Barrier contraception includes various methods of contraception that have been known for decades. The phenomenon of this protection is that it is possible to prevent unwanted pregnancy.
Over time, the situation turned towards new medicines, namely intrauterine devices and hormonal drugs. But in addition to their effectiveness, they are rich in the presence of various complications and contraindications, and do not carry protection against possible ones. This is precisely what does not reduce the popularity of barrier methods of contraception, where there is an opportunity to put serious protection for STIs and STDs.
Today, there are both male (condom, as a contraceptive) and female methods of barrier contraception. As for the latter, among them it is worth highlighting the following:
- Spermicidal suppositories.
- Diaphragms.
- Spermicidal lubricants and gels.
- Female condoms (femidon)
- Cervical contraceptive cap.
- Spermicidal sponges.
Barrier contraception can be chemical or mechanical. Sometimes their principle of operation can be combined with each other.
The failure rate or Pearl index is a statistical measure of the effectiveness of contraception (the number of pregnancies in 100 women during the year when using the method). Moreover, what is most interesting, the lower the indicator, the more effective the contraceptive. Barrier methods of contraception give an indicator in the range of 5-28.
The most effective is the usual male condom, which accounts for up to 10 pregnancies out of 100 cases of application of the drug during the year. The rest of the barrier methods of contraception are even less effective due to the peculiarities of the female reproductive system, and their use is characterized by 20 pregnancies out of 100 cases of use.
What are spermicides
Spermicides are chemical agents that inactivate sperm trapped in the vagina and prevent it from passing into the uterus. Like any other method of contraception, this type of contraception has its positive and negative sides. In any case, spermicides help protect against many sexually transmitted diseases. This, gonorrhea as well. In addition, the funds reduce the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease in women.
The most famous chemical constituents that are the basis of spermicides are octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride, menfegol and nonoxynol-9.
Spermicidal vaginal suppositories and tablets
Now on sale you can find various or, which are inserted into the vaginal opening a few minutes before the start of intercourse. With each subsequent intercourse, you must use a new suppository.
Suppositories are a very convenient dosage form, especially if a local effect on the organs of the genitourinary system is required. Contrary to popular belief, they are used not only to eliminate gynecological problems, but also to eliminate infections transmitted ...
Today, the most famous are:
- Patentex Oval is a vaginal contraceptive with spermicidal action
- Nonoxynol - spermicidal contraceptive
- Benatex - vaginal spermicidal contraceptive
- Pharmatex is a spermicide-based vaginal contraceptive
Vaginal protection
For aerosol foam, gel or cream, these products are used either alone or in conjunction with the caps or diaphragm.
Barrier contraception is the creation of a mechanical or chemical barrier in the path of sperm to the egg in order to prevent pregnancy. Compared to other methods of contraception, barrier drugs have a significant advantage, since they reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, as well as their complications (infertility, inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, cervical cancer, etc.).
Barrier contraceptives are divided into male (condoms) and female. The latter include:
Female condoms
Vaginal diaphragms
Cervical caps
Spermicides (suppositories, balls, tablets, pastes, films, gels, sponges)
Barrier contraception is indicated:
Nursing mothers
Women with contraindications to hormonal and intrauterine contraceptives
Women at increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases
Women who are sexually active rarely and irregularly
Women using other contraceptives during casual sex
Women with partners who ejaculate quickly (a condom works best)
There are male and female condoms.
Female condoms[they also use the term femid, from a combination of English. the words female (female) and condom (condom)] are made from polyurethane or latex (the latter appeared recently). The female condom looks like a tube up to 8 cm in diameter and 17-18 cm long with rings at both ends, the inner (smaller) is inserted into the vagina like a diaphragm (see below), and the second (larger) remains outside, covering the labia.
Benefits of the female condom:
A woman becomes independent from a man in terms of pregnancy prevention
The microflora of the vagina is not disturbed and its mucous membrane is not damaged
The use of a female condom does not depend on the degree of erection of the penis
A female condom can be inserted into the vagina a few hours before intercourse (many do not like male condoms, because during lovemaking they have to be distracted by putting them on)
Can be left in the vagina for up to 10 hours (the male condom is removed immediately after intercourse)
When used correctly, the female condom reliably protects against unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
Provides additional security by covering the external genitalia
There are no contraindications for use
If you are allergic to latex, a polyurethane female condom can be used
Indicated for semen allergy
Disadvantages of female condoms include high cost and low availability (not available in all pharmacies).
Condoms are packaged with water-based or silicone-based lubricants to make them easier to use. However, some vapors prefer to use more lubricant. In cases where latex condoms are used, glycerin and special contraceptive gels can be used; you cannot use petroleum jelly, animal and vegetable oils, fats, creams, as they drastically reduce their strength.
The strength of condoms is influenced by: conditions and shelf life, quality of packaging. These factors must be strictly observed, since with prolonged storage, the condom becomes less elastic, more fragile and breaks easily! In some developed countries, long-life polyurethane plastic condoms have emerged that retain their strength when exposed to oil-based lubricants.
