Introduction. What is a microscope? The word “microscope” is of Greek origin: the first part means (“micro”) “small”, the second (“skopeo”) means “observe, look.” Question: What do you think a microscope is?
Introduction. What is a microscope? Hence the "microscope" - an observer of something very small. This is a tool, a device for examining tiny objects.
Introduction. What is a microscope? A modern microscope is relatively simple. We look into the upper part of the pipe, into which magnifying glasses are inserted, and below is the object that we are looking at. But all parts of the microscope have their own name.
Introduction. Microscope device. The microscope has an eyepiece. The eyepiece is the part of the microscope facing the eye. It is located at the top of the pipe (tube). This tube contains lenses that magnify the image. The pipe can be raised and lowered using a screw. Under the pipe there is an object table where a small object is placed. There is a mirror under the object table to illuminate a small object from below using a sunbeam.
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. One of the possible inventors of the microscope was Zacharias and Hans Janssen from Holland, a country in northern Europe. One of the possible inventors of the microscope was Zacharias and Hans Janssen from Holland, a country in northern Europe. Question: What century did Zachary and Hans Janssen live in?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. Zachary and Hans Janssen were born into a family of spectacle craftsmen in the Dutch city of Middelburg and from childhood they knew a lot about convex and concave lenses (magnifying glasses) from their father. Question: What did the father of the Jansen brothers do?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. One day, Zachary Jansen took a thin pipe and installed convex lenses at its ends. An object came into view and appeared greatly enlarged. This gave Jansen the idea to create a new device. He began to work, and around 1590 a microscope appeared. Question: in what century did the first microscope appear? What lenses did Jansen use?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. The Jansen microscope magnified the object 3-10 times. The news of Jansen's discovery quickly spread not only throughout Holland, but also to other countries. Many scientists began to deliberately come to Middelburg just to order a magnifying tube or to look into it at least once.
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. In 1609, the Italian Galileo Galilei also invented a microscope and called it "occhiolino" - "little eye". Unlike the Jansens, he uses different lenses to create it: convex and concave. Question: in which countries are microscopes invented?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. In the 17th century (1625), the term "microscope" was proposed by a friend of Galileo in Rome. In the 17th century (1625), the term "microscope" was proposed by a friend of Galileo in Rome. Question: in which country was the name proposed for the invention?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. In the second half of the 17th century, the Dutchman Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was engaged in trade. The microscope was a hobby for him, but this hobby consumed all his free time. In 1673, he achieved that his microscope magnified 270 times, while Jansen's microscope was only 10 times. Question: How many times greater was the magnification of the Leeuwenhoek microscope compared to the first microscope?
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. Here is what Leeuwenhoek wrote to the English Royal Society about his observations of dental plaque: “With the greatest surprise I saw under the microscope an incredible number of small animals, and moreover in such a tiny piece of the above substance that it was almost impossible to believe it, unless you saw it with your own eyes. "
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. And here is what he wrote about a drop of water: “With the greatest amazement, I saw in the drop a great many little animals, animatedly moving in all directions, like a pike in water. The smallest of these tiny animals is a thousand times smaller than the eye of an adult louse.”
Main part. Who and how participated in the creation of the microscope. Through a microscope, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek saw: - bodies in the blood, - the smallest algae, - the smallest living creatures (for example, hydra), which we now call microorganisms, bacteria. Question: What does the “micro” part of the word mean?
Conclusion. The meaning of a microscope. It turned out that not only are there inanimate objects too small to be visible to the naked eye, but there are also living objects of this sort. A vast new territory opened up for biology as a whole before the astonished gaze of man, and microbiology, the science of living organisms too small to be visible, was born.
Conclusion. The meaning of a microscope. In 1698, Leeuwenhoek was visited by the Russian Tsar Peter I, who was in Holland at that time. There is no doubt that Peter himself and his associates purchased and brought microscopes from their trips abroad for the Kunstkamera organized in St. Petersburg. And Tsar Peter himself became the first Russian person to see unusual “little animals” under a microscope.
