Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. Comedy "Undergrown"

Literature lesson 8th grade

DI. Fonvizin 1745-1792

Born in Moscow. His father, a landowner, served as an official in Moscow and was distinguished by his straightforwardness, honesty and incorruptibility.

• In 1755-1760 he studied at the noble gymnasium at Moscow University.
• In 1761, at the request of one of the Moscow booksellers, Fonvizin translated from German the fable of the founder of Danish literature Ludwig Holberg . In total, Fonvizin translated 228 fables.

• In 1768, "The Brigadier" was written, which made a strong impression.
• On May 14, 1783, the premiere of the comedy “The Minor” took place on the stage of the Moscow Medox Theater, which was a great success.

Fonvizin died in December 1792 and was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

A nobleman who did not receive proper education, who was therefore forbidden to enter the service and marry. (during the time of Fonvizin).

• An underage dunce, a dumbass, a teenager (now).

Prostakova

nee Skotinina (she bore this surname before her marriage).

Prostakova

Central negative character:

• uneducated, ignorant, spiteful;
• belongs to power in the family;
• two-faced;
• loves his son madly.

Prostakov

simpleton,

fool.

Prostakov

• Weak-willed and weak;
• Submits to his wife and fears her;
• Has no opinion;
• Illiterate;
• “he is humble” (according to Pravdin).

Mitrofan

Translated from Greek, the name "Mitrofan" means "resembling his mother", a mama's boy.

Mitrofan

• Two-faced;
• Ignorant, stupid, lazy;
• Rough, cruel;
• Has an aversion to studying;
• The only activity is

chases pigeons.

Skotinin

bestial and bestial.

Skotinin

• narcissistic;
• cruel;
• my only passion is my love for pigs.

Pravdin

• Government official;
• Educated;
• Complete opposite

Mrs. Prostakova.

Starodum

• Honest;
• Straightforward;
• Impatience for

injustice.

Sophia

• kind, smart, wise;
• Honest;
• Educated.

Milo

• Young officer;
• Educated;
• Honest;
• A worthy groom.

Compliance in the construction of comedy with the laws of classicism

Laws of classicism

Construction of comedy

Rules of the “three unities”

Unity of place

Prostakov Estate

Unity of time

The action takes place over one day

Unity of action

The struggle of three contenders for the right to become Sophia's husband

Dividing all heroes into positive and negative

Positive heroes: Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, Sophia

Negative characters: Prostakova, Prostakov, Mitrofan, Skotinin

The purpose of comedy is to execute vices with laughter.

"Talking" names of characters

Skotinin, Mitrofan, Prostakova, Vralman, Kuteikin, Pravdin, Starodum, Sophia (Greek “wisdom”)

All the positive heroes of Fonvizin, in accordance with the rules of classicism, speak in “high calm,” the correct literary language, since they talk about the lofty concepts of public service and moral duty.

The main result of the comedy: vice is punished, and virtue triumphs.

Inconsistencies in the construction of comedy with the laws of classicism

• The author strives for a more truthful portrayal of life. The diversity of characters of the main characters is the main deviation from the traditions of classicism.
• The characters and minor characters are carefully written.
• There are characters who cannot be clearly classified as either positive or negative heroes (Eremeevna, Trishka, teachers). The author needs them to expose serfdom.

• Each character is not the personification of any one quality, but a living image.
• In addition to comic scenes, the play also contains pictures that reveal the difficult sides of serf life, and in the comedies of classicism, mixing the comic, heroic and tragic was not allowed.

Realism in comedy

• Reliability of images
• Portrayal of noble family and social relations

Subjects

• the problem of the moral decay of the nobility
• education problem

Idea: Lawlessness of the nobles.

• The nobles know and respect only their rights; they have forgotten about their duties and
• easily break the law.

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Magic land! There, in the old days, the brave ruler of Satire, Fonvizin, the friend of freedom, shone... A.S. Pushkin

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Born into a wealthy noble family. From 1755 to 1760 he studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University, and in 1761-1762 - at the Faculty of Philosophy of the same university. During his student years he was engaged in translations. In 1762, Fonvizin became a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs and moved to St. Petersburg.

