History of biotechnology: 1917 - Karl Ereki “biotechnology” of the year A.M. Kolenev. A.N.Bach. Technology improvement year - Penicillin
Cellular engineering Cellular engineering is an unusually promising area of modern biotechnology. Scientists have developed methods for growing animal and even human plant cells under artificial conditions (cultivation). Cell cultivation makes it possible to obtain various valuable products that were previously obtained in very limited quantities due to the lack of sources of raw materials. Plant cell engineering is developing particularly successfully.
Transgenic animals and plants: Transgenic animals, experimentally obtained animals containing in all cells of their body additional integrated with chromosomes and expressed foreign DNA (transgene), which is inherited according to Mendelian laws. Transgenic plants are those plants to which genes have been transplanted
DISCOVERIES IN THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY IN THE ERA OF STR
Introduction
Current state of biotechnology
Biotechnology and its role in practical human activities
Biotechnology in crop production
Tissue culture method
Cloning
New discoveries in the field of medicine
Genetic Engineering
Transgenic products: pros and cons
Genetically modified foods
Consequences of the development of biotechnology in the era of scientific and technological revolution
Introduction
Biotechnology is the industrial use of biological processes and systems based on the cultivation of highly effective forms of microorganisms, cultures of cells and tissues of plants and animals with properties necessary for humans. Certain biotechnological processes (baking, winemaking) have been known since ancient times. But biotechnology achieved its greatest success in the second half of the 20th century and is becoming increasingly important for human civilization.
Current state of biotechnology
Since ancient times, individual biotechnological processes have been known to be used in areas of practical human activity. These include baking, winemaking, brewing, preparing fermented milk products, etc. Our ancestors had no idea about the essence of the processes underlying such technologies, but over the course of thousands of years, using trial and error, they improved them. The biological essence of these processes was revealed only in the 19th century. thanks to the scientific discoveries of L. Pasteur. His work served as the basis for the development of production using various types of microorganisms. In the first half of the 20th century. microbiological processes began to be used for the industrial production of acetone and butanol, antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins, and feed protein.
Advances achieved in the second half of the 20th century. in the field of cytology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, created the prerequisites for controlling the elementary mechanisms of cell life, which contributed to the rapid development of biotechnology. Thanks to the selection of highly productive strains of microorganisms, the efficiency of biotechnological processes has increased tens and hundreds of times.
Biotechnology and its role in practical human activities
The peculiarity of biotechnology is that it combines the most advanced achievements of scientific and technological progress with the accumulated experience of the past, expressed in the use of natural sources to create products useful to humans. Any biotechnological process includes a number of stages: preparation of the object, its cultivation, isolation, purification, modification and use of the resulting products. The multi-stage and complexity of the process necessitates the involvement of a variety of specialists in its implementation: geneticists and molecular biologists, cytologists, biochemists, virologists, microbiologists and physiologists, process engineers, and biotechnological equipment designers.
Biotechnology in crop production
Tissue culture method
The method is increasingly being used on an industrial basis vegetative propagation agricultural plants tissue culture. It allows not only to quickly propagate new promising plant varieties, but also to obtain planting material that is not infected with viruses.
Biotechnology in animal husbandry
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in earthworms as a source of animal protein to balance the feed diet of animals, birds, fish, fur-bearing animals, as well as a protein supplement with therapeutic and prophylactic properties.
To increase animal productivity, complete feed is needed. The microbiological industry produces feed protein based on various microorganisms - bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae. As industrial tests have shown, the protein-rich biomass of single-celled organisms is absorbed with high efficiency by farm animals. Thus, 1 ton of feed yeast allows you to save 5-7 tons of grain. This is significant because 80% of the world's agricultural land is devoted to livestock and poultry feed production.
