State educational institution
higher professional education
Samara State University
Department of International Relations
North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD)
1st year students, gr. 24102
Faculty of History
Bagryantseva M.V.
Scientific adviser:
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor Tyurin V.A.
SAMARA 2011
Introduction ………………………………………………………… .. …… ..С.3
Chapter I. Administrative-territorial structure of the North Caucasus Federal District ... ... ..С.5
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation …………………… .С.8
Chapter III. Features of the Okrug industry ……………… ..… ..С.11
1.1. Agro-industrial complex ………………………………… .С.12
1.2. Extractive industry ……………………………… ..С. 15
Chapter IV. Economic indicators ………………………………… .С.18
Chapter V. Culture and recreational complex ……………… .. ……… С.20
Chapter VI. Problems of the North Caucasus Federal District and Ways to Solve Them ……………………… ..С.23
Conclusion ………………………………………………… .. …………… С.28
List of sources and literature ……………………………………… С.29
Appendices …………………………………………………………… .С.30
INTRODUCTION
North Caucasian Federal District - Federal District Russian Federation, separated from the Southern Federal District by the decree of the President of Russia D. A. Medvedev dated January 19, 2010. Located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus.
The relevance of the topic is that the district is a young state formation, it has not yet been fully studied. In addition, the district has a number of problems that need to be identified and noted. It is important that the North Caucasus is an economically depressed region, in this regard, it has a poorly developed industry. In the North Caucasus Federal District there are no such industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, production of consumer goods, etc.
Having studied the manual for students Chistobaev A.I. "Regional Studies", I learned about the natural features and resources of the Northern Federal District and was able to analyze the recreational complex of the district.
In the book “Federal Districts of Russia. Regional Economics "ed. Glushkova V.G. and Simagina Y.A. I studied the industry of the district, its level of development and potential.
Using the website of the official website of the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District http://skfo.gov.ru/, I learned about the population, the composition of the population and the demographic situation of the district.
The decision to separate the new district from the Southern Federal District caused a wide response in the media and in the expert community. This is not surprising, since the emergence of a new district is in itself an extraordinary event. But it was not only the change in the number of constituencies that attracted the attention of political scientists. It is no secret that for many years from the Caucasus there have been dark news of terrorist attacks and clashes with militants. The state of the economy of the North Caucasus cannot be called without problems either.
Experts also draw attention to the geopolitical component of the importance of the Caucasian region, on the territory of which the interests of the superpowers have clashed for centuries. In this sense, the 21st century is no exception. This means that geopolitics may also be in the field of vision of the presidential envoy.
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation
According to the 2010 census, the population of the federal district was 9,496,800 according to Rosstat:
Russians - 2 938 070 people. (32.9%)
Chechens - 1 237 506 people. (13.9%)
Avars - 771,043 people. (8.6%)
Kabardians - 509,539 people. (5.7%)
Dargins - 467 670 people. (5.2%)
Ossetians - 467 493 people. (5.2%)
Kumyks - 394,183 people. (4.4%)
Ingush - 388 845 people. (4.4%)
Lezgins - 345 651 people. (3.9%)
Karachais - 185,764 people. (2.1%)
Armenians - 181,125 people. (2.0%)
Laks - 145 422 people. (1.6%)
Azerbaijanis - 132 808 people. (1.5%)
Tabasarany - 116 189 people. (1.3%)
Balkars - 106 440 people. (1.2%)
Nogays - 77 897 people. (0.87%)
Ukrainians - 65,900 people. (0.74%)
Circassians - 52,582 people. (0.59%)
Greeks - 38,280 people. (0.43%)
Abaza - 36 208 people. (0.41%)
Tatars - 26 912 people. (0.30%)
Rutulians - 25,297 people. (0.28%)
Aguly - 24 904 people. (0.28%)
Roma - 23 956 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 23,261 people. (0.26%)
Turks - 22,518 people. (0.25%)
Persons of other nationalities - 128,426 people. (1.4%)
The district accounts for 6.5% of the country's population. At the same time, the share of the urban population in the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is 48.2%, the rural population - 51.8%. The demographic situation in the Okrug is almost one and a half times better than in the whole country. The number of births exceeds the number of deaths by 17 thousand people; the natural population growth rate according to data for 5 months of 2010 amounted to 7.4%. The migration outflow of the population amounted to 1.6 thousand people.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, the population from the end of 1990 to the end of 2009 increased by 1.68 million people. At the end of 2009, the natural increase in the population of the North Caucasian Federal District amounted to 75.6 thousand people. In addition, in the structure of the population there is a high proportion of people under the working age.
In terms of fertility rates, the North Caucasian Federal District ranks 1st in the country. As for the dynamics, in recent years the trajectory of the change in the value of the birth rate in the North Caucasian Federal District coincides with the trajectory of the change in the value of this indicator in the country as a whole, but at a higher level (before 2000 - a decline, after - a steady growth).
In 2009, high birth rates in the North Caucasian Federal District were formed mainly due to the indicators of the Chechen Republic (more than 29 newborns per 1000 population), the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan (more than 18 newborns per 1000 population). In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in this federal district, the values of fertility rates differ from the average indicators for the Russian Federation insignificantly.
The mortality rate in the North Caucasian Federal District is the lowest in the Russian Federation - 8.7 people per 1000 people in 2010 (on average in the Russian Federation - 14.6 people per 1000 people).
ChapterIII. Features of the district's industry
The North Caucasian Federal District has a number of advantages - a convenient geographical location in relation to large markets, the availability of natural resources (oil, ores, construction raw materials) and unloaded capacities (production sites on the basis of which it is possible to increase production), a relatively developed transport network (iron roads and highways) and the growing demand for industrial products both in the regions of the Russian Federation and in neighboring countries.
The industrial sector is predominantly represented by the production of petroleum products (29% in the structure of the proceeds of the manufacturing and extractive industries), the food industry (23%), chemistry (14%), mechanical engineering (12%), metallurgy (5%) and the production of building materials (6%). Extraction of minerals accounts for 6% in the structure of the proceeds of the manufacturing and extractive industries. The district agro-industrial complex provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country. So, for example, the district accounts for 45% of the grapes harvested in the country, more than 10% of the harvested grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets. The district farms contain 11% of the cattle and 40.8% of the sheep and goats in Russia. The district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the country, as well as more than 27.9% of the sales of sheep and goats in live weight. The district's share in the total agricultural production of all agricultural producers in Russia was 5.4%.