Benefits of male condoms:
Protect against sexually transmitted diseases (condoms are recommended for vaginal, oral and anal intercourse)
Effective (when used correctly) and available without a doctor's prescription
Maintain an erection (if you have erection problems)
The only possible contraceptive method if you are allergic to semen and for the treatment of infertility due to antibodies to semen
Prevention of infertility caused by the consequences of inflammatory diseases of the genitals
Disadvantages of male condoms:
Reduce the severity of sensations in men and women during intercourse
Additional Condom Use Action Required
Possible irritation in the vulva and vagina
Possible allergic reactions to latex
Vaginal diaphragm is a dome-shaped device, most often made of latex, and supplemented by an external thin flexible rim containing a metal spring. The rim facilitates the insertion of the diaphragm into the vagina and keeps it in the correct position. The dome of the diaphragm closes the cervix, preventing sperm from entering. Before use, the vaginal diaphragm is recommended to be washed with warm water and soap or a disinfectant; spermicide treatment (lubricate the inner surface and rim) increases the effectiveness of contraception. The diaphragm is inserted before sexual intercourse, removed after 6-8 hours, which is necessary to increase efficiency and reduce the possibility of sperm penetration into the fallopian tubes. It is removed no later than 24 hours after administration. This is very important, as cases of toxic shock have been described when the diaphragm remained in the vagina for more than 36 hours. The diameter of the ring is from 50 to 105 mm. Therefore, the doctor selects the diaphragm individually, which is suitable in shape (the ring can be flat, twisted and arcuate) and size, and teaches a woman to independently insert it into the vagina so that it completely covers the cervix.
Benefits of a vaginal diaphragm:
Ease of use and affordability
Reusable
Reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer
Disadvantages of a vaginal diaphragm:
Poor potency (but as good as condom use when used correctly)
Possible allergic reaction to latex
Delay in urination (the diaphragm squeezes the urethra);
Risk of urinary tract infection
Changes the microflora of the vagina
The need for manipulation of the vagina before intercourse
An improperly fitted diaphragm can cause abdominal pain
Contraindications for the use of the vaginal diaphragm:
Chronic inflammatory diseases of the genital organs (the diaphragm can provoke an exacerbation of the disease)
Prolapse of the uterus and vaginal walls, decreased tone of the pelvic floor muscles
Capacious vagina (diaphragm falls out)
Suspected pregnancy
The postpartum period and condition after abortion
Pathological changes in the cervix
Cervical (cervical) caps have the shape of a bowl. In contrast to the vaginal diaphragm, the diameter of the cervical cap is much smaller. Before insertion, the cap is filled one third with spermicide. The cap is held in the right place thanks to a peculiar suction effect. The recommendations for the use of the caps are the same as for the vaginal diaphragm. Until it becomes clear that the cap is fitted correctly and does not move, it is recommended to additionally use other methods of contraception, in particular, condoms. There are several types of caps (Kafka, Prentifa, Tsumasa). The cap is inserted before sexual intercourse, remains in the vagina for 6-8 hours, should not stay for more than 36-48 hours (24 hours are considered optimal). After each intercourse, the woman needs to check the position of the cap. Only a doctor can choose the most suitable cap, taking into account the size of the cervix, past and existing diseases of the genital organs. The advantages, disadvantages of using cervical caps, as well as contraindications for use, storage and handling conditions are the same as for vaginal diaphragms.
Barrier method contraception - protection from unwanted pregnancy by preventing sperm from entering the vagina or cervix mechanical (condoms, vaginal diaphragms and caps) or by chemical (spermicides). The combination of these two paths is called combined, for example, a combination of spermicides with diaphragms, condoms, caps, etc. There are the following types of barrier contraceptives: male - condoms, preventing the access of sperm into the vagina and female - diaphragms, caps, spermicides, preventing the flow of sperm from the vagina into the uterine cavity. Barrier methods contraception protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. These contraceptives practically do not have an adverse effect on the body of women and men, but at the same time, modern hormonal drugs are 10-20 times less effective.
Condoms
The most common mechanical the barrier contraceptive is the CONDOM. The male CONDOM is a thin case made of latex, vinyl, polyurethane, etc. Advantages:
- Fast effect.
- The ability to use in combination with other contraceptives.
- Wide availability (in pharmacies and non-medical institutions).
- Sold without a prescription and do not require a medical examination before use.
- Low cost.
- Promote male involvement in family planning.
- The only family planning method that provides protection against sexually transmitted diseases (Latex and vinyl only).
- May lengthen erection time and time to ejaculation (ejaculation).
- May help prevent cervical cancer by protecting the cervix from sexually transmitted microorganisms that contribute to the development of cancer. These include herpes simplex virus, papilloma virus and chlamydia virus.
Flaws:
- Low contraceptive efficiency (3-14 pregnancies per 100 women per year), modern hormonal drugs are 10-20 times less effective.
- Requires use during every intercourse
- May reduce sexual feelings
- Having an adequate supply of condoms
- Possible allergic reactions to latex, spermicides and lubricants
- in need of immediate contraception;
- having rare sexual intercourse when a safety method is needed;
- if you have more than one sexual partner.
- with regular sex life, preferring a long-term method of contraception;
- if you are allergic to the materials used to make condoms;
- women whose age, number of births or health problems make pregnancy dangerous;
- if it is impossible to use condoms during each sexual intercourse.