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A nobleman by birth, Fonvizin entered the gymnasium that had just opened at Moscow University at the age of ten. In 1760, among the ten best students, he was taken to St. Petersburg to meet with the founder of the university, M.V. Lomonosov. A student in the philosophy department, Fonvizin established himself by translating from Latin, French and German. His excellent knowledge of foreign languages ​​led him to serve in the College of Foreign Affairs. In St. Petersburg he became close to the outstanding writers of his time - Derzhavin, Kheraskov, Knyazhnin...

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Fonvizin's literary activity began in the 60s of the 18th century. An inquisitive and witty person, he was created to become a satirist. And there were enough reasons for bitter laughter in the Russian reality of that time. Fonvizin saw that embezzlers, bribe-takers, and careerists had gathered around the throne of Catherine II, that waves of peasant uprisings were formidable signs of an impending popular storm.

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As a result of communication with a circle of young freethinking officers, he created “Message to My Servants...” (1769) - a satirical work based on the traditions of Russian fables and satire. At the same time, the writer showed interest in drama, and he conceived the idea of ​​an original Russian satirical comedy. The first example of this kind was his “Brigadier” (1766-1769).

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Drama as one of the genders fiction differs significantly from lyrics and epic primarily in that it is intended for performance on stage. Its content consists of speeches, conversations of characters in the form of dialogue (conversation between two or more characters) and monologue (speech, story, expression of thoughts and feelings in the first person). The speech of the characters is accompanied by remarks - the author's instructions about the setting of the action, the internal state of the characters, their facial expressions and gestures.

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The main types of dramatic works are tragedy, drama, comedy. In comedy, certain aspects of social life, negative traits and characteristics of people’s characters are ridiculed. Satire (from Latin sature - mixture, mishmash) is a type of comic that most mercilessly ridicules human imperfection, sharply condemning through ridicule human vices or the imperfection of human life

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In his most significant work - the comedy "The Minor" (1781) - Fonvizin points to the root of all Russia's troubles - serfdom. The author evaluates and judges not human vices in themselves, but first of all social relations. Positive heroes - enlightened nobles - not only condemn serfdom, but fight against it. The comedy is based on acute social conflict. Life in the Prostakovs' house is presented not as a summary picture of absurd customs, but as a system of relations based on serfdom.

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The author creates multifaceted characters, revealing the inner drama of such negative characters as Eremeevna and Prostakova. According to N.V. Gogol, “The Minor” is “... a truly social comedy.” In 1782, Fonvizin resigned and was engaged only in literary activities. In 1783 he published a number of satirical works. The empress herself answered them with irritation.

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In the last years of his life, Fonvizin was seriously ill (paralysis), but continued to write until his death. In 1789, he began work on the autobiographical story “Frank Confession of My Deeds and Thoughts,” but did not finish this work. The story is a wonderful work of Russian prose. Here, in the image of the author, the character of a person and a writer is recreated - Russian in mentality, humor, irony, it is shown spiritual wealth a person who knows how to rise above his weaknesses and fearlessly tell his compatriots about them.

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Presentation on the topic:

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

Appearance Minor - a comedy by Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. This play is his most famous work and the most repertoire of the 18th century play on the Russian stage in subsequent centuries. This is the first socio-political comedy in the history of Russian drama. The author exposes in it the vices of his contemporary society.

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Heroes of the Comedy The heroes of the comedy are representatives of different social strata of the 18th century in Russia: statesmen, nobles, serf owners, servants, self-proclaimed fashionable teachers. The main characters: the ignorant Mitrofanushka himself and his mother, the 18th-century serf lady Mrs. Prostakova, who controls everything and everyone - in her hands is the household with the courtyard servants, who she does not consider as people, and her own husband, whom she can beat without hesitation, and the upbringing of her son Mitrofan - in fact, she is not burdened with his upbringing and education, but only diligently fulfills the fashionable conventions of society and her position in it: “I scold, then I fight, that’s how the house holds together.”

