From January 1 2020 year to participate in tenders under 44-FZ, 223-FZ and 615-PP registration is required in the ERUZ register (Unified Register of Procurement Participants) on the EIS (Unified Information System) portal in the field of procurement zakupki.gov.ru.

We provide a service for registration in the ERUZ in the EIS:

• the purpose for which the purchase is made;
• description of the object and its price;
• terms of the contract;
• advantages of a particular supplier;
• circumstances that make it impossible to conduct a competitive procedure;
• conclusion that it is advisable to purchase from the specified supplier.

As an appendix, it is advisable to add a calculation that will confirm that conducting a competitive procurement will not give the customer the opportunity to save money.

Reasons for non-competitive procurement that are suitable as justification

The main task of the customer is to prove that the conclusion of the contract with a single supplier was the best or only possible option to purchase. The reasons for such a purchase may be the following:

1. The object was needed urgently. A competitive procedure requires time for preparation, but with urgent procurement there is none. The justification should explain why the customer did not have time to conduct an auction, tender or other procedure.
2. There are no competitors in the market. Sometimes the procurement object is offered for sale by a monopoly company. For example, the software may be sold through a single distributor in a specified region. Attracting suppliers from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation may be unprofitable from an economic point of view or due to procurement deadlines.
3. No benefit. For example, in the region there are 1-2 suppliers of the desired product or service who keep approximately the same price and do not intend to reduce it. It makes no sense to conduct competitive procurement in such a situation, and attracting suppliers from neighboring regions is not always economically justified.
4. The supplier is not interested in the transaction with the customer. This may be, for example, due to the small volume of goods purchased or for other reasons. To confirm the supplier’s lack of interest, you can attach correspondence with him to the justification.
5. Discounts, sales. The product that the customer needs is offered by a specific supplier at a price below the market price. The offer is valid for a limited time, so if a competitive procedure is carried out, there is a risk of missing out.

When to compile and post a report

Law 44-FZ does not establish specific deadlines for drawing up a procurement report from a single supplier. At the same time part 3 of article 93 The law states that the justification of the purchase in the report is necessary for concluding a contract.

Therefore, a report including the rationale for concluding a contract with a single supplier must be published in the Unified Information System after the purchase is placed on the schedule, but before the contract is signed.

The prepared report must be published in the system through the customer’s personal account. Log in to the website zakupki.gov.ru, select “ Customer reports", and then go to the block " Reports" The type of document you need is " Report justifying the purchase from a single supplier (contractor, performer)" The system will prompt you to fill out several fields. After this, the report should be signed electronically and published.

A significant part of the financial analysis with a special impact assessment form shows how to write a business case. An example of the use of such a form, tracing the process of changes in net financial flows that arise as a result of the implementation of measures, will be presented in this article. In such a plan, the assessment of cash flows in corporate programs should be aimed at positive changes in the socio-economic sphere.

Law

Russian legislative practice has clearly outlined how to write an economic justification, an example of which is presented in Article 105 (Rules of the State Duma of the Russian Federation), and it concerns financial feasibility when introducing bills that require certain material costs for implementation. The government reviews relevant materials before submitting the bill.

First of all, an explanatory note is prepared, which sets out the concept of the bill with all the subjects of legislative regulation. The second document demonstrates how to write a business case. This example is not universal, since it is designed for a specific project and respects the interests of a specific customer. Naturally, each case requires an individual approach - each time with different calculations and plans, since financial justifications are written everywhere and by everyone - from legislators of the State Duma to students in technology lessons in high school.

FEO

How to write a business case? You can see an example below. It all depends on the object to which it is dedicated: whether it is technical regulations, organizations with their own standards, or even a national economy looking for financial ways for economic recovery. Let's take, for example, technical regulation, which requires clearly defined financial justification for changing norms or technical regulations.

When implementing a project, the costs, benefits and risks of each state entity, enterprise or community will inevitably be redistributed. Not many people know how to write a business case. A pattern exists for every type of activity, but it cannot be called universal. The implementation of such a procedure is required at the initial stage - during design, which allows you to avoid many mistakes and gain a lot of opportunities.