Cloning
The cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996 by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh caused a stir around the world. Dolly was conceived from the mammary gland of a sheep that had long since died, and its cells were stored in liquid nitrogen. The technique by which Dolly was created is known as nuclear transfer, which means that the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed and a nucleus from a somatic cell is placed in its place. Of the 277 nuclear-transplanted eggs, only one developed into a relatively healthy animal. This method of reproduction is "asexual" because it does not require one of each sex to create a child. Wilmut's success became an international sensation.
In December 1998, it became known about successful attempts to clone cattle, when the Japanese I. Kato, T. Tani et al. managed to obtain 8 healthy calves after transferring 10 reconstructed embryos into the uterus of recipient cows.
Slide No. 10
New discoveries
in the field of medicine The successes of biotechnology are especially widely used in medicine. Currently, antibiotics, enzymes, amino acids, and hormones are produced using biosynthesis.
For example, hormones used to be typically obtained from animal organs and tissues. Even to obtain a small amount of a medicinal drug, a lot of starting material was required. Consequently, it was difficult to obtain the required amount of the drug and it was very expensive.
Thus, insulin, a pancreatic hormone, is the main treatment for diabetes mellitus. This hormone must be administered to patients constantly. Producing it from the pancreas of a pig or cattle is difficult and expensive. In addition, animal insulin molecules differ from human insulin molecules, which often caused allergic reactions, especially in children. Currently, the biochemical production of human insulin has been established. A gene that synthesizes insulin was obtained. Using genetic engineering, this gene was introduced into a bacterial cell, which as a result acquired the ability to synthesize human insulin.
In addition to obtaining therapeutic agents, biotechnology allows for early diagnosis of infectious diseases and malignant neoplasms based on the use of antigen preparations and DNA/RNA samples.
With the help of new vaccine preparations it is possible to prevent infectious diseases.
Slide No. 11
Stem cell method: cures or cripples?
Japanese scientists led by Professor Shinya Yamanaka from Kyoto University for the first time isolated stem cells from human skin, having previously introduced a set of certain genes into them. In their opinion, this can serve as an alternative to cloning and will make it possible to create drugs comparable to those obtained by cloning human embryos. American scientists almost simultaneously obtained similar results. But this does not mean that in a few months it will be possible to completely abandon embryo cloning and restore the body’s functionality using stem cells obtained from the patient’s skin.
First, specialists will have to make sure that the “skin” table cells are actually as multifunctional as they seem, that they can be implanted into various organs without fear for the patient’s health, and that they will work. The main concern is that such cells pose a risk for cancer development. Because the main danger of embryonic stem cells is that they are genetically unstable and have the ability to develop into some tumors after transplantation into the body.
Slide No. 12
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering techniques make it possible to isolate the necessary gene and introduce it into a new genetic environment in order to create an organism with new, predetermined characteristics.
Genetic engineering methods remain very complex and expensive. But already now, with their help, the industry produces such important medications as interferon, growth hormones, insulin, etc.
Selection of microorganisms is the most important area in biotechnology.
The development of bionics makes it possible to effectively apply biological methods to solve engineering problems and to use the experience of living nature in various fields of technology.
Slide No. 13
Transgenic products:
pros and cons Several dozen edible transgenic plants have already been registered around the world. These are varieties of soybeans, rice and sugar beets that are resistant to herbicides; herbicide- and pest-resistant corn; potatoes resistant to the Colorado potato beetle; zucchini, almost seedless; tomatoes, bananas and melons with extended shelf life; rapeseed and soybean with modified fatty acid composition; rice with a high content of vitamin A.
Genetically modified sources can be found in sausages, frankfurters, canned meats, dumplings, cheese, yoghurts, baby food, cereals, chocolate, ice cream candies.
Slide No. 14
Genetically modified foods
List of products that may contain genetically modified products: Riboflavins E 101, E 101A, caramel E 150, xanthan E 415, lecithin E 322, E 153, E160d, E 161c, E 308q, E 471, E 472f, E 473, E 475, E 476b, E 477, E 479a, E 570, E 572, E 573, E 620, E 621, E 622, E 623, E 623, E 624, E 625.