The condom must be placed on the erection of the penis before it is inserted into the woman's vagina, because the released lubricant contains active sperm. Condoms should be used that follow the contours of the erect penis, with a pocket-like end (accumulator) intended for the outflow of semen. Putting on a condom should be very careful when the foreskin is as far as possible from the head of the penis. In no case should the product be pre-untwisted. It must be applied to the head of the penis and pulled over the penis with smooth movements. If a condom without a storage device is used, then it should not be put on completely, but should be left at the end of 1–2 cm for semen. Mineral oils, edible fats, creams or petroleum jelly should not be used for lubrication, as they destroy the material from which condoms are made. Spermicides or special gels are most suitable for lubrication. After ejaculation, holding the condom by the base (ring), the penis is removed from the vagina while it is still erect. This prevents the condom from slipping and getting sperm on the woman's genitals. Each condom should only be used once. Do not use expired condoms.
If the condom breaks or there is a suspicion of a violation of its integrity, use emergency contraception... The types of emergency contraception are:
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| It should be noted that condoms for women are already being produced, marketed and used in some countries. It is longer and wider than the male one, made of elastic polyurethane plastic, and is a cylinder 15 cm long and 7 cm in diameter, one of the ends of which is closed and contains a fixing ring. The female condom must be inserted into the vagina some time before intercourse. Due to imperfect design and high cost, it has not yet received widespread use. At the same time, presumably, further developments with the aim of improving the condom for women will continue. Using it, a woman will not depend on a man in this matter and will be calm about her health. |
Diaphragms
For a young woman who regularly has sex with one partner, the use of DIAPHRAGM is quite acceptable - mechanical a barrier contraceptive made of latex rubber, dome-shaped with a diameter of 50-105 mm. At the base of the dome is a flat, spiral or arc-shaped rubber-coated metal spring. A diaphragm is inserted into the vagina, the spring rests against its walls and thus the cervix is closed, preventing sperm from entering the uterine cavity. The diaphragm is especially effective in combination with spermicidal agents, because with combined use, in addition to enhancing the contraceptive effect, there is also the effect of lubrication for the introduction of the diaphragm. Advantages:
- Fast effect.
- No effect on breastfeeding.
- No need to insert the diaphragm immediately before intercourse (can be entered 6 hours before intercourse).
- No side effects.
Flaws:
- The need for use during each intercourse. Before each next one, a new dose of spermicide should be administered.
- A gynecological examination is required for the initial and postpartum diaphragm fitting.
- It is possible that a urinary tract infection occurs if the rules of personal hygiene are not followed (through dirty hands).
- Should not be removed within 6 hours of intercourse.
- A spermicide must be used every time the diaphragm is used.
Contraindications for using the diaphragm:
- individual intolerance to the material from which the diaphragm and spermicide are made;
- the presence of a chronic urinary tract infection;
- pain in the perineum between intercourse;
- the first 12 weeks after childbirth;
- menstruation or uterine bleeding during the intermenstrual period.
Using a diaphragm is possible: Using a diaphragm is not recommended: women whose age, number of births or health problems make pregnancy dangerous; if it is impossible to use during each intercourse. The selection of the diaphragm by size is carried out by a gynecologist. The diaphragm is used during every intercourse. Before its introduction, it is emptied bladder, hands are washed. The integrity of the diaphragm is checked by filling it with water. Then, a small amount of spermicidal cream or gel is squeezed into the diaphragm cup. It is used as follows: the edges of the diaphragm are brought together, one of the positions is taken (lying on the back or squatting, one leg is raised on a chair), inserted deep into the vagina behind the pubic bone. After that, a finger is inserted into the vagina and the cervix is felt, it is checked whether it is completely closed. The diaphragm is inserted no earlier than 6 hours before intercourse. After intercourse, it must also remain in the vagina for at least 6 hours (but not more than 24 hours). Before each subsequent sexual intercourse, additional administration of spermicide is required. Removed with a finger at the front edge. If necessary, a finger is inserted between the diaphragm and the pubic bone before removal to disrupt the suction effect. After use, the diaphragm is washed with soap and water, dried, and stored in a special box.
Caps
The CAP is a small diaphragm that only covers the cervix. The caps are made of rubber and have different sizes. Selected by a gynecologist.
Advantages:
- Possible introduction 6 hours before sexual intercourse.
Suitable for women who cannot use a diaphragm. Flaws:
- Low contraceptive efficiency (6-20 pregnancies per 100 women per year).
- A pelvic examination is required for initial and postpartum cap fitting.
- Inconvenience of insertion into the vagina.
- The need for the simultaneous use of spermicides.
Contraindications for using the cap:
- individual intolerance to the material from which the cap and spermicide are made;
- anatomical changes in the vagina (narrowing, developmental abnormalities);
- pain in the perineum between intercourse;
- the first 12 weeks after childbirth;
- menstruation or intermenstrual uterine bleeding.
The use of the cap is possible: in women who do not want or cannot use hormonal birth control pills or IUDs; in nursing mothers who have rare sexual intercourse. The use of the cap is not recommended: women whose age, number of births or health problems make pregnancy dangerous; if it is impossible to use during each intercourse. Caps and a diaphragm are used in combination with spermicides, which enhance the contraceptive effect, protect against some sexually transmitted diseases and solve the problem of vaginal dryness, which is often in lactating women. Currently, vaginal diaphragms and caps with a view contraception are used extremely rarely due to the availability of more effective and safer methods.