The power industry is the backbone of the economy of the North Caucasus. Thermal and hydraulic power plants have been built in many regions of the North Caucasus. The largest thermal power plants have been created in Grozny, Novocherkassk, Nevinnomyssk, and among the hydroelectric power plants stand out: Gizeldonskaya and Baksanskaya - on the Terek tributaries, Belorechenskaya on the river. White, Chiryurtovskaya - on the river. Sulak. A cascade of hydroelectric power plants was built on the river. Sulak, including the large Chirkeyskaya HPP, as well as a cascade of HPPs on the Kuban-Kalausky Canal. The Irganayskaya hydroelectric power station was also built on the river. Avarskoe Koisu is a tributary of the Sulak in Dagestan. The district power system is connected with Donbass and the Volga region.
1.1. Agro-industrial complex
The agro-industrial complex, which includes agriculture and the food industry, is the most important sector of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District. The sector's contribution to the gross regional product of this federal district in 2008 amounted to 18%, of which 1% was accounted for by agriculture and 3% - by the food industry. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the contribution of the agro-industrial complex to the gross regional product of the federal district reaches 26%. The agro-industrial complex provides jobs for 24% of the population employed in the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District. In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of this federal district, tax payments from the agro-industrial complex form the basis of tax revenues to the budgets. According to the data for the first half of 2010, the share of the agro-industrial complex in the tax revenues of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is 37.4%, in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory, the products of the agro-industrial complex form more than one third of foreign trade receipts.
The agro-industrial complex of the North Caucasian Federal District provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country - 45% of the grapes harvested in the Russian Federation, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets.
The farms of the North Caucasus Federal District contain 11% of the cattle and 40.8% of the sheep and goats kept in the farms of the Russian Federation. This federal district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the Russian Federation.
In terms of food production, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, significantly lag behind other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which indicates an insufficient level of development of the processing industry. The food industry of the North Caucasian Federal District is represented by the production of alcoholic beverages and mineral water. The Republic of Dagestan ranks 1st in the production of cognac and 4th in the production of champagne in the Russian Federation, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 4th in the production of vodka and alcoholic beverages and 3rd in the production of wines, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania is the 3rd place in the production of champagne, and the Stavropol Territory is the 2nd place in the production of cognac and wines.
Labor productivity in the North Caucasian Federal District in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 13% of the average Russian level in agriculture and 7% in the food industry.
A distinctive feature of the agricultural sector of the North Caucasian Federal District is the prevalence of the share of personal subsidiary plots.
In the balance of import-export of products, the export of agricultural products of a low conversion rate and the import of food products of a deep processing degree prevail, which confirms the low level of development of the food processing industry.
At the same time, there are 189 pedigree farms in the North Caucasian Federal District, including 62 pedigree plants, 117 pedigree reproducers and 10 gene pool farms. Pig breeding, goat breeding, fur farming, poultry farming, beekeeping, silkworm breeding and yak breeding, represented by 9 breeding farms, 20 breeding reproducers and 2 gene pool farms, are also developing in the North Caucasian Federal District.
The development potential of the agro-industrial complex in the North Caucasian Federal District is also characterized by the presence of a large interregional market. The high share of imports in the structure of consumption of meat, vegetables, milk and their processed products in the Russian Federation creates the possibility of replacing imports of food products in the Russian Federation due to the development of the production of these products in the North Caucasian Federal District.
Among the problems, it is also worth noting the weak influence of the development of the breeding base on the productivity of commercial farms.
The reclamation complex of the North Caucasus Federal District needs reconstruction. The physical area of irrigation systems requiring reconstruction is from 31 to 83%.
The development of the agro-industrial complex is a priority for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District. According to the results of the analysis, a promising direction for development in the North Caucasian Federal District is the production of the following types of products:
Lamb, beef and products of their processing;
Poultry and products of its processing;
Milk and dairy products, including cheeses, cottage cheese, yoghurts, etc.;
Vegetable and animal oils;
Grain and milling and cereal products;
Grapes, wines and cognac products;
Fruits and berries (fresh, as well as juices and purees);
Fresh and canned vegetables;
Mineral water;
1.2. Mining industry
The North Caucasian Federal District has a unique combination of balneological resources - mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and curative mud. About 30% of all Russian mineral water resources are concentrated here, which is comparable in volume to the resources of the central regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. More than 70% of the thermal water reserves of the Russian Federation are also located on the territory.
The water resource potential of the North Caucasian Federal District fully meets the needs of the population and economic sectors for water resources. The most diverse water resources are located here - the Caspian Sea, the Kuban Reservoir, Lake Dovsun in the Stavropol Territory, the Blue Lakes and Chegem Waterfalls in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the rivers Kuban, Terek, Baksan, Zelenchuk, Sulak, Bolshaya Laba, Ardon, Fiagdon, Sunzha and others. different types surface waters, including mountain rivers, with large slopes allows the development of not only various types of tourism (health, recreation, sports, ecological, fishing, beach), but also hydropower.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, there are more than 300 reservoirs, mainly seasonal or daily regulation. The regulated flow is mainly used for irrigation of agricultural land and fish farming.
The flow regulation in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan is also low - the total useful volume of 11 reservoirs is 1.44 cubic meters. meters, and its significant share falls on the reservoir of the Chirkeyskaya hydroelectric power station, located on the river. Sulak. The rest of the reservoirs are used for energy, water supply or irrigation purposes and are mainly located in the river basin. Sulak.
Given the limited reserves of minerals, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, do not have a high potential to increase the contribution of the mining industry to the economy, however, the development of a number of hydrocarbon deposits, as well as ore minerals, is significant for the development of the economy of some of these subjects.
The share of the North Caucasus Federal District in the structure of explored mineral reserves of the Russian Federation is 41% for tungsten, 11% for molybdenum, up to 2% for copper, lead, zinc and titanium, and 4.8% for oil. and for gas - 2.1%.
In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, the leaders are the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, and in terms of reserves of molybdenum ores - the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The largest copper deposit in the North Caucasus Federal District is Kizil-Dere in the Republic of Dagestan; its share in the reserves of the Russian Federation is 1.4%.
The largest zinc deposits are located in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Dzhimidonskoye, Kadat-Kampaldonskoye, Kakadur-Kanikomskoye), in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Urupskoye, Bykovskoye) and in the Republic of Dagestan (Kizil-Dere). By the amount of residual reserves, most of the deposits are classified as small, since most of them have been depleted by now.
All the lead deposits of the North Caucasian Federal District are concentrated in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania. Most of the resources are located in the Jimidon ore field.
Despite the developed infrastructure, the North Caucasian Federal District makes an insignificant contribution to the volume of hydrocarbon production in the Russian Federation. Significant obstacles to the development of hydrocarbon production are the depletion of a significant portion of the fields and the reduction of proven reserves of fuel and energy resources.
The main oil reserves of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Chechen Republic. Significant oil fields for the district are Starogroznenskoe, Goryacheistochninskoe (Yastrebinoe), Goyt-Kortovskoe, Severo-Bragunskoe (Chechen Republic), Velichaevsko-Koldeznoe, Zhuravskoe, Zimne-Stavkinskoe - Pravoberezhnoe (Stavropol Territory), Malgobek - Respublika - Voznesenskoe ...