Questions. What is a "microscope"? A device for magnifying the smallest objects. What other devices, besides a microscope, exist for magnifying objects? Magnifying glass, glasses. Name the inventors of the microscope. Zachary and Hans Jansen, Galileo, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. What is the difference between a Jansen microscope and a Galileo microscope? Jansen used two convex lenses, while Galileo used a convex and a concave lens. What is the difference between a Jansen microscope and a Leeuwenhoek microscope? Jansen's microscope magnified 10 times, and Leeuwenhoek's microscope 270 times.
Questions. Put the events in order. Jansen microscope Jansen microscope Leeuwenhoek microscope Leeuwenhoek microscope Meeting of Leeuwenhoek and Peter the Great Meeting of Leeuwenhoek and Peter the Great Invention of glasses Invention of glasses Galileo's microscope Galileo's microscope
Questions. Relate. First half of the 17th century First half of the 17th century Second half of the 17th century. Second half of the 17th century. Late 17th century. Late 17th century. 13th century 13th century 16th century 16th century Jansen microscope Jansen microscope Leeuwenhoek microscope Leeuwenhoek microscope Meeting of Leeuwenhoek and Peter the Great Meeting of Leeuwenhoek and Peter the Great Invention of glasses Invention of glasses Galileo's microscope Galileo's microscope
Check it out. 13th century - invention of glasses 13th century - invention of glasses 16th century - Jansen microscope 16th century - Jansen microscope First half of the 17th century - Galileo's microscope First half of the 17th century - Galileo's microscope Second half of the 17th century - Leeuwenhoek's microscope Second half of the 17th century - Leeuwenhoek's microscope End of the 17th century - meeting of Levenguk and Peter the Great End of the 17th century - meeting of Levenguk and Peter the Great
Questions. What did Anthony van Leeuwenhoek see through the microscope? Microorganisms. What science was developed thanks to Leeuwenhoek's microscope? What is she studying? Microbiology. Studies microorganisms. Which Russian was the first to see microorganisms using Leeuwenhoek's microscope? Peter the First. How did the microscope get to Russia? Peter the Great brought microscopes from Holland to St. Petersburg.
Questions. The 20th century Russian poet Nikolai Zabolotsky has the following lines: Through Leeuwenhoek’s magical device On the surface of a drop of water Our science has discovered traces of an amazing life. What magical device are we talking about? Microscope. What observation did Leeuwenhoek make? I observed living creatures in a drop of water through a microscope. What kind of “traces of life” have science discovered on a drop of water? Living beings, or microorganisms.
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More than 350 years have passed since the world's first microscope was invented. During this time, it has been significantly modernized: image quality has improved and magnification has increased. The invention of the microscope, a device so important for all science, was primarily due to the influence of the development of optics. Some optical properties of curved surfaces were known to Euclid (300 BC) and Ptolemy (127-151), but their magnifying ability did not find practical application. In this regard, the first glasses were invented by Salvinio degli Arleati in Italy only in 1285. In the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci and Maurolico showed that small objects are best studied with a magnifying glass.
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There is information that the first microscope-type device was created in the Netherlands by Z. Jansen around 1590. Taking two convex lenses, he mounted them inside one tube, using a retractable tube to achieve focusing on the object being studied. The device provided a tenfold magnification of the object, which was a real achievement in the field of microscopy. Jansen made several of these microscopes, significantly improving each subsequent device.
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In 1646, an essay by A. Kircher was published, in which he described the invention of the century - a simple microscope, called “flea glass”. The magnifying glass was inserted into a copper base on which the stage was mounted. The object being studied was placed on a table, under which there was a concave or flat mirror that reflected the sun's rays onto the object and illuminated it from below. The magnifying glass was moved with a screw until the image of the object became clear.
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Complex microscopes, created from two lenses, appeared in the early 17th century. Many facts indicate that the inventor of the complex microscope was the Dutchman K. Drebel, who was in the service of King James I of England. Drebel's microscope had two glasses, one (lens) was facing the object being studied, the other (eyepiece) was facing the eye of the observer . In 1633, the English physicist R. Hooke improved the Drebel microscope, adding a third lens, called the collective. This microscope became very popular; most microscopes of the late 17th and early 18th centuries were made according to its design. By examining thin sections of animal and plant tissue under a microscope, Hooke discovered the cellular structure of organisms.
