Luther Martin (1483-1546), theologian and political figure, head of the Reformation in Germany, founder of German Protestantism (Lutheranism).
Born November 10, 1483 in Eislebahn (Saxony). A graduate of the University of Erfurt and a Master of Liberal Arts, Luther in his young years, unexpectedly for many, left the path of a secular scientist and became a monk. He did this, being confident of his extreme sinfulness and fearing God's wrath. Luther took monastic vows in the Augustinian order, known, on the one hand, for the great severity of its rules, and on the other, for its theological “liberties” and frequent discrepancies with official church doctrine.
Luther, a talented, educated and zealous man in the faith, quickly stood out among the brethren. Having become a priest, he soon returned to scientific studies - now theological. In 1512, Luther, a doctor of theology, took the professorship of biblical history at the University of Wittenberg. The decline of faith and discipline in the Church, the policy of Pope Giovanni Medici (Leo VII), who sought first of all for power over Italy and personal enrichment, aroused Luther’s anger. In the end, he became disillusioned with papal power and placed his hope in the reform of the Church on secular rulers. In addition, his theological studies led him to the conviction of the falsity of Catholic doctrine.
Luther rejected the Church's doctrine of grace, the possibility of salvation through good works. According to him, all people are equal before God due to original sin. The acts of the saints were redundant and not needed for salvation; the clergy has no advantages. People are saved only by the power of sincere faith, which itself is a gift from God.
Luther rejected the worship of saints, icons, and relics, and demanded the severity and “cheapness” of the Church, its subordination to secular power.
Leo VII's mass issuance of indulgences (letters absolving sins for money) gave Luther a reason to openly speak out. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses in which he accused the selfish Pope of heresy. Luther ignored the summons to Rome, and burned the papal bull that excommunicated him from the Church in front of a large crowd of people at the same bonfire with a heap of indulgences (1520).
From that moment on, he became the recognized leader of the Reformation - the movement for the transformation of the Church.
Rejecting papal authority, Luther enlisted the support of the German princes. This benefited his desire to subordinate the Church to secular authorities, transferring the appointment of bishops to their will.
The new Pope Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici), busy fighting the war for Italy with Emperor Charles W, remained indifferent to German affairs. The burden of the fight against the Reformation fell on Charles himself - an enemy of the Pope, but a devout Catholic.
In 1530, the German theologian Melanchthon, who joined the Reformation, but was also close to the “people of the Renaissance,” created, together with Luther, the Outsburg Confession of Faith. The emperor rejected him, which was the beginning of the religious war in Germany.
The scale of the conflict that erupted worried Luther. He reacted sharply to the emergence of new leaders of the Reformation, such as W. Zwingli, T. Munzer, J. Calvin.
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Childhood Black priest and civil rights activist Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia). He was born into the family of a Baptist minister. In 1944, King entered Morehouse College. During this period he became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1947, King was ordained as a priest, becoming his father's assistant in the church. After receiving a bachelor's degree in sociology from college in 1948, he attended Crowther Theological Seminary in Chester, where he received a bachelor's degree in divinity in 1951. In 1955, Boston University awarded him the degree of Doctor of Theology.
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With his speeches (some of them are now considered classics of oratory), he called for achieving equality through peaceful means. His speeches gave energy to the civil rights movement in society - marches began, economic boycotts, mass departures to prison, and so on. As a result, the Rights Act was created, approved and passed by Congress. Martin Luther King Jr.'s “I have a dream” speech, which was heard by about 300 thousand Americans during the March on Washington in 1963 at the foot of the Lincoln Monument, became widely known. King's role in the nonviolent struggle to pass legislation that eliminated the remnants of racial discrimination was recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize.
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On March 28, 1968, King led a 6,000-strong protest march in downtown Memphis, Tennessee, to support striking workers. A few days later, speaking in Memphis, King said: “We have difficult days ahead. But it does not matter. Because I have been to the top of the mountain... I looked ahead and saw the Promised Land. Maybe I won’t be there with you, but I want you to know now - all of us, all the people will see this Earth.” The next day, King was wounded by a sniper while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. Martin Luther King was assassinated on the second floor balcony of the Memphis hotel on the morning of April 4, 1968. He was 43 years old. . He died of his wound at St. Joseph's Hospital and was buried in Atlanta. The Episcopal Church in the United States recognized King as a martyr who gave his life for the Christian faith, and his statue is placed in Westminster Abbey (England) among the martyrs of the 20th century.
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King was the first black American to have a bust erected in the Great Rotunda of the Capitol in Washington. The third Monday in January is celebrated in America as Martin Luther King Day and is considered a national holiday. The film “King” (1978) was made about him.