ChapterIV. Economic indicators
Most of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, in socio-economic terms, already from the beginning of the 1990s, for a number of objective reasons, were among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation most susceptible to the crisis. The volume of industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District by the end of the 1990s decreased to 17-24% (compared to the 1990 level), while the all-Russian reduction in the value of this indicator on average to 48%.
The rates of economic growth in 2005-2009 indicate that the executive authorities in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District managed to correctly determine economic priorities (among the leaders are the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of North Ossetia Alania). However, the process of positive transformation is proceeding extremely slowly.
At the moment, the real sector of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District is poorly developed:
· The share of the agricultural sector in the gross regional product reaches 22% (in the Russian Federation - 5%);
· The share of manufacturing products does not exceed 15% (in the Russian Federation - 19%).
The main contribution to the gross regional product is made by the public administration sector and the sphere of social (including utilities) services, the share of which in the gross regional product is up to 55% (in the Russian Federation - 16%).
Unemployment in the North Caucasian Federal District remains extremely high - its official level varies from 8 to 55%, which is 1.5 to 9 times higher than the average Russian level. There is hidden unemployment and a high percentage of employment in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In most sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, the values of labor productivity indicators are lower than the average values of these indicators in the Russian Federation.
All constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, have low indicators of the quality of life of the population. The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Chechen Republic are highly subsidized. Over the past 10 years, the volume of federal budget funds allocated annually by the Government of the Russian Federation to provide financial support to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District has significantly increased.
Transport is one of the leading sectors of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District, which accounts for about 10% of the gross regional product. The North Caucasian Federal District is located close to large Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of large cargo flows.
The length of public roads in the North Caucasian Federal District is 24,788 kilometers, including 2577 kilometers for federal and 22211 kilometers for regional. The main road junctions in the North Caucasian Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.
ChapterV. Culture and recreational complex
The traditional culture of the North Caucasus was formed and developed in the conditions of everyday life and was associated, first of all, with the creation of certain material wealth. As a result, the peoples of the North Caucasus realized their aesthetic sense and desire for a harmonious expression of the world outlook not in the visual arts, but in the “conventional” arts. The formation of culture and art of the peoples of the North Caucasus was carried out against the backdrop of endless wars and a constant struggle with nature for survival. As a result, the main specific qualities of the traditional North Caucasian arts and crafts were developed: it is severe and monumental (like a local landscape), optimistic and cheerful (like the "taste" of another victory). But in any case, it does not know the regularity, since there is no regularity either in the local landscape or in the work activities of people living in these conditions.
The uniqueness and diversity of the natural and climatic resources of the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District create favorable conditions for both permanent residence and the development of a tourist and recreational complex.
In terms of temperature regime, the North Caucasian Federal District is one of the most attractive regions of Russia both in summer and in winter. The average temperature in January is 3.2 ° C (in the mountains - up to -10 ° C), in July - from + 20.4 ° C (in the mountains - up to +14 ° C).
About 50 percent of the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District is occupied by the mountain system of the Greater Caucasus. Mountain peaks are located here, including those with the highest elevation of 5642 meters (Elbrus), which makes the North Caucasian Federal District a particularly promising platform for the development of high-mountain tourism.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are 6 state reserves - Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarsky, Caucasian, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, Erzi, 2 national parks (Alania, Elbrus region), as well as 7 state reserves - Agrakhan, Samursky and Tlyaratinsky (Republic Dagestan), Dautsky (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Ingush (Republic of Ingushetia), Soviet (Chechen Republic), Tseysky (Republic of North Ossetia - Alania), ensuring the preservation of the rich biological diversity of the regions.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District in the Republic of Dagestan, the coast of the Caspian Sea stretches for 490 kilometers, which contributes to the development of beach tourism.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, medical and recreational, skiing, sports (extreme), business, environmental, cultural and educational, pilgrimage, rural, specialized (archaeological, equestrian, speleological, ethnographic ) tourism, hunting and fishing tours are organized.
The specially protected ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, for which health tourism is a specialized area, includes the years. Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, as well as Mineralovodsky, Georgievsky and Foothill regions of the Stavropol Territory, Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are large ski resorts: in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - Dombay, in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Elbrus region, in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania - Tsey.
The Republic of Dagestan, with its long coastline of the Caspian Sea, is the center of beach tourism.
Despite the presence of significant competitive advantages for the development of the tourism industry, including tourist centers, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a weak level of development of the tourism industry. The share of the North Caucasian Federal District in the tourism industry of the Russian Federation is about 6%, and the share of tourism in the gross regional product of the North Caucasian Federal District does not exceed 2%.
The small contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is associated with an insufficient volume of tourist flow and a high share of the private (shadow) sector. The largest share of unorganized tourist flow and the minimum duration of tourists' stay, and, consequently, low tourist costs, are typical for the centers of ski, sports and extreme tourism. The share of foreign tourists in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is below the national average.
At the resorts of the North Caucasian Federal District, there are no modern specialized facilities for the recreation and entertainment industry (sports clubs, rental offices of vehicles and sports equipment, shops, cultural and entertainment complexes, etc.).
One of the strategic objectives of tourism development is to stimulate the development of new tourist centers on the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District in addition to the already existing resorts. The formation of new investment sites will speed up the process of updating the fixed assets of the industry, increase competition and the quality of services provided, and also increase the diversity of the tourist offer, the density of recreational zones and the level of infrastructure development.
ChapterVI... Problems of the North Caucasus Federal District and Ways to Solve Them
One of the important problems in the North Caucasian Federal District is migration, including forced migration. Hot spots, military conflicts in the near abroad, complex interethnic relations, on the one hand, and favorable climatic conditions, on the other hand, have made this territory a crossroads for migration flows.
Management of migration processes in the North Caucasian Federal District requires the active participation of the federal center in the development and implementation of an extensive program that provides for a set of administrative, social, economic and cultural measures for the quantitative and spatial regulation of migration flows, as well as for ensuring the process of mutual adaptation of migrants and recipients. their territories. To solve the problem of an excess of labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District, the annual size of labor migration should be 30-40 thousand people. Dozens of regions of the Russian Federation need to be involved in the reception of migrants.
More than one third of the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is youth (approximately 2.8 million people). Therefore, in the North Caucasus Federal District as a whole and in every constituent entity of the Russian Federation that is part of it, in particular, a competent and effective youth policy should be pursued. To implement these activities, it is necessary to organize monitoring of the main aspects of the life of local youth and develop a strategy for youth policy in the North Caucasian Federal District.