Advantages of the business case

First of all, when writing a justification, changes in costs are predicted, risks and benefits of all economic entities are identified. This is due to an accurate assessment of the financial and economic effect in connection with changes in certain norms. Costs are optimized by adjusting the direction of economic development, and the development of new standards will help fulfill this task.

Concrete modeling of the ensured impact of these developed standards will tell you step by step how to write a business case. The sample hardly reflects the actual situation of a given enterprise, industry, or society. Only a person inside the situation can identify the winning and losing sides. The demands for change must be effectively harmonized with all systems subject to technical regulation, taking full advantage of the implementation of any project.

Bills

Regulatory legal acts also require material or financial costs, and therefore the legislator proposing a new project must write an economic justification, that is, provide specific financial calculations. These justifications, directly related to the introduction of a new norm or change in a legal act, must indicate the income and expenses of budgets at all levels, the costs of each economic entity, the costs of society (or third parties), tax revenues, and budget efficiency.

This is how all reforms in the state are made: management mechanisms are changed, self-regulatory organizations are introduced, the rules of trade and production are changed, and certain new services are provided by members of associations and associations. In truth, the effectiveness of the introduction of any bill can rarely be directly and accurately calculated, as society is now witnessing with its own eyes - many errors and inaccuracies accompany them. Apparently not all legislators know how to write an economic justification for ongoing operations. When carrying out reforms, the forecast of socio-economic consequences and effects is especially important.

How is it necessary?

The financial and economic assessment of any innovation should be as accurate as possible and identify political, administrative, economic and other effects and consequences in advance. The “young reformers” know best how to write an economic justification for the alienation of property from the state, but society is now overcoming the consequences of this knowledge - with great difficulty, pain and losses. But it was necessary to evaluate in monetary terms not only our acquisitions, but also our losses (this is from the section of the economic justification called “additional costs”). Has the impact of such changes on the finances of all stakeholders and budgets at all levels been identified? And this is an indispensable condition for the correct preparation of an economic justification.

No, nothing was revealed, it’s just that a huge number of the country’s citizens “didn’t fit into the market.” How to write a business case for a lack of wages that people have not seen for several months? It was necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of all changes in the structure of income, expenses and risks of economic entities, the entire society, that is, third parties, and this is an unshakable rule for drawing up economic justifications. A detailed analysis of everything related to changes in control mechanisms was needed. In this financial calculation, it was necessary to honestly evaluate (monetize!) the redistribution of benefits, and for absolutely all parties interested or affected by the changes.

About feasibility

It is an honest and impartial analysis of the situation even before the start of any changes that can help in assessing the feasibility of any project, primarily in monetary terms. Then recommendations are given on its compliance with this state of affairs. Economic justification procedures should be carried out at the very first stage, when the project is still in the development stage. Designing changes to legal regulations requires fairly strong justification, since only then can the risks, benefits and costs of a variety of economic entities be predicted. Only a business case can outline costs based on expected revenue increases or cost reductions. Money is spent in order to earn much more in the future or spend less.

Financial subtleties

How to write a business case for a bank to convince it to invest in a project? First, we need to understand some hard truths about borrowing. Does the written rationale take into account that money is generally worth more today than it will be in even the shortest time? After all, the bank will give them, of course, at interest. But even if there are personal available funds that can cover expenses, has the justification calculated the percentage on the deposit that will inevitably be lost when investing money in the project?

How to write an economic justification for an agreement with a bank so that it proves that all expenses will be effectively and more than repaid, that is, future income will pay off the interest on the loan or exceed the interest on the deposit? You need to find the most promising aspects of a given project and prove in a justification that all proposed expenses will actually bring savings or revenues equal to those planned. And you don’t need to look for ready-made forms and printed forms. It must be remembered that there are simply no hard and fast rules for documenting a financial or feasibility study.

The form of the economic justification should be the simplest and must indicate the reason that influenced the decision of the organization to carry out this project. But the discussion of the expected benefits should be very detailed, with the application of alternatives, which may be useful, and a detailed financial analysis that will determine the investment attractiveness of the project. In practice, usually no one knows how to write a feasibility study, especially for projects where significant risk is involved. Most often, it is drawn up as a separate document and serves as an annex to the exact form of initialization of this project. If, in fact, the project is small, then all the benefits can be listed directly in the initialization form.