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And in 1673-1677, the Dutch naturalist A. Leeuwenhoek, using a microscope, discovered a previously unknown huge world of microorganisms. Over the years, Leeuwenhoek made about 400 simple microscopes, which were small biconvex lenses, some of them less than 1 mm in diameter, made from a glass ball. The ball itself was ground on a simple grinding machine. One of these microscopes, giving 300x magnification, is kept in Utrecht in the university museum. Exploring everything that caught his eye, Leeuwenhoek made great discoveries one after another.
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By the way, the creator of the telescope, Galileo, while improving the telescope he created, discovered in 1610 that when extended, it significantly magnified small objects. By changing the distance between the eyepiece and the lens, Galileo used the tube as a kind of microscope. Today it is impossible to imagine human scientific activity without the use of a microscope. The microscope has found wide application in biological, medical, geological and materials science laboratories.
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Types of microscopes Depending on the required resolution of the microparticles of matter under consideration, microscopes, microscopes are classified into: Optical microscope Binocular microscope Stereo microscope Metallographic microscope Polarizing microscope Fluorescent microscope Measuring microscope Electron microscope Scanning probe microscope X-ray microscope Differential interference contrast microscope
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What contribution did the invention of the microscope make to history? The invention of the microscope contributed to the progress of biology: Robert Hooke described the cellular structure of plants, Leeuwenhoek saw that a drop of water enlarged many times over was full of life, observed bacteria, algae, and protozoa, and the secret of plant reproduction was discovered. Leeuwenhoek recorded all his observations in notebooks, which became the first works in microbiology.
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What is a microscope? MICROSCOPE (from micro... and Greek skopeo - I look), an instrument that allows you to obtain an enlarged image of small objects and their details that are not visible to the naked eye. The microscope magnification, reaching 1500-2000, is limited by diffraction phenomena. With the naked eye, at the best viewing distance (250 mm), an observer with average visual acuity can distinguish one small particle (or part of an object) from another only if they are separated by a distance of ³ 0.08 mm. An optical microscope makes it possible to examine structures with a distance between elements of up to 0.25 microns, an electron microscope - about 0.01-0.1 nm.
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The first microscope The first microscope appeared in 1590. Dutch optician Z. Jansen invented a microscope with two lenses. From 1609-1610, artisan opticians in many European countries made similar microscopes, and Galileo used the telescope he designed as a microscope. A. van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) achieved extraordinary skill in grinding lenses, who made a microscope from a single lens, but unusually carefully polished. Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms.
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Structure of a microscope 1 – camera; 2 – coarse and fine focusing screws; 3 – light source; 4 – light filter; 5 – path of the light beam; 6 – prism; 7 – condenser; 8 – object table; 9 – lens; 10 – binocular.
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The importance of a microscope The task of a microscope is the same as that of a magnifying glass - to increase the angle of view. However, with a microscope, magnification occurs twice, so you can get much higher magnification than with a magnifying glass. Thanks to the microscope, scientists were able to study the structure of materials, plant cells and bacteria. But the magnification of a microscope is not enough to see viruses. However, it is impossible to achieve an even greater magnification provided by an optical microscope. This is due to the wave nature of light: in an optical microscope it is impossible to examine objects whose dimensions are smaller or of the order of the wavelength of light, that is, less than approximately one thousandth of a millimeter.
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Electron microscope ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, an instrument that uses an electron beam to produce a magnified image. The resolution of an electron microscope is hundreds of times greater than that of an optical microscope.
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The structure of an electron microscope Optical instruments allow you to see what cannot be seen with the naked eye. An optical microscope magnifies very small objects, while a modern electron microscope provides 250,000-fold magnification.
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What is a telescope? TELESCOPE (from tele... and Greek skopeo - I look), an astronomical instrument for studying celestial bodies by their electromagnetic radiation. Telescopes are divided into gamma-ray telescopes, X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared and radio telescopes. There are 3 types of optical telescopes: refractors (lens), reflectors (mirror) and combined mirror-lens systems. The first astronomical observations using telescopes (optical refractors) were carried out in 1609 by Galileo.
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Dictionary
Microscope (Greek μικρός - small and σκοπέω - I look) is a laboratory optical system for obtaining enlarged images of small objects for the purpose of examination, study and application in practice.