A serious problem in the North Caucasian Federal District is the low level of development of the healthcare system. In all subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District, there is a shortage of hospitals and polyclinic institutions, as well as doctors and nurses. The most popular types of medical care are oncology, cardiovascular surgery, traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery and ophthalmology. The need for high-tech medical care for these types fully corresponds to the structure of morbidity and the volume of medical care in the Russian Federation as a whole.
In 2009, the North Caucasian Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation began functioning, which is a modern, well-equipped medical institution. It should be noted that the center has not yet fully reached the planned design capacity. Increased activity in referring patients to the center in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, can significantly increase the availability of multidisciplinary specialized and high-tech medical care for residents of this district.
The provision of doctors in the North Caucasus Federal District is lower than the average for the Russian Federation. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 38 people per 10 thousand of the population (in the Russian Federation - 44.1 people per 10 thousand of the population). The provision of paramedical personnel in this federal district is also lower than the average for Russia. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 81.6 people per 10 thousand of the population (in the Russian Federation - 94.1 people per 10 thousand of the population). The problem of increasing the level of professional training of teachers and educators of preschool institutions deserves special attention. Among the most pressing problems of secondary schools, there is an acute shortage of teaching staff and an outdated material and technical base. The number of students in daytime general education institutions in the North Caucasian Federal District, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, is decreasing.
An important task is also the quality training of specialists necessary to ensure potential economic growth. Problems with the qualification of personnel exist in almost all sectors of the economy (tourism, sanatoriums, public administration, food industry, agriculture, construction, health care, etc.), which requires the system not only to improve training programs, but also to retrain personnel with taking into account the requirements of a developing economy and modern standards.
The main social problem inherent in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are equally part of the North Caucasian Federal District, is the low level of housing provision. Despite the low values of the indicator of housing provision, the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is generally lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Only in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Ingushetia the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is extremely high - 20.6% and 20.4%, respectively. The problem of staffing is no less acute. Only 30% of specialists working in cultural institutions have higher professional education. At the same time, achieving high development indicators for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is impossible without due attention to the cultural component, both in terms of creating the appropriate infrastructure and in terms of staffing. The situation on the labor market in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is extremely unfavorable.
As of May 1, 2010, the total number of unemployed citizens in the North Caucasian Federal District is 766.6 thousand people, or 18 percent of the economically active population (on average in the Russian Federation - 8.2%). The highest unemployment rate is noted in the Republic of Ingushetia - 53%, the Chechen Republic - 42% and the Republic of Dagestan - 17.2%.
Many monuments and objects of cultural and historical heritage are in need of restoration. Among them - the State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov and the archaeological and natural museum-reserve "Tatar settlement" in the Stavropol Territory, the historical and architectural complex Dargavs in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, tower complexes of the 9th - 18th centuries in the Republic of Ingushetia, a museum -Naryn-Kala reserve in the Republic of Dagestan and many others.
Key areas of activities in the field of labor market development include:
· Stimulating the creation of new jobs, including in the field of small and medium-sized businesses;
· Creation of conditions conducive to improving the quality of the workforce (educational programs for vocational training and retraining of personnel and unemployed citizens, support for employment and provision of internships for young people);
· Creation of conditions for the development of territorial mobility of citizens (employment of residents of the North Caucasian Federal District in other regions of the Russian Federation);
· Increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special institutions in the labor market (development of employment centers and resource centers in the North Caucasian Federal District, better coordination with employment centers in other regions of the Russian Federation).
In order to maximally meet the needs of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District in personnel, it is necessary to develop short-term, medium-term and long-term forecasts of the needs of labor markets in professional personnel (jobs), as well as to take the necessary measures to use the potential and experience of specialized leading higher educational institutions and educational institutions secondary vocational education of the Russian Federation in priority sectors for the indicated federal district - tourism and services, construction and agriculture.
CONCLUSION
According to the level of social development, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks last with only 47% of GDP per capita of the national average. The standard of living of the population is low, all branches of the social sphere are in decline. Heavy socio-economic the situation is delaying economic reform, although it should push to accelerate.
According to the level of development of the market infrastructure, the region is classified as a prosperous one. Almost 1/8 of Russian commercial banks are located here. There are good conditions here for highly profitable state entrepreneurship.
The main directions and problems of the future development of the North Caucasus are:
Preferential development of sectors of the consumer market - agro-industrial and resort and recreational complexes;
Recovery, reconstruction and growth of mechanical engineering and chemical industries of chemical importance;
- the rise of the oil and oil refining industry and infrastructure;
- intensive deployment of a particularly efficient agro-industrial complex;
-expansion and strengthening of the infrastructure of the unique resort and recreational complex;
- reconstruction and development of the transport complex as the "southern gate" of Russia to the West;
- strengthening the fuel and energy economy.
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
I. Sources
1. The strategy of socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025 (approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2010 N 1485-r).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 "On amendments to the list of federal districts approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724" Questions of the system and structure of federal executive bodies "
II. Special literature
1. Glushkova VG, Simagin YA .. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009 .-- 352 p.
2. Regional Studies: Textbook. for universities / Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. -
M.: Gardariki, 2002 .-- 385 p.
3. Regional studies: Textbook. A manual for university students studying in the specialties 350300 "Regional studies", 350200 "International relations" / Dergachev VA, Vardomsky LB .. - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2004. - 463p.
III... Web sites
1.http: //www.perepis-2010.ru/ (Results of the All-Russian Population Census)
2.http: //skfo.gov.ru/
3.http: //www.adm-kmv.ru/ (Administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters)
4.http: //www.garant.ru (Information and business portal)
5.http: //www.skfo.ru/ (Official site of the North Caucasus Federal District)
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Resident population, thousand people |
In the total resident population, percent |
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whole population |
including |
urban population |
rural population |
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urban population |
rural population |
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The Republic of Dagestan |
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The Republic of Ingushetia |
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Kabardino-Balkar Republic |
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Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
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Republic of North Ossetia-Alania |
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Chechen Republic |
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Stavropol region |
Annex 1
The size of the urban and rural population in the North Caucasian Federal District e
Appendix 2
North Caucasus Federal District Map
Regional studies: Textbook for universities / SmoothYu. N., Chistobaev A. And .. - M.: Gardariki, 2002, p. 385.
Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009.S. 352.
(Information and business portal)
http://skfo.gov.ru/ (Official website of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District)
The North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010 into an independent administrative unit. The region's territory occupies the eastern and central part of the North Caucasus and the southern European part of the country.
The formation of the North Caucasus Federal District is the first stage of the program to change the federal districts, which began in 2000. That year, the North Caucasus Federal District was called
General characteristics of the region
The occupied area of the district is about 1% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The central city of the North Caucasus Federal District is Pyatigorsk. This is the only settlement in the Russian Federation that has not been assigned the status of an administrative center. Its area is not even the largest in comparison with other cities in the district.