Genetically modified products: chocolate Fruit Nut, Kit-kat, Milky Way, Twix; drinks: Nesquik, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Pepsi, Pringles chips, Danon yogurt.
Genetically modified products are produced by the following companies: Novartis, Monsanto - the new name of the Pharmacia company, which includes Coca-Cola, as well as Nestle, Danone, Hentz, Hipp, Uniliver ( Uniliver), United Biscuits, McDonald's restaurants.
There is not a single fact recorded in the world that a transgenic plant has caused harm to humans. But you shouldn’t let your guard down. It has not yet been clarified whether these plants will affect the offspring or pollute the environment.
Slide No. 15
Prospects for the development of biotechnology
The method of vegetative propagation of agricultural plants by tissue culture is being increasingly used on an industrial basis. It allows not only to quickly propagate new promising plant varieties, but also to obtain virus-free planting material.
Biotechnology makes it possible to obtain environmentally friendly fuels through the bioprocessing of industrial and agricultural waste. For example, installations have been created that use bacteria to process manure and other organic waste. From 1 ton of manure, up to 500 m3 of biogas is obtained, which is equivalent to 350 liters of gasoline, while the quality of manure as a fertilizer improves.
Biotechnological developments are increasingly used in the extraction and processing of minerals.
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Biotechnology
Microbiological synthesis The use of microorganisms to obtain a number of substances. Strains of microorganisms are created that produce the necessary substances in quantities that significantly exceed the needs of the microorganisms themselves by tens and hundreds of times.
Examples: Bacteria capable of accumulating uranium, copper, and cobalt are used to extract metals from wastewater. With the help of bacteria, biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) is produced, which is used to heat rooms. It was possible to breed microorganisms that synthesize the amino acid lysine, which is not produced in the human body.
Examples: Yeast is used to obtain feed protein. Using 1 ton of feed protein for livestock feed saves 5–8 tons of grain. The addition of 1 ton of yeast biomass to the diet of birds helps to obtain an additional 1.5 - 2 tons of meat or 25 - 35 thousand eggs.
Cellular engineering Growing cells of higher organisms on nutrient media. Growing nuclear-free cells. Transplantation of nuclei from one cell to another. Growing an entire organism from one somatic cell. Cloning
Cloning Animal cloning is achieved by transferring the nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized egg that has had its own nucleus removed.
Cloning The first successful experiments in cloning animals were carried out in the mid-1970s by the English embryologist J. Gordon in experiments on amphibians, when replacing the nucleus of an egg with a nucleus from a somatic cell of an adult frog led to the appearance of a tadpole.
Cloning Cloned animal – Dolly the sheep
Cellular engineering Hybridization of somatic cells and creation of interspecific hybrids. It is possible to obtain hybrid cells of organisms that are unrelated to each other: Human and mouse; Plants and animals; Cancer cells capable of unlimited growth, and blood cells - lymphocytes. It is possible to obtain a medicine that increases a person’s resistance to infections.
Examples: Thanks to the hybridization method, hybrids of various varieties of potatoes, cabbage, and tomatoes were obtained. From one somatic cell of a plant it is possible to grow a whole organism and thus propagate valuable varieties (for example, ginseng). Clones are obtained - genetically homogeneous cells. Production of chimeric organisms.
Chimeric mice
Chimera sheep - goat
Genetic engineering Rearrangement of genotypes of organisms: Creation of effective genes artificially. Introduction of a gene from one organism into the genotype of another is the production of transgenic organisms.
Introducing the rat growth gene into mouse DNA
Result
Examples: The gene responsible for the production of insulin in humans was introduced into the genotype of Escherichia coli. This bacterium is administered to people with diabetes.