Spermicide
SPERMICIDES - substances (benzene chloride, nonoxilone-9), partially or completely inactivating, or destroying sperm. Refer to chemical barrier means contraception... Usually used in combination with other contraceptives, such as diaphragms, caps, condoms... Release form:
- aerosol (foam) ;
- vaginal tablets and suppositories, films ;
- cream, gel .
Vaginal lips
Vaginal sponges (small pads, oval in shape, measuring 2.5x5.0 cm, made of synthetic fiber and impregnated with spermicide - nonoxilone-9) have a combined effect: mechanical and chemical, and belong to combined barrier means contraception... Vaginal sponges prevent sperm from entering the cervical canal, retaining sperm in the sponge, and also release a spermicidal substance. Mechanism of action: destruction of the sperm membrane, which reduces their mobility and the ability to fertilize an egg. Advantages:
- Fast effect.
- No effect on breastfeeding.
- Ease of use.
- Additional hydration (lubrication) during intercourse.
- Do not require a preliminary medical examination (a doctor's consultation is advisable when choosing any remedy contraception, but this method does not apply to mandatory consultation).
- They have antibacterial activity against many microorganisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases.
- Many spermicides have no effect on pregnancy. are topical preparations.
Flaws:
- Low contraceptive activity (6-26 pregnancies per 100 women per year).
- The need to use during every intercourse.
- Vaginal tablets, suppositories must be inserted 10-15 minutes before intercourse, otherwise the contraceptive effect decreases.
- Each injection of spermicide is effective only for 2-6 hours (vaginal sponge - 24 hours).
- You must have a contraceptive before intercourse.
- Irritation of the vaginal mucosa or the skin of the penis is possible.
- Spermicide should not be used during breastfeeding or pregnancy.
Contraindications for the use of spermicides:
- individual intolerance to spermicide.
The use of spermicides is possible: in women who do not want or cannot use hormonal birth control pills or intrauterine devices; in nursing mothers who have rare sexual intercourse. The use of spermicides is not recommended: women whose age, number of births or health problems make pregnancy dangerous; if it is impossible to use during each intercourse; women with genital anomalies Spermicide selection:
- Aerosols (foams) and vaginal sponges are effective immediately after insertion.
- Vaginal tablets and suppositories require injection 15 minutes before intercourse.
- Spermicidal creams and gels are commonly used only in combination with a diaphragm, cap, or condom.
How to inject spermicides correctlyAerosol (foam) is introduced as follows: The container is shaken 20-30 times before use. It is placed vertically and an applicator is put on the valve, which is retracted to the side to be filled with foam. In the supine position, the applicator is inserted into the vagina so that its end is near or in contact with the cervix. The trigger is pulled and the foam is released. There is no need to wait for the action (the effect occurs immediately). After use, the applicator must be washed with warm water and soap, rinsed and dried. Vaginal tablets and suppositories or film are introduced as follows: The vaginal tablet, suppository or film is removed from the package. Lying on your back, it is inserted deep into the vagina. You need to wait 10-15 minutes before starting intercourse. Cream, gel: squeezed into the applicator before filling. The applicator is inserted into the vagina so that its tip is near or in contact with the cervix. The release is pressed and the content is entered. There is no need to wait for the start of the action (the effect occurs immediately). After use, the applicator must be washed with warm water and soap, rinsed and dried. Vaginal lips The sponge is removed from the package. Before insertion into the vagina, the sponge should be moistened with two tablespoons of water and squeezed out until foam appears. In the supine position, it is inserted deep into the vagina up to the cervix. The effect occurs immediately and lasts for 24 hours, i.e. the sponge can be used with multiple intercourses. Discard the sponge after use. |
Spermicides are substances that partially or completely inactivate or destroy sperm.
This proven method of preventing unwanted pregnancy is one of the most popular among the people. It is based on the fact that it creates an insurmountable obstacle to the entry of ejaculate into the uterine cavity, where the mature egg is located. A barrier method of contraception is carried out by chemical or mechanical means. A combination of these is also possible.
These methods are also subdivided into male and female. Such contraceptives are among the most reliable. Many of them protect not only from unwanted fertilization, but also from sexually transmitted infections. A huge advantage of barrier methods of contraception is their safety for the body of both partners. They are very easy to use and are suitable for those people who do not live a regular intimate life. In addition, if a woman has decided to become a mother, she simply abandons them.
Barrier method of contraception
These are very reliable contraceptives, the mode of action of which is based on preventing ejaculate from reaching the cervix or destroying sperm on the way to it. Most are intended for use by women, but there are also male barrier contraception methods.
Of course, like any means of preventing pregnancy, they require care and accuracy in use.
They are especially popular among very young people who are just entering into sexual activity. This method of contraception helps them prepare for further sexual intercourse and, over time, choose other methods of contraception.
If a woman wants to have offspring, she can simply refuse such contraceptives.
It is necessary to start the story about barrier methods of contraception with their classification.
These include:
- female and male condoms;
- mechanical means (vaginal diaphragms and vaginal caps);
- chemical methods of protection (spermicides).
These barrier methods of contraception effectively prevent unwanted pregnancy and completely prevent any infection from entering the body. Most often they are based on preventing any contact of the sperm with the egg.
Chemical methods affect the ejaculate, depriving it of its appropriate strength. They are very useful for women in the period after childbirth, abortion, during breastfeeding, etc. Of course, hormonal contraceptives are more reliable, but they have a number of contraindications and side effects that barrier methods are devoid of.