The administrative unit borders the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan and Georgia are visible in the south of the district. Also, the borders run along the Rostov region, Kalmykia and Krasnodar Territory.
The composition of the North Caucasian Federal District consists of 7 republics.
Dagestan
This is the southernmost part of Russia and is located in the east of the North Caucasus, and on the east side it is washed by the Caspian Sea. In the west, the territory borders on the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya. In the north with Kalmykia, and in the south-west with Georgia. The southern part is in contact with Azerbaijan. Makhachkala is recognized as the capital of the administrative unit. The republic occupies about 50.27 thousand m 2. The date of formation is 1921. The population of the region is about 3 million inhabitants.
The composition of the citizens of the North Caucasus Federal District is multinational. The same can be said about Dagestan. There are few Russians in the republic - 3.6%, this is about 104 thousand Avars most of all - 850 thousand, which is 29.4 percent. Next come the Dargins, of whom 17%, the Kumyks - 14.9%, the Lezgins - 13.3%, the Laks - 5.6%, and so on. The least of all in the republic are Archins and Armenians, there are only 5 thousand people each.
Ingushetia
The youngest republic in the North Caucasian Federal District is Ingushetia. The year of creation is 1992.
The republic borders on North Ossetia, Georgia, the climate is continental, and in winter the temperature does not drop below -5 degrees.
The population is 480 thousand people. Ingush predominate in the republic, their number is about 94%. About 4.6% are Chechens, and only 0.8% of the population are Russians. The remaining percentages are accounted for by other ethnic groups.
Chechens live quite compactly, mainly in the Nazran region. The rest of the nationalities do not have a specific territory of residence.
Only 42.5% of all residents of the republic live in cities. The population predominantly lives in the Suzhenskaya and Alkhanchurskaya valleys, Achaluka, and this is only 25% of the entire territory. Only 5% of all residents live on the remaining 85% of the republic's lands.
Kabardino-Balkaria
The North Caucasian Federal District includes the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, founded in 1921, with the capital - the city of Nalchik.
The territory is located mainly in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria that the stratovolcano of Mount Elbrus is located, with the highest mountain peak in Europe and the Russian Federation. This figure is 5642 meters above sea level.
Despite the predominantly mountain range, 864 thousand people live on the territory of the administrative unit per 12.5 km 2.
The climate of the republic is quite diverse: in the plains there is a humid and continental climate, and higher in the mountains the climate is similar to the Alpine one.
National composition of the republic:
There are even Finno-Ugric and Kurds in the republic, although in a very small proportion in relation to the total population - no more than 0.03%.
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Since 1957, the territory has received the status of an autonomous region, and since 1992 - a republic with the capital Cherkessk. It borders on the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, Abkhazia and Georgia.
The republic is home to 466 thousand people. The Karachais (40.67%) and Russians (31.40%) are considered the titular nationalities. Circassians are only 11.82%, and Abazins are even less - 7.73%, Nogais are about 3.28%. The rest of the nationalities are represented by less than 1%.
The ethnic composition of the North Caucasian Federal District in the context of the cities of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic:
Nationality | City, district,% of the population |
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Cherkessk | Karachaevsk | Abazinsky district | Adyge-Khabl district |
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Karachais | ||||
North Ossetia Alania
The territory of the republic is spread out on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus Range. The mountainous strip accounts for 48% of the entire territory. The capital is Vladikavkaz. The total area of the administrative unit is 8 thousand m 2. The area was recognized as a republic in 1936. North Ossetia occupies 4121 km 2. The climate is continental almost everywhere, and on the plains it is predominantly arid.
The republic has 1 urban district and 8 municipal districts. To get to Moscow, you will need to overcome 2 thousand km, and only 200 km to Pyatigorsk.
The climate of the republic is classified as subtropical. There are 130-140 summer days a year. These factors have a beneficial effect on the development of resorts and tourist routes.
According to rough estimates, 706 thousand people live on the territory of the republic. Most of the citizens are in the city. This is about 451 thousand, the rest - in the countryside.
Composition The North Caucasian Federal District in the part of North Ossetia is one of the most multinational territories. In terms of population density, the republic comes after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ingushetia.
About 100 national minorities live here, but Ossetians account for more than 65%. Russians are in second place. There are 21% of them. The third place in the list was taken by the Ingush - 4%.
List of national composition, the number of persons, which exceeds 1 thousand:
Stavropol region
When it comes to this region, one immediately remembers the balneological resorts with which the territory is saturated. There are many health resorts located in different cities: Yessentuki, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk.
Conditionally divided into two climatic zones:
- the northeast resembles semi-desert and desert;
- the northwest is a plain with fertile lands.
In general, the climate of the region can be characterized as temperate continental.
The administrative center of the region is Stavropol, and there are 19 cities in total.
The total area of the administrative unit is 40.9 thousand km 2. The total number of residents is 2.7 million people. The share of townspeople is 8.9%.
The territory is predominantly inhabited by Russians - there are about 2.2 million people. The second on the list are Armenians. There are 161.3 thousand of them on the territory of the Stavropol Territory, which is 5.9%. The third place is taken by the Dargins (as of 2015), previously this position was occupied by the Ukrainians. There are 49.3 thousand Dargins in the region. The fourth largest number of national minorities are Greeks. There are about 1.5% of them here.
Chechnya
The composition of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia is hard to imagine without. She seceded several times from the Russian Federation and the last time she signed an agreement on joining Russia in 2003.
Mostly Chechens live in the republic. There are 1.2 million of them, which is 95.3 percent of the total population. According to Rosstat, the total population of the republic in 2017 is 1,414,865 people.
The rest of the nationalities are represented in rather small numbers:
South and North Caucasian Federal District
Until 2010, these districts were a single territorial unit. According to the government, the allocation of the North Caucasus will allow the new federal district to accelerate the development of the southern regions. This makes it possible to solve economic and ethnopolitical problematic issues.