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Slide description:

The significance of the play “The Minor” for a contemporary Like other plays of the era of classicism, “The Minor” is straightforward in its problematics - the condemnation of traditional noble education and the “evil morality”, “savagery” of the provincial nobility; the characters are clearly divided into positive and negative, they are given meaningful surnames (Prostakovs, Skotinins, Mitrofan - “manifestation of the mother” in Greek, Starodum, Milon, Pravdin, Sophia - “wisdom” in Greek, Tsyfirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin). However, the comedy gained enormous popularity among the public and readers not only because of the skillfully presented socio-political issues, but also because of the extremely vivid images of negative characters (the positive ones turned out to be more like reasoners conveying the author’s point of view), the liveliness of the dialogue, humor, and many proverbial quotes (“I don’t want to study, I want to get married”, “These are the worthy fruits of evil”). The names Mitrofanushka and Prostakova became household names.

I bring to your attention fragments of a documentary film about Fonvizin, a presentation for the lesson system on the comedy “Minor”, ​​and audio files.

Lesson 1. “Undergrowth” as a satirical comedy. The plot and conflict of the comedy.

1. Fonvizin and his comedy

Implementation of homework

· What main stages of Fonvizin’s life did you note when doing your homework? (Born in Moscow into a family of Russified Germans, he studied well at the gymnasium at Moscow University, moved to St. Petersburg, knew Lomonosov, became interested in theater. He began his literary career with translations of fables and plays. Then he worked as a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs. Fonvizin’s first play "Brigadier". He was a close associate of Panin, whom Catherine II hated. "The Minor" was first staged on September 24, 1782. But Fonvizin had to retire after that. He wrote the satire "General Court Grammar", after which he was banned from publication. Then it was hard fell ill and died at the age of 47.)

· Let's watch videos and answer questions (slides 2-4)

Slide 2. Pedigree. Childhood (watching a video)

What is the origin of the Fonvizin family? (German origin).

When did they appear in Russia? (Fonvizin’s ancestors ended up in Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, during the Livonian War)

Where was Fonvizin born? (in Moscow)

Who is it named after? (in honor of his ancestor Denis)

Where and how did he study? (I studied well at the gymnasium at Moscow University)

Slide 3. Comedy “Minor”

What shortcomings does Fonvizin expose? (flattery, sycophancy, savagery and cruelty of serfdom)

Into whose mouth did he put his innermost thoughts? (In the mouth of Pravdin and Starodum)

Slide 4. Staging a comedy

Where was the comedy first staged? (In the old theater on Tsaritsyn Meadow)

What did Prince Potemkin say to Fonvizin after the release of the comedy? (“Die, Denis, you can’t write better!”)

What did the writer condemn in the comedy? (“evil worthy fruits”)

What did the word “minor” used to mean? (this was the name given to nobles who had not reached the age of majority)

2. Announcing the topic of the lesson, goals, problems.

The subject of our conversation today will be the comedy by D.I. Fonvizin “Minor”,

And the goal is to resolve the problem “What a true nobleman should be and whether the Russian nobility corresponds to its purpose.”

3. Quiz on knowledge of comedy.

Ø Where does the comedy take place? (on Prostakova’s estate)

Ø Who is Prostakova’s social background? (noblewoman, landowner)

Ø How is Prostakova related to Skotinin? (brother)

Ø Who is Prostakova related to Sophia? (pupil, distant relative)

Ø Who is Sophia related to Starodum? (uncle)

Ø What are the names of Mitrofan’s teachers? (Tsifirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin)

Ø Who is Eremeevna? (Mitrofan's nanny)

Ø What is the name of Sophia's fiance? (Milon)

Ø Who is Pravdin? (a representative of the law who came to restore order at Prostakova’s estate)

Ø What is Mitrofan’s favorite pastime? (chase pigeons in the dovecote)

Ø How many suitors does Sophia have and who are they? (Milon, Skotinin, Mitrofan)

Ø Who owns these words:

o “And you, cattle, come closer.” (Prostakova)

o “At night I kept asking for a drink. I deigned to eat a whole jug of kvass.” (Eremeevna)

o “I love pigs..., and in our neighborhood there are such large pigs that there is not a single one of them that, standing on its hind legs, would not be a whole head taller than each of us.” (Skotinin)

o “Read it for yourself! ... I can receive letters, but I always tell someone else to read them.” (Prostakova)

o “An ignoramus without a soul is a beast. The smallest deed leads him into every crime.” (Starodum)

4. Analysis of comedy.

Slide 5. Let's remember the theory!