Condoms
They have extremely simple properties, since they block the passage of ejaculate into the uterine cavity. Most of the products come in the form of a latex sheath that fits over a man's penis. But some women, wishing to additionally insure themselves, use spermicides at the same time.
Condoms have long been very popular among the people. Their huge advantage is:
- no need for additional protection methods;
- reliability;
- the ability to use only when necessary;
- convenience for a man;
- availability;
- protection against sexually transmitted diseases;
- lack of side effects on the female body, etc.
Male condom is quite inexpensive. It can be used even by very young people who are just having sex. This product is very simple and easy to use.
If casual sexual contact has occurred, the double benefit is that partners do not have to worry about contracting any infections.
Of course, some people have an individual intolerance to latex, but the overwhelming majority perceives it as normal. Unlike the use of hormonal contraceptives, male condoms do not have any negative effect on a woman's body.
Their big advantage is that:
- They do not have a harmful effect on the organism of both partners;
- you can use this method for years;
- the male condom has practically no contraindications;
- they are always commercially available;
- for their application, you do not need a specialist consultation;
- there is a large selection of different types that are most convenient for a couple;
- a male condom protects a woman from the development of inflammatory processes;
- it protects both partners from infection;
- can be used for unplanned intercourse.
This is why most people settle for this method of barrier contraception. Many have a stock of such contraception at home or carry them with them in case of an unplanned intimate meeting.
However, it is necessary to carefully monitor the safety of the condom and adherence to its expiration date. Product rupture is the most common cause of emergency contraception and abortion. For the same reason, you need to buy them only from trusted and reliable manufacturing firms.
Female condom no less convenient. It is a polyurethane cover, about twenty centimeters long and about eight wide. At the extremities, it has dense rings. The wide one is placed in the vagina, and the narrower one covers the entrance to the cervix. The sensation when using it is similar to that experienced by a woman when she places a tampon inside to protect against discharge during her period. Partners do not feel constraint and tension, such a tool allows you to feel the fullness of pleasant feelings.
This is a very reliable barrier method of contraception, the effectiveness rate of which is close to one hundred percent. As already mentioned, it is able to protect against infectious diseases as well. Female condoms do not leave any complications or long-term consequences. In addition, they do not prevent a man from experiencing the full range of sensations.
Their other advantages are a high degree of effectiveness, the possibility of using them for allergic reactions to hormonal drugs and breastfeeding.
When switching to combined oral contraceptives, female condoms can be used for the first time for greater reliability. They are inexpensive and always available at the pharmacy. The pricing policy for them is very democratic, so that these contraceptives are available even to young people. Before using them, you do not need to consult a gynecologist.
In addition, they allow you to coordinate with your partner the possibility of expanding the family.
Mechanical means
This barrier method of contraception also has several advantages.
These include:
- no need for constant presence inside the body;
- simplicity;
- convenience for those who do not have a permanent sexual partner;
- reliability;
- lack of side effects, etc.
All this makes these types of barrier methods of contraception very convenient, safe and easy to use. In addition, they are always available in the assortment of any pharmacy.
However, some people point out some of their shortcomings. These include insufficiently high reliability, the need to replace before each new sexual intercourse, a decrease in female libido, or the possibility of developing individual intolerance to the substances from which they are made.
Cervical caps have the shape of a specially curved sphere, which is inserted directly into the vagina and completely prevents ejaculate from penetrating into the cervix. In appearance, they partly resemble a thimble.
Usually these contraceptives are made of elastic latex or silicone. They are very small in size and, when inserted, stick to the inner walls. Such a remedy reliably protects against sexually transmitted diseases.
In addition, it is a very gentle barrier method that does not have any negative effect on the uterus and ovaries, which protects them from inflammatory processes.
You can use the cervical caps for a short time, getting rid of them at any suitable time. Therefore, if a woman decides to become a mother, nothing can prevent her from realizing such an intention.
In order to find the right barrier contraceptive, you need to visit a gynecologist. He will examine the woman, identify possible contraindications and side effects, and in addition, explain in detail the principles of using the vaginal cap. This contraceptive must be placed very precisely, in the immediate vicinity of the cervix, otherwise the degree of its reliability is sharply reduced.
Diaphragms similar in shape, but at one end they are fixed with a metal bracket. They are usually available in different sizes to effectively prevent unwanted pregnancies.
These barrier contraceptives are easy to use. Their indications for use with caps are similar. They are usually inserted into the vagina shortly before intimate contact and removed after six hours. Under special circumstances, the period may be extended up to a day, but not longer. If there are multiple sexual contacts, it is better to combine the use of a diaphragm with spermicides.
Another advantage is that it can be reused if desired. It should be well disinfected and placed in rubbing alcohol for half an hour.
However, the use of a diaphragm also has its drawbacks. These include:
- The possibility of developing allergic reactions;
- structural features of the vagina and cervix, which reduce the reliability of this product;
- discomfort after use;
- undesirability of application within three months after childbirth.
Mechanical methods of barrier contraception are not completely reliable. But they are very comfortable and they are selected according to the corresponding dimensions of the vagina, which makes intercourse especially comfortable. But first you need to consult a gynecologist. Independent actions without a doctor's instructions will lead to unwanted pregnancy and the development of inflammatory processes.