Individual elements

Typically, the results of the project are determined and indicated in its material aspect, that is, all parameters are measurable: cost savings, increased capacity or productivity, increased market, increased income, and the like. Before writing a justification, it makes sense to talk with people interested in investing in the project, or with licensing authorities, about what exactly they want to see in the justification, what is most important to them.

And yet, some material elements must be kept in mind when writing justifications. And the more complex the project, the greater the number of such elements will be present in it: cost reduction, savings, the possibility of generating additional income, increasing the company’s market share, complete customer satisfaction, directions of cash flows. The latter is documented as a major part of the project's business case.

Cash flows

This analysis aims to help committees or individuals reviewing projects to select the most suitable ones for implementation. The measurable elements are already listed above, but the business case does not end with them. There are also intangible ones, and there are many of them. For example, the main ones include the transition period and its costs, operating costs, business process changes, personnel replacement, and the like.

It is necessary to give due credit to alternative solutions in the economic justification, listing all available methods for implementing the project in practice. For example, among thousands of suppliers with millions of identical products offered, almost no one has the same price.

How to make the acquisition profitable? The economic justification will have to answer many, often inconvenient or simply difficult questions. It is more profitable to buy a ready-made solution or find an alternative, your own option. Or you can partially buy and partially sell it yourself. There should be many such answers in the economic justification.

Guardianship

Depending on the culture of the organization, the business case is written by the trustee or the project manager himself. But in any case, the trustee, that is, the investor, is responsible for the project; it is he who is responsible for financial efficiency, while the manager plans, carries out and practically implements it. The leader is the form, and the guardian is the content, that is, the investment. And therefore, the main thing is to convey to the investor the exact amount of costs for the entire project, indicate the correct payback period and predict attractive results.

1

The regulatory and methodological documents do not contain instructions on the selection of the territory for engineering surveys. The boundaries of the survey area are chosen arbitrarily, without taking into account the features and structure of the landscape. The article proposes to use a geosystemic landscape unit as a territory for conducting engineering and environmental surveys for areal objects - a river drainage basin, which is characterized by ordered, spatially organized material and energy flows. All components of the geosystem are interconnected and interdependent, confined to one mesoform of relief on a homogeneous geological substrate and form a natural-territorial complex. Impacts on components of the natural environment do not extend beyond the drainage area of ​​the river basin. The consequences of technogenic impact in the form of a response are formed by the entire geosystem, therefore it should be the object of engineering and environmental research.

river drainage basin

geosystem

engineering and environmental surveys

1. Golovanov A.I. Landscape science / A.I. Golovanov, E.S. Kozhanov, Yu.I. Sukharev. – M., 2005. – 214 p.

2. Engineering and environmental surveys for construction: SP 11-102-97. – M.: Gosstroy RF, 1997.

3. Engineering surveys for construction. Basic provisions: SNiP 11-02-96. – M.: Gosstroy RF, 1996.

4. Instructions for environmental justification of economic and other activities. Approved by order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated December 29, 1995 No. 539.

5. Isachenko A.G. The idea of ​​the geosystem in modern physical geography // Izv. VGO. – 1981. – T. 113. – No. 4. – P. 297-306.

6. On environmental protection: Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ.

7. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects: SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03. Approved by Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated September 25, 2007 No. 74.

Introduction

Engineering and environmental surveys are carried out for the environmental justification of the planned activity in order to prevent, reduce or eliminate adverse environmental consequences. Environmental justification is understood as a set of arguments (evidence) and scientific forecasts that make it possible to assess the environmental danger of planned economic and other activities for ecosystems (natural territorial complexes) and humans. Adverse environmental consequences of the planned activity will occur in the area affected by the structure. A significant methodological drawback of the set of rules for environmental engineering surveys SP 11-102-97 and SNiP 11-02-96 is that the documents do not define the territory within which surveys should be carried out, do not provide instructions on how to determine the boundary of the impact zone and what criteria and components of the natural environment should be used to predict possible changes. Justification and selection of the territory for engineering and environmental surveys are among the most important tasks of research and determine the quality and representativeness of the results, the necessary and sufficient types and volumes of work, the placement of observation points on the main migration routes, areas and flows of dispersion and accumulation of pollutants, the ratio of the degree of expected impact and sustainability of the selected area.