What is satire?

This is a type of comic that ridicules and exposes social vices.

What is comedy?

This is a genre of drama in which human or moral vices are satirized

What are the problems of Fonvizin’s comedy?

1. What should a true nobleman be like - and does the Russian nobility meet its purpose?

2. The need for enlightenment, education - their absence..

3. The lack of rights of peasants and the arbitrariness of landowners.

U.: There are two storylines in the comedy. One resolves a love conflict, the other resolves a social and moral conflict. Let's draw the events of these two conflicts.

T.P. Makogonenko: “Fonvizin’s artistic innovation manifested itself in “The Minor”... in a plot that reveals the main historical conflict...”

· Is there a love affair in the play? (Yes. And outwardly the action is based on a love conflict.)

The resolution of the love conflict occurs as if from the outside, by Starodum: he unites Sophia and Milon. The virtuous hero wins.

But for Fonvizin, love conflict is not the main one. The story of Sophia's misadventures forms only the background against which the main conflict of the play is played out - the socio-political one.

· Between whom are there serious disagreements? Which?

Between serf owners and enlightened nobles (the world of evil - reason, evil - virtue, arbitrariness - law). To trace the development of this conflict, we need to turn again to the plot, which Fonvizin masterfully builds. It turns out to be multi-level, multi-structured, hence several storylines:

So, one of the problems raised by Fonvizin was the problem of how to educate a real citizen. Fonvizin shows us Mitrofan's teachers. Tell us about them.

Checking individual homework

1. The story about Tsifirkin

2. The story about Kuteikin

3. The story of Vralman

Ø One of the ways to create a comic was to use “talking” surnames. What do the teachers' names say? (Tsifirkin - this surname hints at the specialty of a mathematics teacher. Kuteikin - from the outdated word “kutya” - church food, a hint that Kuteikin comes from church ministers. Vralman - a sharply negative characteristic, hinting that the bearer of such a surname is liar)

Ø It is said about Mitrofan’s “exam” that in this scene there is a clash of true enlightenment and militant ignorance. Do you agree with this? Why?

Ø Who can educate such ignorant teachers? Can they raise a true citizen, a good nobleman, an educated person?

Ø How does Prostakova feel about the education and upbringing of her son? (Madly loving her son, she tries to protect him from studying so that Mitrofanushka does not overwork. In an effort to make a favorable impression on Starodum, she says to her child: “At least for the sake of appearance, study, so that it reaches his ears how you work, Mitrofanushka...” Mathematics for her is “emptiness”, “stupid science”; geography is also not needed - “the coachman will take you where you need to go anyway...” She is sincerely convinced that sciences are not needed, since “even without sciences people live and have lived...”)

Ø Is she educated or not?

Ø Why should a true nobleman be educated?

Ø Why do you think the comedy begins with a scene with the tailor Trishka?

Ø What do we learn about life in the Prostakovs’ house by carefully reading Act 1?

Ø What do we learn from Prostakova and Skotinin about their relatives?

Ø What are the relationships between family members? (from a position of strength).

Ø What is the relationship between nobles and serfs? (d.5 yavl.4,5; d.1 yavl.4), interests of landowners?

Ø What is the purpose of negative heroes? Show what and how it shouldn't be.

The problem of a true nobleman is also demonstrated in Starodum’s monologues. Starodum is a character who expresses the author's position. Such a character was called a reasoner.

Checking individual homework:

Ø Tell us what Starodum is talking about, what vices he exposes in his monologues?

Homework:

1. Fill out the table of Prostakova’s speech characteristics. (*Slide 12) (Individual task: dramatization of 1-4 phenomena of 1 act)

2. Learn the definitions of satire and comedy

Lesson 2. “Undergrowth” as a comedy of classicism

1. Checking homework

Ø Speech characterization is the main means of creating an image in a dramatic work. Why?

Ø What words predominate in Mrs. Prostakova’s speech?