If we consider the ethnic composition of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, then it is quite variegated. In Dagestan alone, there are about 130 nationalities. In the region, you can find the most unique nationalities and quite small numbers, even within Russia. These are Avars, Dargins, Kabardians and Lezgins, Circassians and Adygs, that is, representatives of the North Caucasian language group. In the republics of these federal districts there are representatives of the Altai people. These are Nogays, Karachais and Balkars. But if we take the general data, then in the two regions Russians still prevail. There are about 62% of them here. This number also includes Ukrainians.
sights
Among the main attractions of the North Caucasian Federal District, one can find natural complexes and architectural monuments: Mount Elbrus, Caucasian dolmens, Dombai-Ulgen, Table Mountain, Karmadon Gorge, the Rock of Christ in Arkhyz, the Terskol River Valley and the Big Azau glacier, Chegem waterfalls, National Elbrus park, Cherek-Balkarskoe gorge and Blue Lakes, Tseyskoe gorge, Kazbek, Fortress-castle "Vovnushki", Naryn-Kala fortress, waterfalls in Dzhegosh gorge, Mountain climatic resort "Dzhily-su", Eagle rocks and waterfalls on Agura, Dry canyon , Belaya River Canyon, Naryn-Kala Fortress
Geographical position
The relief is based on the northwestern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain system. In the northern part, the Main Ridge stretches within the reserve from Fisht in the northwest to Adjara in the southeast. This is an area of predominance of high-mountainous relief, where ancient glacial forms abound: trough valleys in the upper reaches of rivers, kars, circuses, moraines, "sheep's foreheads", etc. Above them are pointed peaks, snowfields, and avalanches are frequent. There are 60 glaciers (tar, hanging-tar, hanging) with a total area of 18.2 km2. In size, these glaciers are small (0.1-1.8 km2). The largest of them is located on the city of Pseashkha - 1.8 km2
Lakes are hidden in mountain basins of various origins. There are more than a hundred of them in the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve. The largest tarn lake of Silence with an area of 200,000 m2 is located at the head of the Imeretinka River at an altitude of 2530 m.
The southern slope, which, according to the natural zoning scheme, is included in the region of the Colchis Mountain Caucasus, is represented by the spurs of the Main and Dividing Ridges. Typical alpine relief and the highest heights are noted in the zone of the Main and Vodorazdelny ridges, as well as on the Aibga ridge separated from them by deep longitudinal river valleys. Here, on the northern slope of Agepsta, there are 4 glaciers with a total area of 1.5 km2. Low-mountain relief with the lowest elevations is confined to the Black Sea coast.
The flora contains about 3000 species of various plants. Forests occupy 163 thousand hectares, with dark conifers predominating, mainly fir. Subalpine and alpine meadows occupy 54.7 thousand hectares, talus, steep slopes and rocks 43.1, reservoirs 1.9, hayfields, roads and other 0.7 thousand hectares.
The fauna of the reserve includes about 70 species of mammals, 226 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, 18 species of reptiles and 6 species of fish.
Climate
The peculiarities of the climate of the North Caucasian Federal District are determined by its geographical position, the proximity of the Black Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea, the complexity and diversity of the relief. It is possible to distinguish climatic zones that largely coincide with the natural zones of the region.
The northern borders of the region are characterized by a moderate continental climate. It is formed mainly by northern and northeastern air masses. Here the average annual temperature is 9C, the average annual precipitation is 520 mm. This part of the region is characterized by dry, hot summers with an average temperature of 20C (rarely the maximum temperature reaches 40C). Frosts start here at the end of September and end at the beginning of April. The average January temperature is 4.2 ° С, the minimum reaches - 33 ° С. Winter with little snow.
The low-mountainous part of the region (at an altitude of 800-1200m) is characterized by a moderately warm climate. In this belt, the average annual air temperature is 8-9 C, the maximum reaches 38C, the minimum is -34C. The average winter air temperature is 3.4C. The average annual rainfall for the north of the region is 650-700 mm.
In the mid-mountainous zone, the climate is moderately humid. Here, on low plateaus, in intermontane basins located at an altitude of 1200-2000 m above sea level, the Rocky and Side ridges play an important role in the formation of the microclimate. They provide reliable protection from cold winds and fogs. penetrating from the northeast and southwest. In this belt there are the Teberda health resorts and the Dombay and Arkhyz tourist centers. Winter lasts about four months here. The first snow usually falls in mid-November, and the snow melts completely by mid-April. The thickness of the snow cover varies from 50 cm to 1.5-2.5 meters. Winter is replete with sunny days when the air warms up to 18C.
The highland climate at an altitude of 2000-4000 m is moderately cold with an average annual temperature of 2-4C and a frost-free period of 80-125 days. Annual precipitation is up to 2000 mm. Snow falls in October-November, melts in June-July.
Administrative-territorial composition of the Southern Federal District: republics of Adygea, Kalmykia. Krasnodar region. Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov regions. The administrative center is Rostov-on-Don.
Administrative-territorial composition of the North Caucasian Federal District: republics: Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Mania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen. Stavropol region.
Territory- 589.2 thousand km 2
Population- 22.9 million people
Administrative center- Pyatigorsk.
The North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) is a new district of the Russian Federation, created on January 19, 2010 by a special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 82 dated January 19, 2010 “On Amending the List of Federal Districts, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000 No. 849, and in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 12, 2008 No. 724 "Questions of the system and structure of federal executive bodies".
In fact, the North Caucasus was separated from the Southern Federal District. The creation of the North Caucasian Federal District should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.
It should be noted that when it was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000, the district was named North Caucasian, but already on June 21 of the same year, by Decree No. 1149, it was renamed into South. The motives for the renaming were geographical reasons: the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia do not belong to the North Caucasus. The Rostov region is conditional.
Currently, the Southern Federal District includes the constituent entities of the Federation belonging to the North Caucasian economic region, as well as the territory of the Lower Volga region (Republic of Kalmykia. Astrakhan and Volgograd regions), which, according to the current zoning grid, belongs to the Volga economic region.
The territory of the North Caucasian Federal District is included in the North Caucasian economic region according to the economic zoning grid.
Let us characterize the features of the location and development of the productive forces of these districts in certain territories: the North Caucasian economic region and the Lower Volga region.
Southern Federal District
Southern Federal District (center - Rostov-on-Don) occupies the south of the East European Plain, the Ciscaucasia and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, accounting for approximately 3.5% of the country's territory. The landscapes of the territory are diverse - semi-desert and steppe plains, mountain ranges, turbulent mountain (Terek) and calm plain (Don, Kuban) rivers, subtropical oases, snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus Mountains.
The Southern Federal District is one of the most densely populated in Russia. It concentrates 15% of the country's population. The district is one of the most multicultural. More than 40 peoples live here, mainly belonging to the Slavic, Nakh-Dagestan and Turkic groups. The clash of dissimilar cultures belonging to different civilizations, the administrative-territorial division of the republics, deportation(forcible resettlement) of many North Caucasian peoples, military actions in the region for two centuries - all this, of course, influenced the severity of interethnic conflicts in the region.
According to natural features, the territory of the district can be divided into four parts: plain steppe, foothill, mountain and lower Volga.
Plain steppe territory stretches from the Don River to the valleys of the Kuban and Terek rivers. This is the main agricultural region, the main granary of Russia. On this territory, there are practically no natural landscapes preserved. Natural and anthropogenic agricultural landscapes, in which natural vegetation is largely replaced by crops.
The land plowing up of steppe landscapes reaches 90%. Mainly grain and industrial crops are grown here.