The practice of carrying out the examination of engineering surveys shows that the boundaries of the survey area are chosen arbitrarily, without taking into account the characteristics of the natural conditions of the landscape within which the consequences of the planned activity will manifest themselves. Often on environmental maps in the graphic part of the technical report, boundaries are simply not shown, and only sampling points are marked in the text part. In other cases, without any justification, the survey boundary is drawn at an equal distance around the design or reconstruction object. As a result, research is carried out within a certain geometric figure outlined on the map. The patterns of functioning of the natural environment do not obey and do not fit into geometric forms, and as a result, research is carried out formally and does not allow assessing the impact on the entire natural complex and its response in the form of consequences. Biogeocenoses and ecosystems of the territory are artificially divided into fragments, from which it is impossible to assess stability and give a qualitative forecast of changes. The requirements of clause 8.13 of SNiP 11-02-96 and the Instructions for the Environmental Justification of Economic Activities are violated, in accordance with which the resistance of ecosystems to impacts and their ability to recover must be determined. There is no methodological justification for the boundaries of the survey area in the work program. The survey area artificially fits into the landscape, has an arbitrary shape, does not include the entire zone of potential impact of the planned object and does not take into account the relationship of natural processes and phenomena within the structural element of the landscape.

Methodological basis for selecting a territory for engineering and environmental surveys

Methodological justification for the choice of territory for engineering and environmental surveys should be carried out on a geosystemic basis. A geosystem is a natural-geographical unity of all possible categories, from the planetary geosystem (geographic environment as a whole) to the elementary geosystem (facies). The geosystem is characterized by spatial boundaries and the relative arrangement (structure) of the components of the natural environment, the functional significance of the components, i.e. is spatially functional. The clearest boundaries of the geosystem are determined by factors that are themselves highly stable, conservative and associated with the geological structure of the territory or its morphological features, for example, the boundary of a watershed. Between the components of the geosystem there are not just relationships, connections, interactions, but also interdependence; This circumstance gives grounds to classify geosystems as the most complexly organized deterministic systems.

The primary functional cell of the landscape is facies. Facies is the limiting category of the geosystem hierarchy, characterized by homogeneous location and habitat conditions and one biocenosis (the slope of a ravine, the bottom of a beam, a stream bed, the upper part of a hillside). The largest natural-territorial complex is the tract. A tract is a conjugate system of facies, united by a common direction of physical-geographical processes and confined to one mesoform of relief on a homogeneous geological substrate (a ridge with hollows or ravines, a complex tract - a drainage basin of a small river).

When carrying out engineering and environmental surveys, the choice of a geosystemic landscape unit within which the designed area object can affect the components of the natural environment is of fundamental importance. Such a structural unit must be larger than the area of ​​land and mining allotments and the zone of direct impact of the object on the environment, since the components of the natural environment of the adjacent territories are interconnected and determine the stability of geosystems to external loads. The ecological sustainability of the territory, assessed during surveys, is determined not only by the direct impact of the object on the components of the natural environment and their response, but also by the influence of components outside the zone of direct influence on the transformation of pollutants entering the natural environment (the diluting ability of tributaries, the water-regulating role of forests, etc. .).

It is important to note that when choosing a geosystemic unit of the landscape for engineering and environmental surveys, one cannot limit oneself to one facies, since it has the least stability and is most often subject to destruction. The tract is a much more stable system than the facies. This geosystem is more difficult to transform, which is of great practical importance in connection with the problems of economic impact on the natural complex. A complex tract in the form of a drainage basin of a small river, within which the location of a production facility is planned, best meets the theoretical principles of the geosystem approach to the selection of the territory for engineering and environmental surveys. In practical terms, these are logically understandable natural boundaries, well reflected in cartographic material.

