The industrial era (the era of industrial societies) began with the development of capitalist enterprises and relations during the collapse of feudal society in some countries of Western Europe: Holland, Italy, England and others. Capitalists there were entrepreneurs who for their money purchased items, tools, working conditions, hired workers and carried out the production of material goods and services for sale for money, for profit. This era ended in the middle of the XX century, with the emergence of elements of the post-industrial (informational) civilizational era.
In industrialized countries (formation and civilization) gradually lost their dominant position and retreated before the capitalist formational (commodity-money) and civilizational (Protestantism). The number of capitalists grew, the degree of involvement of the population in capitalist (commodity-money) relations increased. As a result of bourgeois revolutions, bourgeois democrats came to power. They completed the construction of the capitalist formations in their countries to the "auxiliary top" and civilization. By the end of the XIX century. the capitalist formation and civilization prevailed in many European countries.
Martin Luther (1483-1546) created Protestantism, which influenced the formation of capitalist society. He rejected the role of the church and the clergy as a mediator between the individual and God, arguing that the salvation of a person's soul depends on faith, skill, and lifestyle. Printing introduced the population to the Bible and stimulated independent thinking. Puritan ethics became the civilizational basis of the capitalist formation and civilization, which was significantly different from the previous one. The process of becoming individualistic (liberal) world civilization went relatively quickly. National states fought for sales markets, political influence, and world domination. Alliances of states emerged, dividing spheres of economic and political influence.
Technological basis industrial society consists of physical and mental labor, new sources of energy (electricity, internal combustion engine), machine production on an industrial (industrial) basis. These means of production have made it possible to dramatically increase the quantity and quality of material goods to meet the demosocial needs of people.
Demosocial subsystem industrial society is characterized by the following elements: the growth of the Earth's population, the nuclear family, urbanization, the complication of the social structure, the growth of social inequality, nationalism and the class struggle of the bourgeois and proletarians, pollution of the ecological sphere, the transformation of cities into increasingly unsuitable for life.
For economic subsystem characteristic: industrial mode of production; capitalist property, the development of finance capital; domination of large monopolies - private and state; increase in the efficiency of social production; the emergence of a world market; division of social production into three sectors (primary - agriculture, secondary - industry, tertiary - services) with the leading role of the industrial sector; the emergence of crises of overproduction; the struggle of the main economic classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat).
Political subsystem industrial society is characterized by: the collapse of empires and the emergence of national states; development of law; separation of legislative, executive, judicial powers; universal suffrage; formation and mass. In the cities, there is a gap and conflict between the bureaucratic, anonymous state power and the self-governing, close to the interests of the people of the municipality.
Spiritual subsystem industrial society is characterized by the reformation of the church, the development and technical knowledge, the formation of mass education, the emergence of mass media and science. New religion, philosophy of Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, natural sciences changed the spiritual climate of post-Reformation Europe.
Public psyche characterized by the strengthening of rationalism, the weakening of the religious worldview and the strengthening of the secular (liberal, socialist, anarchist), the emergence of socialist projects for the reorganization of society, the fierceness of the subjective confrontation of different classes.
Capitalist society has rendered decisive influence on the course of the historical process in the XIX-XX centuries. It began colonial wars against primitive communal, agrarian-Asian, feudal societies in other countries of the world. The types of colonization were different: settlements of colonists, migration to colonial areas, penetration of colonialists into countries with a developed Asian civilization and formation, consolidation there as a ruling minority. The colonized (and "civilized") peoples resisted the colonialists.
In the first half of the 19th century, a revolutionary movement of the proletariat arose in Europe, putting forward its economic and political demands on the capitalist class: an uprising of Lyons workers (1834) and Silesian weavers (1844) took place, and a Chartist movement developed in England. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels theoretically substantiated the demands of the proletariat in the Communist Manifesto. In 1917, the construction of a "proletarian-socialist" society (formation and civilization) began in Russia.