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He looked tired and his clothes were rumpled. People crowded tightly around him, so close that he could hardly breathe. He did not look like a man who had defied his country, but his words at this press conference, one of hundreds over the past 15 years, strengthened his resolve to continue the fight. "Change comes only through a persistent struggle against evil."
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“I have a dream, deeply rooted in the American Dream: a place where my 4 little ones will be part of a nation where people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of who they are.” “We will prevail because we have the armor of determination, the armor of courage, the breastplate of righteousness, and the whole armor of God.”
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How to celebrate January 15th is Martin Luther King Day in the United States. According to tradition, processions and rallies will be held in different cities of the country. The main events are held in Atlanta (Georgia), where the fighter for the equality of black Americans lived and preached. On this day, schools, offices, post offices and banks are closed. All TV channels broadcast videos of performances from the 60s. Statements from leaders of the movement for equal civil rights can be heard from radios. On the previous Sunday, short sermons are read in churches. Memorial services and elaborate ceremonies are being held Monday to commemorate King's life of peace. And young mothers and fathers tell their children the tale of Martin, the “apostle of militant nonviolence,” who did so much to ensure that America is known today as a land of freedom and equality.
- Martin Luther(German) Martin Luther[ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] (inf.); November 10, 1483, Eisleben, Saxony - February 18, 1546, ibid.) - Christian theologian, initiator Reformation, leading Bible translator German. One of the directions of Protestantism is named after him.
- IN 1501 By decision of his parents, Luther entered the university in Erfurt.
- The fact is that in those days the burghers sought to give their sons a higher legal education. But he was preceded by taking a course in the “seven liberal arts.”
- In 1505, Luther received a Master of Arts degree and began studying law. During the same period, against the will of his father, he entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt.
- Luther also entered the history of German social thought as a cultural figure - as a reformer of education, language, and music.
- In 2003, according to opinion polls, Luther became the second greatest German in German history. He not only experienced the influence of Renaissance culture, but in the interests of fighting the “papists” he sought to use folk culture and did a lot for its development. Luther's translation of the Bible into German (1522-1542) was of great importance, in which he managed to establish the norms of the common German national language. In his last work, he was actively assisted by his devoted friend and colleague Johann-Caspar Aquila.
- Luther gives an enthusiastic assessment of imitative polyphonic music based on cantus firmus
- Whoever is unable to appreciate the divine beauty of such exquisite polyphony, “he is not worthy to be called a man, and let him listen to how the donkey screams and the pig grunts.”
- Johann Pachelbel(German) Johann Pachelbel, September 1, 1653 – March 3, 1706) was a German composer and organist. Pachelbel's work is one of the peaks of South German organ music of the Baroque period. Pachelbel's most significant contribution was to the development of Protestant church music.
Pachelbel
- Pachelbel's grave in the Rochus cemetery ( Rochuskirchhof) in Nuremberg.
- Dietrich Buxtehude(German) Dieterich Buxtehude, date Diderik Buxtehude; OK. 1637 - May 9, 1707) - Danish-German organist, the largest representative of the North German organ school of the pre-Bach period in the history of music, one of the most famous composers of the Baroque era. His works for organ still form a significant part of the traditional organ repertoire.
Works for organ
Preludes, fugues, toccatas and chorale arrangements. It is assumed that Buxtehude wrote music using a special notation, the so-called organ tablature. However, the original manuscripts have not survived; only copies of them remain, written in ordinary notation. Most of Buxtehude's organ works are written in a "fantastic style" ( stylus phantasticus), characteristic of the early Baroque and especially of the so-called North German organ school. This style is characterized by a spirit of improvisation and a love of unexpected turns; Typical are rapid changes of rhythms, alternation of strict fugue episodes and improvisational interludes, monophonic and polyphonic textures. Buxtehude's organ style had a significant influence on the work of J. S. Bach.
Martin Luther report by 2nd year students Sarkisyan Georgy Ty Anastasia Vilchinsky AntonMARTIN
LUTHER
REPORT OF 2nd YEAR STUDENTS
SARGSYAN GEORGE
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Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
MARTIN LUTHER (1483 – 1546)born November 10, 1483 in the family of the former
miner
in 1505 he entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt
in 1508 he began lecturing at Wittenberg
university
from 1512 Doctor of Theology
reformation
REFORMATIONReformation (from lat. perestroika) is complex
religious and social movement, fight against
comprehensive dominance of the Catholic Church in
spiritual, political and economic fields.
IDEOLOGY OF REFORMATION:
A person does not need to save his soul
mediation of the church, that the guarantee of salvation is not in
external manifestation of religiosity, but in faith.
Reformation and its movements - Lutheranism, Calvinism
prepared the moral and legal ground for
bourgeois revolutions, significantly influenced
political and legal doctrines.