Ø Does she talk to everyone the same? With whom and how?

Ø Read out what words predominate in her conversation with different people

Ø Depending on the situation, she can speak differently to one person. Prove it

Ø What conclusion can we draw from Prostakova’s speech characteristics about the qualities of her character?

Ø What conclusion can we draw about Fonvizin as a playwright?

2. The teacher's word. Recording of the lecture.

“More than two hundred years have passed since the first performance of “The Minor,” but Fonvizin’s comedy is successfully performed on the stage of the modern theater, which means that the “river of times in its rush” has not swallowed up the eighteenth-century play. And we explain this phenomenon by the fact that the play, created in the era of classicism, incorporating its features, thanks to the talent of the author, went beyond the scope of classicism, occupying a very special place in Russian drama. Today we will identify the features of classicism in it, and also find those features that distinguish comedy from classicist works.

But first you need to get acquainted with classicism as a direction of literature.

In literature and art there are the following directions:

1. Classicism

3. Romanticism

4. Realism

5. Modernism

Classicism is an artistic system that has developed not only in literature, but also in painting, sculpture, architecture, landscape art, and music. This is what we will talk about today.

(* task statement: fill the table with answers)

Classicism developed in 17th century France, reflecting the rise of absolutism, or absolute monarchy.

The very name classicism (from the Latin Сlassicus - exemplary) emphasized the fact that the artists of this movement inherited the ancient “classics”. But the classicists did not take everything from the Greeks and Romans, but only what they considered the embodiment of order, logic, and harmony. As you know, ancient architecture is based on the principle of straight lines or a perfect circle. Classicists perceived it as an expression of the priority of reason and logic over feelings. Classicists were also impressed by ancient art because patriotic and civic themes were widely represented in it.

Principles of classicism

The basis of everything is the mind. Only what is reasonable is beautiful.

The main task is to strengthen the absolute monarchy; the monarch is the embodiment of reason.

The main theme is the conflict of personal and civil interests, feelings and duty

The highest dignity of a person is fulfillment of duty, service to the state idea

Inheritance of antiquity as a model

(Oral explanation: the action was transferred to another time not only for the purpose of imitating ancient models, but also so that familiar life would not interfere with the viewer or reader’s perception of ideas)

Imitation of “decorated” nature

Versailles, the residence of the French kings, was proud of its park, designed by Andre Le Nôtre. Nature took on rational, sometimes strictly geometric forms in him, prescribed to her by the human mind. The park was distinguished by the clear symmetry of alleys and ponds, strictly calibrated rows of trimmed trees and flower beds, and the solemn dignity of the statues located in it.

The Russian Petrodvorets is also a wonderful example of landscape gardening art. Although it was created almost a century later, it, like Versailles, embodied many of the strengths of classicism. The concept and execution of the project belongs to Andreas Schlüter and Bartholomew Rastrelli. First of all, this is the strict internal proportionality of the grandiose ensemble as a whole, which combines architectural structures, huge fountain cascades, sculptural groups and a strict layout of the park, striking in its spaciousness and purity of proportions.

Before you is the largest Peterhof fountain, “Samson Tearing the Lion’s Jaw,” created by sculptor Mikhail Kozlovsky.

Ø Why do you think this is a classic work? (Ancient hero, his beauty, patriotic themes, glorification of the monarch)

The painters of classicism were no less faithful to the principles of this movement than the architects.

Ø Find here the features of classicism

The theorist of French classicism, Nicolas Boileau-Depreo, in his work “Poetic Art” outlined the principles of classicism in literature.

Basic requirements of classicism in literature

1. Heroes are “images without faces.” They do not change, being exponents of general truths.

2. The use of common language was excluded

3. Requirement of compositional rigor

4. Observance of three unities in the work: time, place and action.

5. Strict division into genres.

6. Role system

“High”: tragedies, epic poems, odes, hymns

“Low”: comedies, satires, fables

Mixing genres was considered unacceptable!

But Moliere’s opinion: “The task of comedy is to castigate vices.”

3. Analytical work

Ø Let's remember what genre the classicists considered comedy? (Low.)

Ø Why? (Low heroes, living life (“low”), everyday, low passions.)