River basins are characterized by ordered, spatially organized material and energy flows: within their boundaries it is advisable to both study the structural and functional organization of natural ecosystems and evaluate the results of anthropogenic impact. All ongoing processes on the territory of river basins are interconnected, which allows them to be classified as territorial geosystems. Drainage basins are distinguished by their own specific topography, geological structure, area, water content, microclimate, which determine the potential reserves of moisture, the amount of runoff, the movement of solid material, and this ultimately affects the formation of soil-vegetation cover and fauna, as well as stability of the geosystem to external influences. All potential impacts of the production facility are localized within the watershed and do not spread beyond its boundaries. The task of the environmental justification of the planned activity is to assess the admissibility of the impacts and consequences on the drainage basin of the main river. The results of engineering and environmental surveys make it possible to reasonably carry out such an assessment within the structural unit of the landscape.

Features of the zone of influence on environmental components

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 11-02-96 (clauses 8.12, 8.13), the task of environmental engineering surveys is to determine and clarify the boundaries of the zone of influence on environmental components. There are no instructions in the regulatory documents on how to determine this boundary.

Any production facility has an impact on the components of the natural environment within the potential zone of influence. External influences on the geosystem change the existing quasi-equilibrium state of individual natural components, contribute to the emergence and development of new processes that are not characteristic of the geosystem - accelerated erosion, planar soil loss due to deforestation in the catchment area, deflation of soils and lands, waterlogging, salinization and soil pollution , surface and groundwater, decrease in biodiversity. The magnitude of the deviation of the geosystem from its natural stable state is an indicator of external influence, a response expressed in consequences - changes in the quality indicators of the natural complex. Characteristics of the depositing capacity of the landscape and the metabolic activity of substances in it (characteristics of the leaching regime of the natural complex, dilution and transforming capacity) make it possible to characterize the natural-ecological potential of the geosystem (drainage basin), which is based on the intensity of the development of processes. All consequences from the designed production facility manifest themselves within the geosystem - the river drainage basin or part thereof.

The impact of a production facility on a geosystem largely depends on the quality of its components. Landscape components are divided into three groups based on their functions in the geosystem:

1) inert - mineral part and relief (fixed basis of the geosystem);

2) mobile - air and water masses (perform transit and exchange functions);

3) active - biota (factor of self-regulation, restoration, stabilization of the geosystem).

Depending on the component of the natural environment and the specifics of the impact, the zone of influence of the production facility can vary significantly. The size of the zone is mainly determined by the mobile components. Air masses and water flows are agents for the transfer of pollutants from a production facility, and the range of this transfer depends on the speed, concentration of pollutants and the diluting ability of the agent. Inert and active components of the landscape within the time of engineering surveys are not decisive in determining the zone of influence. The impact on atmospheric air is normalized by the boundary of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of the facility, established in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03. Outside the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone, the impact of the object on the atmospheric air is within acceptable limits. There is no regulation of the limits of impact on other components of the natural environment in regulatory documents.

In addition to atmospheric air, the most dynamic components of the natural environment are surface and groundwater. The rate of water exchange and the degree of dilution of pollutants largely depend on the characteristics of the selected engineering survey area. In any case, all changes in water quality due to the impact of the production facility occur within the main river drainage basin. The consequences of this impact on surface waters and the degree of dilution are recorded in the river - the receiver of the basin's flow, below the confluence of the main river. Above the confluence of the main river, as a rule, an observation point is organized to monitor the background characteristics of the river - the receiver of runoff from the basin. The territory where these observation points are located is included in the boundaries of the survey.

The groundwater of the first aquifer from the surface is discharged in the form of springs or under-channel flow into the main river of the basin and in transit moves down the slope of the relief towards the river - the receiver of the flow. The groundwater watershed boundary very often coincides with the surface water watershed boundary, and groundwater potentially affected by the production site does not cross the watershed boundary, remaining within the survey area. The impacts on groundwater, like surface water, are complex. The man-made impact is exerted by the production facility, and the natural diluting effect on the flow of groundwater is exerted by aquifers located outside the zone of influence of the facility, but within the drainage basin. In the process of engineering and environmental surveys, it is very important to assess the impact of an object on the entire natural complex and predict the response in the form of consequences, rather than recording the concentration of pollutants in emissions and discharges.