A gene was introduced into the genotype of the petunia plant that disrupts the formation and production of pigment. This is how a plant with white flowers was created
Examples: Scientists are trying to introduce into the genotype of cereals the gene of bacteria that absorb nitrogen from the air. Then it will become possible not to add nitrogen fertilizers to the soil.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
This lesson is discussed first in the “Computer Presentations” section. In this lesson, students become familiar with the POWERPOINT program, learn how to change the design and layout of slides....
Presentation "Use of multimedia presentations as a universal means of cognition"
The presentation “Using multimedia presentations as a universal means of cognition” provides advice on the design and content of presentations....
Development of a lesson and presentation "The Sightseeng Tours" London and Saint-Petersburg with presentation
Goals: development of speech skills (monologue statement); improving grammatical skills in reading and speaking (past indefinite time, definite article) Tasks: teach...
1 of 30
Presentation on the topic: Biotechnology
Slide no. 1
Slide description:
Slide no. 2
Slide description:
Biotechnology is a discipline that studies the possibilities of using living organisms, their systems or products of their vital activity to solve technological problems, as well as the possibility of creating living organisms with the necessary properties using genetic engineering. Biotechnology is a discipline that studies the possibilities of using living organisms, their systems or products of their vital activity to solve technological problems, as well as the possibility of creating living organisms with the necessary properties using genetic engineering. The possibilities of biotechnology are unusually great due to the fact that its methods are more profitable than conventional ones: they are used under optimal conditions (temperature and pressure), are more productive, environmentally friendly and do not require chemical reagents that poison the environment, etc.
Slide no. 3
Slide description:
Slide no. 4
Slide description:
Biotechnology often refers to the application of genetic engineering in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the term also refers to a broader set of processes for modifying biological organisms to meet human needs, starting with the modification of plants and domesticated animals through artificial selection and hybridization. By using modern methods traditional biotechnological production has the opportunity to improve quality food products and increase the productivity of living organisms. Biotechnology often refers to the application of genetic engineering in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the term also refers to a broader set of processes for modifying biological organisms to meet human needs, starting with the modification of plants and domesticated animals through artificial selection and hybridization. With the help of modern methods, traditional biotechnological production has the opportunity to improve the quality of food products and increase the productivity of living organisms.
Slide no. 5
Slide description:
Slide no. 6
Slide description:
Slide no. 7
Slide description:
Slide no. 8
Slide description:
In 1814, academician K.S. Kirchhoff discovered the phenomenon of biological catalysis, and he attempted to biocatalytically obtain sugar from available domestic raw materials (until the mid-19th century, sugar was obtained only from sugar cane). In 1814, academician K.S. Kirchhoff discovered the phenomenon of biological catalysis, and he attempted to biocatalytically obtain sugar from available domestic raw materials (until the mid-19th century, sugar was obtained only from sugar cane).
Slide no. 9
Slide description:
And in 1891 in the USA, the Japanese biochemist Dz. Takamine received the first patent for the use of enzyme preparations for industrial purposes. The scientist proposed using diastase for the saccharification of plant waste. Thus, already at the beginning of the 20th century there was active development fermentation and microbiological industries. During these same years, the first attempts were made to use enzymes in the textile industry. And in 1891 in the USA, the Japanese biochemist Dz. Takamine received the first patent for the use of enzyme preparations for industrial purposes. The scientist proposed using diastase for the saccharification of plant waste. Thus, already at the beginning of the 20th century there was an active development of the fermentation and microbiological industries. During these same years, the first attempts were made to use enzymes in the textile industry.
Slide no. 10
Slide description:
In 1916-1917, the Russian biochemist A. M. Kolenev tried to develop a method that would make it possible to control the action of enzymes in natural raw materials during the production of tobacco. A certain contribution to the development of practical biochemistry belongs to Academician A.N. Bach, who created an important applied area of biochemistry - technical biochemistry. In 1916-1917, the Russian biochemist A. M. Kolenev tried to develop a method that would make it possible to control the action of enzymes in natural raw materials during the production of tobacco. A certain contribution to the development of practical biochemistry belongs to Academician A.N. Bach, who created an important applied area of biochemistry - technical biochemistry.