The two social formations and civilizations of the industrial era are capitalist and socialist (Soviet). In the beginning, their struggle took shape in favor of socialism (formation and civilization): a “nroletarian-socialist” Soviet Union emerged. Then, as a result of the victory over Nazism, the camp of Soviet socialism was formed, including many countries; the disintegration of the colonial system of capitalism began. The Soviet communists hoped that the victory of the socialist society over the capitalist one would mean their victory. This position was fixed by the program of the CPSU, adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961).
The transformation of a liberal-capitalist society into a social-democratic one proved that it was not the proletariat, but average mass. The bourgeois-socialist society (swept away formation and civilization) turned out to be more viable in comparison with liberal capitalism and proletarian socialism, because, on the one hand, it gave room for talents, and on the other hand, it embodied moderate social justice in the form of relative inequality, social protection working people, the weak. At the end of the 20th century, the world socialist system and the USSR were defeated.
Instructions
The science of the development of society - sociology - uses the following typology to designate the stages of development of society: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. The creator of this typology, the American sociologist D. Bell, believed that with the change of each of these stages, a colossal change occurs in all spheres of human life: production technologies and the form of ownership, the way of life of people, science, political structure and social institutions change radically.
Pre-industrial society was based on agriculture, and its basis was a traditional society, where the fate of a person was completely determined by his origin.
Industrial society emerged in the last third of the 18th century. Its appearance was facilitated by the industrial revolution, which was characterized by a serious industrial, scientific and cultural upsurge, a fundamentally new level of development of industrial relations.
The Industrial Revolution began with cotton, which was originally exported to Europe from India. The price of cotton was quite high. In 1785, the mechanical loom was invented, which was able to increase labor productivity almost forty times. At the same time, a spinning machine driven by a water motor was developed. In the same years, the first steam engine was created, whose use gave impetus to the development of metallurgy. As a result, the demand for hard coal has grown significantly.
With the development of metallurgy and the production of fabrics, with an increase in demand for coal, a new need arose - the transportation of goods in large volumes was required. It was also now required to reduce transportation costs. It took the massive creation and construction of roads and canals, and, as a result, the inventor D. Stephenson created the first steam locomotive, and in 1825 the first railway was built in Great Britain, which allowed the country to become the first industrial power in the world.
Further, the industrial society began to spread throughout the world, often the industrial revolution coincided with a change in the social system, the industrial revolution coexisted with the political revolution: the feudal system was replaced by the bourgeois one. In France, the industrial revolution coincided with the bourgeois revolution of 1789-1794, in Germany it took place a little later, in the middle of the 19th century. In the United States of America, the Industrial Revolution coincided with the Revolutionary War of 1775-1783 and the Civil War of 1861-1865, as a result of which the United States became a leader in the development of metallurgy, mining, mechanical engineering and invention. The Meiji Revolution in Japan in 1868 also contributed to the change of the traditional feudal system to the bourgeois one, resulting in an unprecedented economic upsurge in 1875-1895.
In Russia, the industrial revolution took place in the last quarter of the 20th century. The formation of an industrial society was facilitated by serfdom and a variety of judicial and economic reforms, which allowed Russia to achieve a significant industrial rise by the beginning of the twentieth century and catch up with developed European countries.
The emergence of the industrial system in all states was characterized by the growth of cities, or urbanization, a decrease in the volume of agriculture, an increase in life expectancy, an increase in the quality of life, and the spread of education. There was a mass production based on scientific and technological progress, labor automation, the concept of a market appeared, and a civil society was formed. The industrial society existed until the last quarter of the 20th century, being replaced by a post-industrial society.
Today, an industrial society is a concept that is familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, falling profitability of agriculture, urban growth and a clear division of labor are all the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.
What is an industrial society?
In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. The previous traditional socio-economic models were characterized by a relatively low average standard of living of the population.
The industrial society is considered modern; both technical and social components are developing very rapidly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.
The main differences
The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one lies in the growth of industry, the need for a modernized, accelerated and efficient production and in the division of labor.
The main reasons for the division of labor and line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.
An industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, mass media and civic responsibility.
Changing the structure of society
Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances make it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries particularly efficient.