The soil and vegetation cover of the survey area refers to the inert and active components of the natural environment. The impact of the production facility on these components can occur through atmospheric air, through the plane wash-off of pollution from the slope and as a result of flooding in connection with the construction of the facility. Analysis of the impacts shows that they are reasonably predictable and will be localized within a portion of the catchment area.

Thus, the potential impacts of the production facility on the main components of the natural environment and responses in the form of consequences will be localized within the river drainage basin. The zone of direct impact on the components of the natural environment cannot be artificially isolated from the natural complex, since it is an integral part of the geosystem - a structural unit of the landscape. The natural complex in the form of a river drainage basin, within which the production facility is planned to be located, should be considered the territory for conducting engineering and environmental surveys (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Territory of engineering and environmental surveys.

The geosystemic justification for choosing the territory for engineering and environmental surveys is implemented in 11 reports on surveys at potash industry sites in the Perm Territory that have passed the state environmental assessment.

1. The territory of engineering and environmental surveys must correspond to a geosystemic structural unit of the landscape with ordered, spatially organized material and energy flows and mutually determined structural components. Such a geosystem is the river drainage basin within which the design object is planned to be located. All potential impacts from the facility will be localized within the boundaries of the basin.

2. Drainage basins are characterized by their own clearly defined boundaries, specific topography, geological structure, area, water content, microclimate, soil and vegetation cover, as well as the stability of the geosystem to external influences. Characteristics of the state of such a geosystem and the forecast of its changes in connection with the planned activities are the subject of engineering and environmental research.

Reviewers:

Kudryashov Alexey Ivanovich, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Director of NPF Geoprognoz LLC, Perm.

Oksana Borisovna Naumova, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Head. Department of Prospecting and Exploration of Mineral Deposits, Perm State National Research University, Perm.

Bibliographic link

Karavaeva T.I., Tikhonov V.P. JUSTIFICATION OF THE TERRITORY FOR ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS // Modern problems of science and education. – 2012. – No. 6.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=7822 (access date: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

With the entry into force of the Procedure for Justification of Government Procurement (), two new mandatory forms appeared when filling out. In the form accompanying the schedule, columns No. 8 and 9 are introduced, in which the customer includes information about and the reasons for this choice.

The need to justify is provided. The point is that it is necessary to show on what basis a particular procedure was chosen, and that the decision complies with the requirements of the law. Organs have been created for this function. During their inspection, the purchase may be recognized as unjustified.

Initially, the obligation to justify the chosen method of identifying a supplier (contractor, performer) raised many questions among the organizers. There were no clear requirements for completing this column. Therefore, it is worth considering this issue in more detail.

Criteria for choosing a procurement method

The rationale for choosing a supplier is a consequence of the correct selection of the procedure.

Criteria for choosing a procurement method:

• subject and ;
• options ;
• optimal timing.

In some cases, the method is based on the requirements established in 44-FZ.

Justification for the chosen method of determining the supplier: electronic auction

A wide range of cases has been established when the customer can carry out. This procedure is mandatory when:

• it is planned to order goods, works, services that are included in the government List (approved);
• Only one criterion for determining the winner is established - the contract price.

Justification for the chosen method of determining the supplier: request for quotations

Open competition

In cases in which the customer determines the winner based on the criteria of the best conditions for the execution of the contract, the order is justified as an open competition.

Limited Participation Competition

Two-stage competition

At the same time, purchases of federal executive authorities, which draw up and implement state policy in the field of defense, management and security, as well as state institutions and state unitary enterprises subordinate to them, fall into exceptions and are not consistent with the FAS. The list of such bodies, institutions and enterprises must be approved by a separate Government Resolution.

Electronic sealed bidding

In accordance with Part 2 of Art. 84.1, closed electronic procedures are used in cases that are similar to paper closed tenders. At the same time, the same article states that the government may oblige procurement to be carried out in the form of closed electronic tenders.