Ø Is Fonvizin’s work really a comedy? What is she making fun of?

Ø - What is the ideal person for classicists? (A virtuous, law-abiding, enlightened, educated, well-mannered citizen serving for the good of the Motherland.)

Ø Is there such a hero in Fonvizin’s comedy? (Yes, this is Starodum, Pravdin)

Ø What ideas do they profess?

Ø Is there a unity of time in comedy?

Ø Is the unity of the place maintained?

Ø Is unity of action maintained? (No, there are two conflicts, two storylines)

Ø Is there a division into positive and negative characters?

Ø What does Fonvizin believe in as a writer of the era of enlightenment? (Belief in reason, that law and education can correct the morals of society, is a direct expression of the author’s ideal.)

Ø Which canons of classicism does the writer depart from?

Ø 1. A hero-scheme, a bearer of one quality (for Fonvizin - individual traits, types). Examples? (U goodies Fonvizin creates a biography, like, for example, Starodum)

Ø 2. External comedy, built on farcical scenes - comic scenes intertwined with the action, constituting its basis, laughter has the power of negation. Examples?

Ø 3. Purity of the genre - a mixture of genres (satire and humor). Examples?

Ø 4. Images of positive heroes are traits of really new people. Examples?

Ø 5. Conventional location of action, fictional pictures of life - a specific place of action, true pictures of everyday life. Examples?

Ø 6. More conditional characters - the conditioning of characters by environment, upbringing. Examples?

Let us now turn to the issue of creating a comic

Answer. Fonvizin uses “talking” names and self-exposing phrases.

Question. These are traditional techniques for the comedy of classicism. Pay attention to the appearance of extra-plot scenes, i.e. scenes not related to the plot, which was completely new in Russian drama. Name such scenes. What do you think this gave the author?

Answer. Extra-plot scenes are, for example, the scene with trying on a caftan, Prostakova’s conversation with her brother, with Eremeevna. They allowed the author to deepen his understanding of the uncultured landowner family, the baseness of its demands and aspirations, the absence of high ideals, and the unreasonableness of such an intra-family structure. All this convinced the viewer of the verisimilitude and vitality of what was happening on stage.

Ø “Why are these scenes viewed with genuine interest?” (the characters of the negative heroes turned out to be more vital, deeper, more interesting.)

This happened for a number of reasons: the playwright tried to explain the characters’ characters by their living conditions and upbringing.

Ø Prove this with examples from comedy.

The speech of negative heroes sets off the individual characteristics of the heroes, we have already noted this in the example of Prostakova’s speech characteristics.

Ø Identify another feature of the comedy “The Minor”, ​​starting from Vyazemsky’s words about Prostakova: “Her image stands on the line between tragedy and comedy.”

Question. What most important feature was noticed by P. Vyazemsky?

Answer. The comedy combines the sad and funny, the sublime and the ordinary. And this was new for classicism.

Ø “What did you see as the peculiarities of the comedy’s ending?” (vice is punished, virtue triumphs. In fact, this did not happen, because the heroes did not take the path of virtue, which would contradict their moral essence.)

“ Of course, the comedy “Nedorosl” is a work of Russian classicism. But it is at the origins of Russian realistic literature. In Fonvizin’s play everything is Russian, national: theme, plot, conflict, characters. Fonvizin's great merit is that, being within the framework of classicist rules and conventions, he managed to destroy many of them, creating a work that was deeply innovative both in content and in artistic form.

Ø Concluding our conversation, let’s try to answer a few more questions: “Do you think that for our time, which is very difficult, imbued with a thirst for money and power, are the ideas so dear to Fonvizin viable?

Ø Are the ideas of citizenship and service to the Fatherland, so beloved by classicists, outdated today?

Homework:

1. Learn the lecture

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Slide 2

Purpose of the study: to get acquainted with the life and work of D. I. Fonvizin and his comedy “Minor” Objectives: 1. Study the biography of D. I. Fonvizin; 2. Get acquainted with the history of the comedy “Minor”; 3. Describe the characters of this comedy; 4. Find out the meaning and modern sound of comedy. Practical significance of the work: the materials of this study can be used in literature lessons when studying the comedy of D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrown" in 9th grade.