Chemical barrier methods of contraception
At the heart of chemical barrier methods of contraception are spermicides that prevent the ejaculate from interacting with the egg. Sperm are immobilized and cannot reach the cervix. Most often, nonoxynol-9i or benzalkonium are present in such contraceptives.
Chemical methods of contraception are very aggressive on sperm, practically destroying their cell membrane. In this state, they become completely unsuitable for conception.
It must be borne in mind that contact with any pharmacological substance that enters the body can cause side effects. They often become headache, runny nose, burning sensation when urinating, aching joints or nausea. If this happens, it is advisable to thoroughly wash yourself, refuse sexual intercourse and visit a doctor.
Chemical methods of contraception must be strictly coordinated with a specialist. In addition, it is advisable not to forget to apply them before each intercourse.
They are most reliable when combined with other contraceptives.
Spermicides are very convenient:
- With rare sexual intercourse;
- in mature age ladies;
- for use during the premenopausal period;
- at the very beginning of taking combined oral contraceptives, when there is still no complete confidence in the full effect of drugs on the body;
- during a break in taking other pharmacological agents, with a temporary refusal from the IUD, etc.
All this makes chemical barrier methods of contraception very effective and convenient. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that spermicides have a relatively low reliability, the need to reapply them before each new sexual intercourse, as well as some teratogenicity.
It is necessary to talk about the most commonly used types of spermicides.
Tablets and candles inserted into the vagina. They are placed as close to the cervix as possible. After that, you should wait a quarter of an hour until the product is completely dissolved. The essence of its effect lies in the fact that the mucus becomes so viscous that, in essence, it turns into a lump that completely blocks the entrance. In addition, it forms a reliable barrier around its perimeter. This makes them a very reliable contraceptive. There is no way for the ejaculate to penetrate such a powerful barrier.
Foam used after vigorous shaking. It comes with a special applicator, which must be filled and inserted into the vagina. The action begins immediately. The device with which the contraceptive is placed inside can be used many times, having previously sterilized it.
The foam has a number of indisputable advantages, including ease of use, exclusion of the threat of infection with sexually transmitted diseases. This is a very important circumstance, since the human papillomavirus, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis and Trichomonas can cause serious complications.
The use of foam does not in any way affect the general hormonal background of a woman and her metabolism. This contraceptive can be used even while breastfeeding. Its use is especially indicated for mature women during the premenopausal period, since it has a beneficial effect on the vaginal mucosa, intensively moisturizing it.
Foam is always available in the assortment of any pharmacy and can be purchased without a prescription from a doctor.
Cream or jelly are also placed in a special applicator and inserted into the vagina. The effect of their presence develops immediately. When using this type of spermicide, you need to remember that it is advisable to combine them with other contraceptives. With the simultaneous use of a condom, the reliability of protection against unwanted pregnancy is one hundred percent.
In addition, it is worth taking into account the calendar methods, since during the ovulation phase spermicides may be ineffective. At this time, it is desirable to apply the method of interrupted intercourse.
Film inserted into the vagina as deep as possible. Then you need to wait a quarter of an hour until the effect of the contraceptive becomes maximum. It persists for sixty minutes. During this time, the chemicals underlying the contraceptive have a dramatic negative effect on the sperm. They destroy their cellular structure and practically destroy them in just a few seconds.
It is very important to carefully study the instructions that came with the film. If used improperly, an unwanted pregnancy may occur.
Sponge treated with spermicides combines the properties of a mechanical and chemical barrier method of contraception. That is, it can be called combined means. It is inserted as close to the cervix as possible before the most intimate contact. They only use it once. Before a new intercourse, a new one should be introduced.
The sponge not only destroys the structure of the sperm, but also has a detrimental effect on viruses, bacteria and fungi. Nonoxynol and benzalkonium chloride also destroy mycoplasma, Trichomonas, chlamydia, ureaplasma and other pathogenic microflora. A reliable barrier is created from any negative influences on the female genital area.
It is advisable to use a sponge with spermicides for women who are sexually experienced enough. Therefore, it is especially recommended for adults who are married or in a permanent partnership. This remedy is not suitable for very young people.
Thus, there are many barrier methods of contraception. They are very comfortable, reliable and safe. But for them there are certain contraindications.
It can be:
- impotence;
- individual intolerance to certain substances;
- inflammation of the female genital organs;
- defects of the cervix;
- adhesive process.
In the presence of such contraindications, it is necessary to consult with a gynecologist so that he selects another most reliable contraceptive. In general, in order to preserve women's health and most reproductive functions, it is better to use any method of contraception only after consulting a doctor. Each representative of the fair sex has her own individual characteristics of the body. It is also of great importance whether she has children, how many pregnancies, how long ago she became a mother and whether she is in the period of breastfeeding. It is also important to identify the presence of chronic diseases and a tendency to allergic reactions.
Before settling on any of the many barrier methods of contraception, a woman should definitely visit a gynecologist, and a man should undergo allergy tests for contact with chemicals or materials from which contraceptives are made. The joy of an intimate meeting, your own health and the health of future children depends on this.
It should also be remembered that none of these barrier methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy does not guarantee complete safety. Therefore, it is advisable to combine various methods, or even better, check with a specialist which of them is most suitable for a specific type of organism.