Due to the fact that the afforestation of agricultural land is a little more than 3% instead of 5-6% according to the accepted norms, the agricultural landscapes of the steppe zone of the district have become very unstable, i.e., prone to active erosion (destruction) of soils, silting of small rivers, and pollution of water bodies.
The agro-industrial complex of the Southern District plays a leading role in the country's economy, determines the specialization of mechanical engineering - the production of agricultural machinery (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Krasnodar), technological equipment for the agro-industrial complex (Krasnodar, Stavropol), as well as the chemical industry - production nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and pesticides (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk).
Food industry also developed everywhere and specializes in the processing of various agricultural raw materials, vegetables and fruits, the production of meat, butter, flour, cereals (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Novocherkassk, etc.).
Shipbuilding development in the Okrug is connected with the implementation of the program "Revival of the Russian Fleet", which provides for the construction of ships of the "river-sea" type, tankers, dry cargo ships (Astrakhan, Volgograd).
Fuel and energy complex specializes in the oil (Dagestanskoye, Groznenskoye, Stavropol, Krasnodarskoye fields), gas (Kubano-Priazovskoye, Stavropolskoye fields, as well as deposits in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions) and the coal industry (the eastern ring of Donbass in the Rostov region) (see atlas map).
Oil refineries are located in Krasnodar, Maikop, Tuapse.
Transport engineering(Novocherkassk) specializes in the production of electric locomotives.
Despite the construction of powerful thermal power plants and the presence of hydroelectric power plants, the region is experiencing a constant shortage of electricity.
Recreational complex The North Caucasus uses the unique natural conditions and resources of the region.
On the Black sea coast famous resorts are located: Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. The subtropical climate, the abundance of the sun, sea bathing, mud and hydrotherapy, the vegetation brought here from all over the world attracts many tourists and vacationers.
Region of the Caucasian [Mineralnye Vody unites the balneological resorts of Yessentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk and is famous for such attractions as the "Castle of Treachery and Love", "Temple of Air", "Blue Lakes", "Dombai", "Blue stones", M. Yu. Lermontov.
Environmental problems of the lower Volga. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Its length from the source to the Caspian Sea is 3530 km.
The modern Volga is actually a chain of huge reservoirs, turning one into another. It is regulated by cascades of eight hydroelectric power plants. Only from Volgograd to the Caspian Sea did the Volga keep its natural course.
The construction of a hydroelectric power station and the creation of reservoirs made it difficult for the natural processes of self-purification of water in the river. In it you can find petroleum products, lead salts, sulfur compounds. The way out of this situation - limiting industrial effluents, installing filters, building treatment facilities - have not yet yielded the desired results. This problem is especially acute in the lower reaches of the Volga.
Environmental situation in the Volga delta assessed by experts as catastrophic. In its lower reaches, harmful substances accumulate from the entire drainage basin of the river. 8-9 km 3 of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged into the Volga every year, which is almost equivalent to the volume of the Tsimlyansk reservoir.
Of all the hydroelectric power plants, only Volgograd and Saratov have devices for passing fish. However, they are weak and require reconstruction. Cascades of hydroelectric power plants reduce the flow of water, which leads to the death of fish. In recent years, the control over enterprises dumping harmful substances into the river has been tightened. However, until now in the Volga water the content of heavy metals, oil products, pesticides, detergents exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). This is especially alarming because the waters of the lower Volga are rich in fish (sturgeon, perch, herring, smelt, carp, pike).
Caspian Sea- the largest lake in the world (368 thousand km 2). It received its modern name in honor of the ancient tribes of the Caspians (horse breeders) who lived in the 1st century. BC e. on its coast. The lowest level of the Caspian Sea (-29 m) was recorded by scientists in 1997. Since 1998, the water level began to rise, now it has reached a mark of -27 m.
Many scientists are engaged in the problem of fluctuations in the water level in the Caspian Sea. According to a number of experts, the main reason is climatic, and it is associated with a decrease in the activity of the Sun and, as a consequence, a decrease in the evaporation of water from the surface of the lake. The average salinity of water in the lake is 11 ‰, that is, each liter of water contains 11 g of salt (in the Azov Sea - 10-12 g, in the Black Sea - from 17 to 22 g).
The flora of the lake is represented by more than 700 species of algae, including green and blue-green algae. The wealth of the Caspian Sea is sturgeon and salmon fish species.
To restore stocks of especially valuable sturgeon fish in the lower reaches of the Volga, eight sturgeon fish hatcheries have been built, where sturgeon juveniles are grown from eggs (Aleksandrovsky, Volgogradsky, Lebyazhy).
North Caucasian economic region
District composition(ten subjects of the federation) - republics: Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Chechen, Dagestan; Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories; Rostov region.
The region stands out among others by the presence of the maximum number of republics in its composition (seven republics).
Conditions for a developed economy. The main wealth of the region is its agro-climatic potential. There are optimal combinations of climatic and soil conditions for the cultivation of most cultivated plants of the temperate zone, as well as for the development of almost all branches of animal husbandry.
The region provides itself with coal from the deposits of the eastern wing of the Donbass. There are reserves of good quality oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores (lead, zinc, tungsten and molybdenum, copper, mercury). There are also significant resources of non-metallic raw materials (barite, rock salt, gypsum, marls, dolomites).
The combination of climatic resources with mountainous terrain, warm sea creates conditions for the development of resorts and various types of tourism.
Population... This is the only region of the country where the population tends to stabilize. In many republics of the region, a fairly high natural increase has been preserved, and the territories of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, and the Rostov Region are the main regions for receiving migrants not only from the national republics of the region, but from the entire post-Soviet space. The average population density is relatively high - 50 people / km 2.
The ethnic composition is very variegated, for example, it is believed that more than 130 ethnic groups live in Dagestan. Representatives of the North Caucasian language family stand out (Adygs, Circassians, Kabardians, Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Laks, Dargins, Lezgins, etc.). Representatives of the Turkic group of the Altai language family (Karachais, Balkars, Nogais, Kumyks) also live in the republics. Ossetians belong to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Russians are predominant in the region as a whole (62%), but their share in the national republics decreases from the west (Adygea - 68%) to the east (Dagestan - 9%). Among the Slavic peoples, the percentage of Ukrainians is high.
The urban population is approaching 10 million people, or more than 55% of the total (the lowest in the Russian Federation). Largest cities: Rostov-on-Don (1 million people), Krasnodar (640 thousand people). Rural settlements are numerous. Very large stanitsas (more than 25-30 thousand people) are characteristic of the flat territories.
The North Caucasian region as a whole is provided with labor resources.
Household. The role of the North Caucasian region in the economic complex of the country is determined by the agro-industrial complex and the recreational complex.