Luther's reform activities
REFORMERLUTHER'S ACTIVITIES
Severely criticizes the Papal Bull on
absolution and sale of indulgences
He presented 95 theses against indulgences. Abstracts
contained the main provisions of his new
religious teaching that denied basic dogmas
and the entire structure of the Catholic Church.
95 theses
95 THESISThe basis of theses is criticism of the sale of indulgences and
papal power
Caused a sharp reaction in Rome and an understanding of the German
princes, which predetermined the religious split of Europe
In the address “To the Christian nobility of the German
nation" he announced that the fight against papal dominance
is a matter for the entire German nation.
He argued that worldly life and the entire worldly order,
providing a person with the opportunity to devote himself to faith
occupy an important place in the Christian religion.
Rejected the authority of papal decrees and epistles
Rejected the clergy's claims to dominance
position in society
The relationship between spiritual and secular power
RELATIONSHIP OF SPIRITUAL ANDSECULAR POWER
developed the doctrine of “two orders” - spiritual and
secular and about two systems of law - divine and
natural
Doctrine of State and Power (1523)
THE TEACHING ABOUT THE STATE ANDAUTHORITIES (1523)
He argued that God created two governments: spiritual -
for true believers and a secular state for
people in order to ensure external peace and
calmness.
Main works
MAIN WORKBerleburg Bible; Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans (1515-
1516)
95 theses on indulgences (1517)
To the Christian nobility of the German nation (1520)
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)
Letter to Mulpfort (1520)
Open letter to Pope Leo X (1520)
Against the damned bull of the Antichrist
On the Slavery of the Will (1525)
Large and Small Catechism (1529); Letter of transfer (1530)
Praise of Music (German translation) (1538)
About the Jews and their lies (1543)
Brief biography Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta (Georgia) in the family of a Baptist church minister. The Kings' home was located on the Auburn Avenue section of Atlanta, where blacks and middle-class people lived. At the age of 13, he entered the Lyceum at Atlanta University. At the age of 15, he won a public speaking competition held by an African-American organization in Georgia. Atlanta (Georgia) In the fall of 1944, King entered Morehouse College. During this period he became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Here he learned that not only blacks, but also many whites, were opposed to racism. 1944 NAACP racism In 1947, King was ordained as a minister, becoming his father's assistant in the church. After receiving a bachelor's degree in sociology from college in 1948, he attended Crowser Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, where he received a bachelor of divinity degree in 1951. He was awarded a Doctor of Theology degree in 1955 by Boston University. 1947 1948 Pennsylvania 1951 1955 Boston University King was a frequent visitor to Ebenezer Baptist Church, where his father served. There he repented, this happened in 1940.
Personal life In January 1952, after living in Boston for about five months, King met conservatory student Coretta Scott. Six months later, King invited the girl to go with him to Atlanta. Having met Coretta, the parents gave their consent to their marriage. 1952 In Boston, Martin Luther King and his wife Coretta Scott King were married in her mother's house on June 18, 1953. The newlyweds were married by the groom's father. Coretta received a diploma in voice and violin from the New England Conservatory. After graduating from the conservatory, she and her husband moved to Montgomery, Alabama, in September 1954. Coretta Scott King June 18, 1953 Montgomery Alabama 1954
Activities In 1954, King became a minister at the Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. In Montgomery, he led a major black protest against racial segregation in public transport, after one incident occurred in December 1955. The Montgomery bus boycott, which lasted more than 380 days, despite the resistance of the authorities and racists, led to the success of the action. The US Supreme Court declared segregation in Alabama unconstitutional. 1954 Montgomery Alabama racial segregation in public transport 1955 Boycott of the Montgomery bus lines
Martin Luther and Malcolm X In January 1957, King was elected head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization created to fight for civil rights for the African-American population. In September 1958, he was stabbed in Harlem. In 1960, King, at the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru, visited India, where he studied the activities of Mahatma Gandhi. 1957 1958 Harlem 1960 Jawaharlal Nehru India Mahatma Gandhi With his speeches (some of them are now considered classics of oratory), he called for achieving equality through peaceful means. His speeches gave energy to the civil rights movement; marches, economic boycotts, mass exodus to prison, and so on began in society. As a result, the Rights Act was created, approved and passed by Congress. His unorthodox leadership became a real problem for the modern era. Rights Act by Congress
Martin Luther - the great orator Martin Luther King's speech “I have a dream,” which was listened to by about 300 thousand Americans during the March on Washington in 1963 at the foot of the Lincoln Monument, became widely known. In this speech he celebrated racial reconciliation. King redefined the essence of the American democratic dream and ignited a new spiritual fire in it. King's role in the nonviolent struggle to pass legislation that eliminated the remnants of racial discrimination was recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize. As a politician, King was a truly unique figure. In laying out the essence of his leadership, he spoke primarily in religious terms. He defined the leadership of the civil rights movement as a continuation of earlier pastoral service and used the African American religious experience in most of his messages. By the traditional standard of American political opinion, he was a leader who believed in Christian love. I Have a Dream 1963 Washington March Lincoln Racial Discrimination Nobel Peace Prize Like so many other prominent figures in American history, King resorted to religious phraseology, thereby evoking an enthusiastic spiritual response from his audience.