In addition, conception can always occur, no matter what means the couple uses. It is advisable to avoid casual relationships and maintain relationships only with a permanent partner, who, in the event of an unplanned fertilization, is able to become a full-fledged father to a born baby.
It is not only the man, but also the woman who should think and take care of preventing unwanted pregnancy during intercourse. Moreover, it is she who subsequently has to make the most important decisions - to give birth or to have an artificial termination of pregnancy, to marry or remain a single mother. Therefore, it is worth knowing about all types of female contraception that are approved and recommended by official medicine.
Table of contents:Barrier method of female contraception
The essence of barrier contraception is to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Such a barrier can be created mechanically and / or chemically.
Local chemicals
In medicine, such agents are called spermicides and are available in various pharmacological forms - tablets and suppositories of a foaming nature, aerosols, pastes, balls for intravaginal use. The composition of such funds includes substances that have a detrimental effect on spermatozoa - for example, benzalkonium chloride, nonoxynol-9. It is believed that the effectiveness of topical chemicals from the contraceptive category is 85%.
Features of local chemicals:
- can be used by a woman without a preliminary examination by a gynecologist and receiving appointments;
- these means of preventing unwanted pregnancy contribute to the formation of additional lubrication in the vagina;
- it is not contraindicated to use any other contraceptive simultaneously with chemicals - this will only enhance the effect;
- are capable of providing a non-intense anti-inflammatory effect, and according to some reports they serve as the prevention of even oncological diseases of the female reproductive system.
Note:spermicide does not begin to act instantly - it will take 15-20 minutes, therefore, the introduction of contraceptives of this particular group should be carried out just 15-20 minutes before intercourse. If several sexual intercourses go on in a row, then before each of them you need to inject the agent. 
Mechanical methods of female contraception
Such funds are considered absolutely harmless and can be used by all women without any restrictions. Moreover, a woman can refuse such contraception at any time if a decision is made to conceive a child. But doctors say that a woman will need special training in the use of mechanical contraception, and after childbirth or with a sudden weight gain, it will be necessary to change / select a new size. Mechanical methods of female contraception include:
- ... They look like a cap with a flexible rim, made of rubber or latex. The dome of the diaphragm closes the cervix, which makes it impossible for sperm to enter the cavity organ.
How to use it correctly: the diaphragm is inserted into the vagina immediately before intercourse, but it is possible in advance - it is allowed to find the considered contraceptive in the vagina from 6 to 24 hours. The vaginal diaphragm is used together with spermicides - they are coated on the inside of the diaphragm and the ring. 
- Female condoms... They are made of polyurethane bags 17 cm long and 7-8 cm in diameter with two rings at the ends. There is a thin film on one ring - it adjoins the cervix and prevents the penetration of spermatozoa into the organ cavity.
How to use it correctly: a female condom is inserted just like a regular tampon, a few hours before intercourse. This product is disposable, you need to use a new female condom for your next intercourse. 
- Cervical caps... This is a soft rubber cap that fits directly over the cervix - negative pressure is created between the cervix and the rim of the cap, which makes it impossible for sperm to penetrate. The cervical cap has a smaller size than the vaginal diaphragm, the efficiency of application is 60-80%.
How to use it correctly: the cervical cap is inserted half an hour before intercourse and is not removed within 6-8 hours. Before use, the contraceptive in question is treated with spermicides - they lubricate the rim.
This type of female contraception is considered one of the most effective, but it can only be used as directed by a doctor, and a woman will not be able to put an intrauterine device on her own. Gynecologists establish only two types of contraceptive under consideration:
- copper-containing;
- progestin-containing.
Intrauterine devices are made of plastic (absolutely safe), in which either a copper wire or a miniature container with a progestin is mounted. 
The principle of operation of intrauterine devices:
- prevent the penetration of sperm into the uterus - progestin-containing IUDs significantly reduce this ability;
- do not allow implantation (movement) of the egg into the uterine cavity;
- counteract ovulation - this applies only to progestin-containing intrauterine devices;
- copper-containing agents have a detrimental effect on both sperm and eggs.
The intrauterine device is installed for a long time - from 2 to 5 years and usually the woman's body normally / adequately reacts to such an "intervention". In some cases, complications may develop:
- inflammatory processes of the cervix and appendages - according to statistics, the risk of developing such pathologies with the existing intrauterine device increases 2-3 times;
- menstrual irregularities - the dates of monthly bleeding may "shift", they become more abundant, intermenstrual bleeding may occur;
- discomfort during intercourse - pain, burning.
Note:if a woman notes too long bleeding from the vagina, there are intense pains in the lower abdomen, weakness and pallor of the skin appears, then you should immediately seek medical help. This condition may indicate perforation (breakthrough) of the wall of the uterus by an intrauterine device. This happens extremely rarely - according to statistics, 1 case in 10,000, but every woman should know about such a complication. The advantages of using an intrauterine device:
Disadvantages of using an intrauterine device:
- before installation, it is imperative to be examined by a gynecologist;
- only a doctor can put and remove an IUD;
- after each menstruation, you need to check for the presence of antennae of the intrauterine device - sometimes it can fall out;
- In the first few months after the installation of the IUD, menstrual bleeding may increase.