Agro-industrial complex. The region occupies a leading position in the country as the largest producer of rice, sunflower, corn, grapes, tea, fruits and berries, wool. It stands out for the production of grain crops (Krasnodar Territory gives more than 10% of Russian grain) and sugar beet (2nd place in the country), vegetables (4th place), milk (5th place), meat (4th place) ... Almost all agricultural products are processed locally. In some cases, the capacity of enterprises Food Industry so large that they allow using not only local raw materials (for example, the sugar industry processes imported raw sugar).
Industry. In Soviet times, the district was one of the largest in the country in terms of agricultural engineering(Rostov, Taganrog, Krasnodar), but the economic crisis has sharply reduced the performance of this industry. Other areas of mechanical engineering include the production of electric locomotives (Novocherkassk), nuclear reactors (Volgodonsk), and steam boilers (Taganrog). A small number of equipment for the food and chemical industries is produced.
Now the leading positions are held by chemistry(fertilizers - Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk, organic chemistry - Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Budennovsk, Volgodonsk).
The power industry is mainly represented by large thermal power plants. In connection with the commissioning of the Rostov NPP in 2001, the importance of nuclear energy has sharply increased.
Transport. The transit position of the region determines the development of almost all types of transport. The region is home to Russia's largest oil port - Novorossiysk. Highways and railways pass through the region, connecting the country with the south of Ukraine, Georgia, via a ferry with Turkey.
The main problems and development prospects. An analysis of the current economic situation in Russia shows a clearly pronounced trend towards a decrease in production volumes in most sectors of the economy. In the North Caucasus, this tendency, common for all regions, is exacerbated by the complex political situation and armed conflicts. The cessation of hostilities on the territory of the region, the establishment of peace and stability in the region is the main task of the further economic and social development of the North Caucasian economic region.
The development prospects include the most effective use of favorable natural and climatic factors of the region's balneological resources for the development of resort areas and their transformation into resorts of world importance, zones of domestic and foreign tourism.
Lower Volga region
This is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main branches of specialization are oil production and oil refining, gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main area for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important areas for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, vegetables and melons, a major supplier of wool, meat, fish.
. The natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga valley, which turns into the Caspian lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation of a large-scale industry in the Volga basin that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture, which uses large amounts of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed away into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power plants has a negative impact on the river and creates an ecological disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia. On the territory of the region there are oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland in the lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; these lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, magnesium salts.
Population. The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its variegated ethnic composition. A significant share in the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia is occupied by Kalmyks - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd exceeds one million inhabitants. The lowest population density is in Kalmykia; here is the smallest proportion of the urban population.
The economy of the district. The region produces oil and gas. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.
Refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.
The power industry of the region is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power plant and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed machine-building complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.
In Volgograd, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed, the largest enterprises are JSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant, an aluminum plant. The vast resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which provides 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemicals.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fisheries concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar-balych association, a number of large fish processing plants, a naval base, a fishing fleet ("Kasprybkholod-fleet"), conducting expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon fish and a net knitting factory. In agricultural production, the branches of specialization are the cultivation of vegetables, melons and gourds, sunflower; in animal husbandry - sheep breeding.
Transport and economic communications. The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetables and melons, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity freight traffic.
River, rail and pipeline transport is well developed in the region.
Intra-districtdifferences. The lower Volga region includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd regions and Kalmykia. The lower Volga region is a subdistrict of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is the most important agricultural region with a developed grain economy, beef and sheep breeding, as well as the production of rice, vegetables, melons and gourds and fisheries.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where in the diversified complex the largest share are mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries.
Main problems and development prospects. The degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant pasture cattle breeding, is one of the main environmental problems in the region. Environmental damage was caused by industrial emissions and transport of water and fish resources in the region. The solution to the problem is possible on the basis of the implementation of the target federal program "Caspian", the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.
One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which has been provided with a number of tax benefits and financing. The development prospects of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular, on the shelf of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Oil Company (KOC) has been established, which will be engaged in exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
The district was formed by separation from the Southern Federal District by the Decree of the President of Russia dated January 19, 2010. The district includes seven constituent entities of the Federation, including one territory - Stavropol and six republics: the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic (Table 5.9).
Table 5.9
Composition of the North Caucasian Federal District
|
Population, thousand people |
Largest cities |
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|
The Republic of Dagestan |
Makhachkala, Khasavyort, Derbent, Kaspiysk |
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|
The Republic of Ingushetia |
Magas, Nazran, Malgobek, Kara-Bulakh |
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|
Kabardino-Balkar Republic |
Nalchik, Cool, Baksan |
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|
Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
Cherkessk, Ust-Dzheguta, Kara-chaevsk |
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|
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania |
Vladikavkaz, Mozdok, Beslan |
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|
Chechen Republic |
Grozny, Urus-Martan, Shali |
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|
Stavropol |
Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Nevin-nomyssk, Kislovodsk |
The North Caucasus Federal District is the only federal district in which there is not a single region, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not have an absolute majority of the district's population. It is considered the most multinational region of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district, the city of Pyatigorsk-V, is neither the administrative center of the subject included in the district nor the largest city in the district, but is part of the large Caucasian-Minera-Lovodsk agglomeration.
Geographical position, borders and natural resources of the North Caucasus Federal District.
The okrug is located in the southern part of European Russia, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus. In the south it is protected by the Main Caucasian ridge, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.
The North Caucasus Federal District borders on such countries as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, as well as on such subjects of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Kalmykia, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Territory. The administrative center of the district is Pyatigorsk.
The region has large reserves of natural and mineral resources - oil, gas, coal, copper, non-ferrous metals, polymetals, iron ores and construction materials.
In addition, it has a unique complex of balneological resources, which includes mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and therapeutic mud. Approximately 1/3 of all Russian mineral water resources and more than 70% of the country's thermal water reserves are concentrated here.
Economic indicators of the development of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District. Since the end of the XX century. the bulk of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, now part of the North Caucasian Federal District, found themselves in the groups of regions most susceptible to the economic crisis. By the beginning of the XXI century. the volume of industrial production in this district has decreased to 17-24% (compared to 1990), while on average in Russia this figure was 48%! ... In the 2000s. there is an economic growth in some subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, but the improvement of their socio-economic situation is achieved very slowly. At the same time, the main contribution to the creation of VRI is made by such spheres as wholesale and retail trade - 21.1%, agriculture - 13.1%, construction - 12.2%, public administration - 11.6%. The share of manufacturing in GRPV is 9.1%.
The unemployment rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is characterized as high. As a whole in the district, its value is 13%, and in some republics it reaches 44%. There are hidden unemployment and a significant proportion of the population working in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In the main part of the sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, labor productivity is below the national average. These circumstances are combined with the low standard of living of the population.
The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Chechen Republic are characterized as highly subsidized. The share of federal budget funds transferred to provide assistance to the subjects of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasus Federal District reaches 70-80% in some regional budgets.