Slide 3

Fonvizin Denis Ivanovich (1744 - 1792), playwright, prose writer. Born on April 14 in Moscow into a wealthy noble family. Received an excellent home education. In 1755 - 60 he studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University, then for a year at the university's Faculty of Philosophy. In 1769, Fonvizin became the secretary of the head of the College of Foreign Affairs - N. Panin, the teacher of the heir to the throne. They were brought together by their opposition to the government of Catherine II and the conviction that Russia needed “fundamental laws.” In 1777 - 78 he traveled abroad, to France and Germany, which he later wrote about in “Notes of the First Traveler,” which played a crucial role in the development of Russian prose. In the atmosphere of reaction that set in after the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, Fonvizin created his most significant work - the comedy "The Minor" (1781). It directly indicates the root of all Russia's ills - serfdom and public ignorance, which, according to Fonvizin, can be overcome by reforms in the spirit of the Enlightenment. In March 1782, after Panin was removed from business, he resigned, deciding to devote himself entirely to literary creativity. In 1783 he published a number of satirical works: “The Experience of a Russian Estatesman”, “Petition to the Russian Minevra from Russian Writers”, “The Narrative of an Imaginary Deaf and Mute”. In 1784 - 85 Fonvizin visited Germany and Italy, published anonymously on French"The Life of Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin", painting the image of an ideal enlightened nobleman. In the last years of his life, the writer was seriously ill, but did not give up his literary pursuits: he began the autobiographical story “A Sincere Confession in My Deeds and Thoughts” (it was not completed, but even in its unfinished form it is a wonderful example of Russian prose). On December 1, 1972, Fonvizin died in St. Petersburg. Buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.1 Fonvizin Denis Ivanovich (1744-1792)

Slide 4

Fonvizin's comedy is a play about a teenager, about his monstrous upbringing, which turns a teenager into a cruel and lazy creature. Before Fonvizin’s comedy, the word “minor” did not carry negative semantics. Teenagers under the age of fifteen were called minors, i.e., the age determined by Peter I for entering the service. In 1736, the period of stay in the “undergrowth” was extended to twenty years. The decree on the freedom of the nobility abolished compulsory military service and gave nobles the right to serve or not to serve, but confirmed the compulsory training introduced under Peter I. Prostakova follows the law, although she does not approve of it. She also knows that many, including those from her family, are circumventing the law. Mitrofanushka has been studying for four years now, but Prostakova wants to keep him with her for ten years.

Slide 5

History of the comedy

Fonvizin worked on a comedy for about three years. The premiere took place in 1782. The production of "The Minor" was associated with many difficulties. Having been refused in St. Petersburg, the playwright went to Moscow in May 1782 with the actor I. A. Dmitrevsky. But here, too, failure awaits him: the “Moscow Russian theater censor,” frightened by the boldness of many of the lines, does not allow the comedy to go on stage. A few months later, Fonvizin still managed to “break through” the production of the comedy: on September 24, 1782, the premiere took place in St. Petersburg. The extraordinary success of the play “The Minor” when it was first staged at the Free Russian Theater on Tsaritsyn Meadow was testified by the unknown author of the “Dramatic Dictionary”: “The theater was incomparably filled, and the audience applauded the play by throwing purses.” And on May 14, 1783, the play was performed for the first time in Moscow, on the stage of the Medox Theater. The success of "Nedorosl" in Moscow was enormous. It was staged by university students. Many amateur productions appeared.

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Characters Simpletons. Mrs. Prostakova is his wife, the main negative character of the play. She loves her son very much and strives to marry him to Sophia. She is a noblewoman, which is why she believes that everything is allowed to her. Mitrofan is their son, an undergrowth. Quite indifferent to everyone around him and also a slack boy, outwardly he loves his mother very much, but only pretends because of her authority. In the finale, he is sent to the army, and he shows what he really thinks about his mother (“Get rid of yourself, mother, how you imposed yourself...”). Eremeevna, mother (that is, nurse) Mitrofanova. Pravdin. Starodum is Sophia's uncle and guardian. It was because of his condition that Prostakova tried to marry Mitrofan to Sophia. Sophia is Starodum's niece. Milon is Sophia's lover, it was he who prevented her kidnapping. Mr. Skotinin is the brother of Mrs. Prostakova. Kuteikin is a seminarian. Tsyfirkin is a retired sergeant. Vralman is a teacher. Trishka is a self-taught tailor. Servant of Prostakov.