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- The human eye is capable of distinguishing details of an object that are separated from each other by at least 0.08 mm.
- Using a light microscope, you can see parts with a distance of up to 0.2 microns.
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An electron microscope allows you to obtain a resolution of up to 0.1-0.01 nm.
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Jansen microscope
Its increase ranged from 3 to 10 times. Each subsequent microscope has been significantly improved.
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The first major improvement of the compound microscope is associated with the name of the English physicist Robert Hooke (1635-1703).
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Idea by H.G. Hertel's idea of illuminating transparent objects from below using a mirror was first brought to life in the microscopes of E. Kelpeper. Since the 30s. XVIII century he begins to produce a tripod model of a complex microscope, under the table of which there was a mirror. The microscope included several lenses that provided magnification from 25 to 275 times.
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Along with the main line of development of the tripod, which gradually brought the microscope closer to the instrument we are familiar with today, unique models were periodically constructed in the 18th century. For example, to bring the object closer to the lens, they tried to use the principle of the structure of a compass.
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A. Leeuwenhoek's "microscope" consisted of two silver plates with round holes, between which there was a single lens, at its focus a holder for the object was placed.
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Vincent and Charles Chevalier first introduced the practice of making achromatic lenses by gluing lenses from different varieties glass with Canada balsam, thereby destroying the refraction of light rays at the border of both lenses.
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In the first half of the 18th century. The so-called “hand-held” or “pocket” microscope, designed by the English optician J. Wilson, became widespread. “Handheld” microscopes were very popular among amateur microscopists.
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History of creation
The first microscopes invented by mankind were optical, and their first inventor is not so easy to identify and name. The possibility of combining two lenses so that greater magnification was achieved was first proposed in 1538 by the Italian physician G. Fracastoro. The earliest evidence of a microscope dates back to 1590 and the city of Middelburg in Holland, and is associated with the names of John Lippershey (who also developed the first simple optical telescope) and Zacharias Jansen, who were engaged in the manufacture of glasses. A little later, in 1624, Galileo Galilei presented his compound microscope, which he initially called “occhiolino” (Italian - small eye). A year later, his friend at the Academy Giovanni Faber (English) Russian. proposed the term microscope for the new invention.
Resolution of microscopes
The resolution of a microscope is the ability to produce a clear, separate image of two closely spaced points of an object. The degree of penetration into the microworld and the possibilities of studying it depend on the resolution of the device. This characteristic is determined primarily by the wavelength of the radiation used in microscopy (visible, ultraviolet, x-ray radiation). The fundamental limitation is the impossibility of obtaining an image of an object smaller in size than the wavelength of this radiation using electromagnetic radiation.
It is possible to “penetrate deeper” into the microworld by using radiation with shorter wavelengths.
Electron microscopes
A beam of electrons, which have the properties of not only a particle, but also a wave, can be used in microscopy.
The wavelength of an electron depends on its energy, and the energy of an electron is E = Ve, where V is the potential difference passed by the electron, e is the charge of the electron. The wavelength of electrons when passing through a potential difference of 200,000 V is about 0.1 nm. Electrons are easy to focus with electromagnetic lenses, since an electron is a charged particle. An electronic image can be easily converted into a visible one.
The resolution of an electron microscope is 1000-10000 times greater than the resolution of a traditional light microscope and for the best modern instruments it can be less than one angstrom.
Scanning probe microscope
A class of microscopes based on scanning a surface with a probe.
Scanning probe microscopes (SPM) - relatively new class microscopes. With an SPM, an image is obtained by recording interactions between the probe and the surface. At this stage of development, it is possible to record the interaction of a probe with individual atoms and molecules, due to which SPMs are comparable in resolution to electron microscopes, and in some parameters surpass them
X-ray microscopes
An X-ray microscope is a device for studying very small objects whose dimensions are comparable to the X-ray wavelength. Based on the use of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 0.01 to 1 nanometer.
X-ray microscopes are between electron and optical microscopes in terms of resolution. The theoretical resolution of an X-ray microscope reaches 2-20 nanometers, which is an order of magnitude greater than the resolution of an optical microscope (up to 150 nanometers). Currently, there are X-ray microscopes with a resolution of about 5 nanometers.