Contraindications to the installation of an intrauterine device:
- diagnosed oncological diseases of the genitals or internal genital organs;
- suspicion of a completed pregnancy;
- acute / chronic processes of an inflammatory or infectious nature in the reproductive system (including on the external genital organs);
- uterine bleeding of a pathological nature of unexplained etiology;
- two-horned uterus;
- stenosis of the cervix.
There are also conditional contraindications to the use of an intrauterine device as a contraceptive - that is, it is undesirable to insert an IUD with them, but the final decision is made only by the gynecologist. Conditioned contraindications include:
- ectopic history;
- diagnosed;
- lack of childbirth;
- blood clotting disorders.
Hormonal contraception
We recommend reading:Hormonal contraceptives are drugs that contain chemical analogues of female hormones. They prevent the onset of ovulation, which makes it impossible to conceive a child. The group of hormonal contraceptives includes pills, implants, patches, and a hormonal vaginal ring. Pills are considered the most popular, but you need to select the type of hormonal contraceptive based on your needs / capabilities:
- pills for contraception require excellent memory, responsibility and punctuality - they should be taken at a strictly defined time and not to miss a single day;
- plasters can be used for 7-9 days in a row, that is, only 3 plasters will need to be changed per month;
- the hormonal ring has a monthly lifespan.
Before starting the use of hormonal contraceptives, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist, undergo an examination and make a choice in favor of one or another remedy. There are also clearly defined contraindications to the use of this type of contraceptive:
- you are in the period of breastfeeding, and less than 6 months have passed since the birth;
- there is no breastfeeding, but less than 3 weeks have passed since birth;
- a history of stroke, coronary heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, bacterial endocarditis;
- previously diagnosed with thrombophlebitis;
- you are strong and your age is 35 or older;
- in the recent past, a woman has suffered (less than 3 months ago);
- cirrhosis of the liver and other pathologies of this organ were previously diagnosed;
- a history of diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract, which require constant medication;
- breast cancer (even after complete healing);
- increased blood clotting;
- the doctor prescribed and constantly takes anticonvulsant and / or anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Note:if at least one of the above factors takes place, then the use of hormonal contraceptives is strictly prohibited.
Female surgical contraception
We are talking about sterilization - an irreversible process that is considered the most effective for preventing unwanted pregnancy. Indications for sterilization of a woman are only the desire to stop the likelihood of conception. But this issue should be approached extremely carefully - the process is irreversible, although there are expensive microsurgical operations that can “turn back the clock”. Often, surgical contraception is used for medical reasons - for example, a woman has severe malformations of the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary systems, blood diseases, and malignant neoplasms. Contraindications to sterilization are:
- acute inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs;
- infection of generalized or focal localization;
- tumors of a benign nature that develop in the small pelvis;
- pronounced cachexia;
- diabetes mellitus / diabetes insipidus;
- adhesive disease of the pelvic organs and / or abdominal cavity;
- umbilical hernia - applies only to surgical contraception by the laparoscopic method.
Note:there is still debate about the sterilization of women diagnosed with mental disorders, mental retardation - these pathologies are not a medical indicator for surgical contraception.
Now it is the most popular method of surgical contraception - the method has many advantages. For example, after such a surgical intervention, a scar does not remain on the skin, the rehabilitation period is very short, the patients tolerate such an intervention well. Note:it is not excluded to carry out laparoscopic ligation of the fallopian tubes on an outpatient basis - the woman is given local anesthesia, and 2 hours after the completion of the procedure and in the absence of any visible changes in well-being for the worse, the patient can go home.
A miniature incision of the anterior abdominal wall is made - the size does not exceed 6 cm. The advantages of this method of surgical contraception are that there is no need to use expensive equipment and quick rehabilitation.
The rectal uterine space is opened with scissors and the fallopian tube is removed into the resulting wound until its fringe appears. The suture is applied in the middle of the fallopian tube, but somewhat closer to the fringes. Then the pipe is tied up with a thread and pulled closer to the surgeon, then the pipe is crushed and bandaged. The same algorithm of actions is used for the second fallopian tube. Note:the ends of all suture threads are cut only after the surgeon has finished working on the two fallopian tubes. The incision is closed with a mattress seam. Advantages of sterilization with colpotomy access:
- can be performed in any gynecological hospital;
- there are no cosmetic defects on the anterior abdominal wall;
- no need to use expensive equipment and specific tools;
- the pursued goal (sterilization) is achieved immediately after surgery.
Very often, the sterilization operation is performed during caesarean section- there are no additional loads on the body, the woman's well-being does not change, the periods of lactation and recovery after childbirth pass unchanged, the hormonal background does not change. Terms of surgical contraception:
- in the second phase of the menstrual cycle - delayed sterilization;
- 6 weeks after giving birth naturally;
- immediately after artificial termination of pregnancy, but only if the abortion went without complications.
It is categorically contraindicated to sterilize after childbirth if an acute infectious disease was diagnosed during childbirth or even during pregnancy, if the anhydrous interval of childbirth exceeded 24 hours. Possible complications in the postoperative period:
- bleeding;
- intestinal damage;
- postoperative infection.
These complications are rare, but women who agree to surgical contraception should be aware of them. Note:doctors warn that in the first 10 years after the sterilization operation, the probability of pregnancy remains within 2%. Female contraception - a wide choice, ample opportunities. It is necessary not only to independently decide on the choice of means of protection against unwanted pregnancy, but also to receive competent advice from a gynecologist.