Slide no. 11
Slide description:
A.N. Bach and his students developed many recommendations for improving technologies for processing a wide variety of biochemical raw materials, improving technologies for baking, brewing, winemaking, tea and tobacco production, as well as recommendations for increasing the yield of cultivated plants by controlling the biochemical processes occurring in them. All these studies, as well as the progress of the chemical and microbiological industries and the creation of new industrial biochemical production, became the main prerequisites for the emergence of modern biotechnology. In production terms, the microbiological industry became the basis of biotechnology in the process of its formation. A.N. Bach and his students developed many recommendations for improving technologies for processing a wide variety of biochemical raw materials, improving technologies for baking, brewing, winemaking, tea and tobacco production, as well as recommendations for increasing the yield of cultivated plants by controlling the biochemical processes occurring in them. All these studies, as well as the progress of the chemical and microbiological industries and the creation of new industrial biochemical production, became the main prerequisites for the emergence of modern biotechnology. In production terms, the microbiological industry became the basis of biotechnology in the process of its formation.
Slide no. 12
Slide description:
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was isolated in 1940. Following penicillin, other antibiotics were discovered (this work continues to this day). With the discovery of antibiotics, new tasks immediately appeared: establishing the production of medicinal substances produced by microorganisms, working to reduce the cost and increase the availability of new drugs, and obtaining them in very large quantities needed by medicine. The first antibiotic, penicillin, was isolated in 1940. Following penicillin, other antibiotics were discovered (this work continues to this day). With the discovery of antibiotics, new tasks immediately appeared: establishing the production of medicinal substances produced by microorganisms, working to reduce the cost and increase the availability of new drugs, and obtaining them in very large quantities needed by medicine.
Slide no. 13
Slide description:
The following main stages in the development of biotechnology can be distinguished: The following main stages in the development of biotechnology can be distinguished: 1) Development of empirical technology - the unconscious use of microbiological processes (baking, winemaking) from about the 6th thousand years BC. 2) The origin of fundamental biological sciences in the XV-XVIII centuries. 3) The first introduction of scientific data into microbiological production at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century - a period of revolutionary transformations in the microbiological industry. 4) Creation of scientific and technical prerequisites for the emergence of modern biotechnology in the first half of the 20th century (discovery of the structure of proteins, the use of viruses in the study of the genetics of cellular organisms).
Slide no. 14
Slide description:
5) The emergence of biotechnology itself as a new scientific and technical branch (mid-20th century), associated with the mass profitable production of drugs; organization of large-scale production of protein from hydrocarbons. 5) The emergence of biotechnology itself as a new scientific and technical branch (mid-20th century), associated with the mass profitable production of drugs; organization of large-scale production of protein from hydrocarbons. 6) The emergence of the latest biotechnology associated with the practical application of genetic and cellular engineering, engineering enzymology, and immune biotechnology. microbiological production - production of a very high culture. Its technology is very complex and specific; servicing the equipment requires mastering special skills. Currently, with the help of microbiological synthesis, antibiotics, enzymes, amino acids, intermediates for the further synthesis of various substances, pheromones (substances with which the behavior of insects can be controlled), organic acids, feed proteins and others are produced. The technology for the production of these substances is well established; obtaining them microbiologically is economically profitable.
Slide no. 15
Slide description:
The main directions of biotechnology are: The main directions of biotechnology are: 1) production with the help of microorganisms and cultured eukaryotic cells of biologically active compounds (enzymes, vitamins, hormonal drugs), medications (antibiotics, vaccines, serums, highly specific antibodies, etc.), as well as proteins, amino acids used as feed additives; 2) application of biological methods of pollution control environment(biological treatment of wastewater, soil pollution, etc.) and to protect plants from pests and diseases; 3) creation of new useful strains of microorganisms, plant varieties, animal breeds, etc.