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Prostakovs

Mrs. Prostokova PROSTOKOV

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Skotinin

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Mitrofanushka

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Minor characters

Sophia Starodum

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Pravdin Milon

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Kuteikin Tsifirkin

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Eremeevna Vralman

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The meaning of comedy

Fonvizin's comedy was read and studied by all subsequent generations - from Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov to our time. The meaning of the play is enduring: However, Catherine II understood the freedom-loving significance of the work, which dared to offend state and social foundations. “After the publication of a number of satirical works in 1783, Fonvizin’s attempts to publish anything in print were suppressed by the empress herself. In the last decade of her reign, Catherine II openly followed the path of cruel reaction, of which Fonvizin also became a victim. Despite his serious illness, he was eager to get back to work. In 1788, he decided to publish the magazine “Starodum”, received permission and began to prepare material, but by order of Catherine the magazine was banned. Shortly before his death, Fonvizin asked Catherine for permission to publish a translation of Tacitus, but permission was not given.”

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Data

There is a legend that after the premiere of “The Minor” in St. Petersburg, Prince Potemkin approached Fonvizin and said: “Die, Denis, you can’t write better.” However, according to historians, Potemkin could not say this, since he was not in St. Petersburg at that moment. According to another version, these words belong to Derzhavin, and not to Prince Potemkin. While studying at the Nizhyn gymnasium, Nikolai Gogol played the role of Prostakova in student performances.

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Modern sound of comedy

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Bibliography

1. Fonvizin, D.I. Minor. / D.I. Fonvizin – [Electronic resource]. – http://ilibrary.ru/text/1098/p. 5/index.html 2. Belinsky, V.G. Full composition of writings. T. 5. / V.G. Belinsky - M.: Education, 1954. - 647 p. 3. Vsevolodsky-Gerngross, V.N. Fonvizin-playwright. / V.N. Vsevolodsky-Gerngross – M.: Prosveshchnie, 1960. – 141 p. 4. Glukhov, V.I. The formation of realism in Russian literature of the 18th – early 19th centuries. / IN AND. Glukhov – Volgograd: Nauka, 1976. – 167 p. 5. Gukovsky, G.A. Essays on Russian literature of the 18th century. / G.A. Gukovsky – L.: Book, 1938. – 318 p. 6. Gukovsky, G.A. Russian literature of the 18th century. / G.A. Gukovsky – [Electronic resource]. – http://obuk.ru/science/39261-gukovskijj-g.a.-russkaja-literatura.html 7. Klyuchevsky, V.O. Literary portraits. / V.O. Klyuchevsky - M.: Education, 1991. - 256 p. 8. Lebedeva, O.B. History of Russian literature of the 18th century. / ABOUT. Lebedeva – [Electronic resource]. – http://www.infoliolib.info/philol/lebedeva/fonv.html#4 9. Lebedeva, O.B. Russian high comedy of the 18th century: Genesis and poetics of the genre. / ABOUT. Lebedeva – Tomsk: Nauka, 1996. – 327 p. – ISBN 978–5–98916–018–1 10. Makogonenko, G.P. From Fonvizin to Pushkin. / G.P. Makogonenko – [Electronic resource]. – http://www.repetitor.org/materials/fonvizin1.html 11. Orlov, P.A. History of Russian literature of the 18th century. / P.A. Orlov – [Electronic resource]. – http://www.twirpx.com/file/71847/ 12. Pigarev, K.V. Creativity of Fonvizin. / K.V. Pigarev – [Electronic resource]. – http://www.repetitor.org/materials/fonvizin2.html 13. Sakharov, V.I.D.I. Fonvizin. Satire is a brave ruler. / IN AND. Sakharov – [Electronic resource]. – http://archives.narod.ru/Fonvizin.htm

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