“I have a dream...” Five decades ago, the great American, under whose symbolic shadow we gather today, signed the Negro Emancipation Proclamation. This important decree became a majestic beacon of light of hope for millions of black slaves scorched by the flames of withering injustice. It became a joyful dawn that ended the long night of captivity. But after a hundred years we are forced to face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro, unfortunately, is still crippled by the shackles of segregation and the shackles of discrimination. A hundred years later, the black man lives on a deserted island of poverty in the middle of a vast ocean of material prosperity. A hundred years later, the black man still languishes on the margins of American society and finds himself in exile on his own land. So we came here today to highlight the drama of the deplorable situation. In a sense, we came to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the beautiful words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note that every American would inherit. According to this bill, all people were guaranteed the unalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Today it has become obvious that America is unable to pay on this bill what is due to its colored citizens. Instead of paying this sacred debt, America issued a bad check to the Negro people, which returned marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice has failed. We refuse to believe that there are not enough funds in the vast reservoirs of our state's capabilities. And we have come to receive this check - a check by which we will be given the treasures of freedom and guarantees of justice. We have come here to this sacred place also to remind America of the urgent requirement of today. This is not the time to be satisfied with pacifying measures or to take the sedative medicine of gradual solutions. It is time to emerge from the dark valley of segregation and enter the sunlit path of racial justice. It is time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. It is time to lead our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. It would be mortally dangerous for our state to ignore the special importance at this moment and underestimate the resolve of blacks. The sultry summer of the legitimate discontent of the Negroes will not end until the invigorating autumn of freedom and equality comes - this is not the end, but the beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to let off steam and will now calm down will have a rude awakening if our nation returns to business as usual. Until the Negro is given his civil rights, America will see neither serenity nor peace. Revolutionary storms will continue to shake the foundations of our state until the bright day of justice comes.
But there is something else that I must say to my people who stand on the blessed threshold at the entrance to the palace of justice. In the process of conquering our rightful place, we should not give grounds for accusations of unseemly actions. Let us not seek to quench our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must always wage our struggle from a noble position of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. We must strive to reach great heights by matching physical strength with mental strength. The remarkable militancy which has taken possession of Negro society need not lead us to the distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers have realized, as evidenced by their presence here today, that their destiny is closely connected with our destiny and their freedom is inevitably connected with our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And once we start moving, we must swear that we will move forward. We can't turn back. There are those who ask those dedicated to the cause of civil rights: "When will you calm down?" We will never rest until our bodies, heavy with the fatigue caused by long journeys, can find accommodation for the night in roadside motels and city hotels......
I tell you today, my friends, that despite the difficulties and times of charm, I have a dream. This is a dream deeply rooted in the American Dream. I have a dream that the day will come when our nation will rise up and live up to the true meaning of its motto: “We hold it to be self-evident that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that the day will come in the red hills of Georgia when the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveholders can sit together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that the day will come when even the state of Mississippi, a desolate state sweltering under the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that the day will come when my four children will live in a country where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by what they are. I have a dream today. I have a dream that the day will come when in the state of Alabama, whose governor now claims to interfere in the internal affairs of the state and defy the laws passed by Congress, a situation will be created in which little black boys and girls can join hands with little white boys and girls and walk together like brothers and sisters.
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith, we can hew the stone of hope from the mountain of despair. With this faith we can transform the discordant voices of our people into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we can work together, pray together, fight together, go to prison together, defend freedom together, knowing that one day we will be free. This will be the day when all God's children will be able to sing, giving new meaning to these words: "My country, it is I you, sweet land of freedom, it is I who sing your praises. Land where my fathers died, land of pilgrims' pride, let freedom ring with all mountain slopes." And if America is to become a great country, this must happen. Let freedom ring from the tops of the stunning hills of New Hampshire! Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York! Let freedom ring from the high Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania!
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Colorado Rockies! Let freedom ring from the curved mountain peaks of California! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain in Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and knoll of the Mississippi! Let freedom ring from every mountain slope! When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we can hasten the coming of that day when all of God's children, black and white, Jew and Gentile, Protestant and Catholic, can join hands and sing the words of the old Negro spiritual hymn: "Free at last! Free at last! Thanks to the almighty Lord, we are free at last!"