The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation are also influencing changes in social charters. Industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become a part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political point of view.
The main features and signs of an industrial society
The main characteristics can be roughly divided into three groups: production, economic and social.
The main production features and characteristics of an industrial society are as follows:
- mechanization of production;
- reorganization of labor;
- division of labor;
- productivity increase.
Among the economic characteristics, it is necessary to highlight:
- the growing influence of private production;
- the emergence of a market for competitive goods;
- expansion of sales markets.
The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.
The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values and worldview, which is influenced by:
- development and accessibility of education;
- improving the quality of life;
- popularization of culture and art;
- urbanization;
- expansion of human rights and freedoms.
It should be noted that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation of natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.
Historical background
In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to provide for their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to switch to the agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners to the workers and a low level of mechanization of production.
Preindustrial socio-economic models were based on various forms of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and a low average living standard of the population.
Industrial Revolution
The transition to an industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It is this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that is responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century were the apogee of industrialization in a number of the world's leading powers.
During the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state took shape, such as production growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development.
Usually the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, however, it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.
Industrialization
There are three main sectors in the composition of both the world and the state economy:
- Primary - resource extraction and farming.
- Secondary - the processing of resources and the creation of food products.
- Tertiary is a service industry.
Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.
This process took place in world history in two stages: the technical revolution, which includes the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufacturing, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and motors.
Urbanization
In the modern sense, urbanization is an increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.
Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the border of the true division of labor - the territorial one.
The future of industrial society
Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values and criteria of human capital.
The knowledge industry should become the engine of the post-industrial society and its economy. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play an important role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be tertiary, that is, the service sector.
Industrial society
Industrial society- a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of adequate forms of labor organization, the application of the achievements of technical and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, flow production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, the humanization of economic relations, the increasing role of management, the formation of civil society. ...
An industrial society is a society based on industry with flexible dynamic structures, which is characterized by: division of labor and growth of its productivity, a high level of competition, accelerated development of entrepreneurial resources and human capital, development of civil society and management systems at all levels, broad development of the mass media. communications, a high level of urbanization and an increase in the quality of life.
Industrial society emerges as a result of the industrial revolution. There is a redistribution of the labor force: employment in agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment in industry increases to 80-85%, and the urban population also grows.
The dominant factor of production is entrepreneurial activity. For the first time, Joseph Schumpeter introduced entrepreneurial resource as a leading factor in development. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the industrial society is being transformed into a post-industrial society.
The essence and concept of the development of an industrial society
The essence of the industrial society reflects the emergence and development of the entrepreneurial resource as a component of human capital, human capital itself, as well as competition - the main factors in the formation and development of the industrial economy and society, drivers of the industrial revolution and the generation of innovations.
The concept of the development of an industrial society consists in the formation and development of a class of entrepreneurs, education, especially special education, science, culture, medicine, in improving the quality of life of the population and the efficiency of the elite, in the formation of civil society.
Industrial society and economy began to take shape in the first half of the 19th century. Revolutionary changes took place in the economy and society during this period of time:
Accumulation of creative human capital, knowledge and innovation (in industry);
Industrialization and mechanization of production, the transition from manual to machine labor;
Competitive relations and competitive markets were formed, democracy and civil society were formed;
The level and quality of life of the population increased; culture, education, science developed and the basis for the next round of accelerated economic growth, the development of industry and technology was gradually being prepared;
There was an outstripping development of human capital due to the priority growth of investments in education, including in vocational education, in science, in innovation.
Competition has been and remains the main driving force behind the development of the industrial economy.
Features of an industrial society
- The emergence of a creative class - entrepreneurs (capitalists) and hired workers.
- The growth and development of special and general education, science, culture, quality of life, infrastructure.
- Transition to machine production.
- Population movement to cities - urbanization.
- Uneven economic growth and development - stable growth alternates with recessions and crises.
- Social and historical progress.
- Unlimited exploitation of natural resources to the detriment of the environment.
- The economy is based on competitive markets and private property. Ownership of the means of production is seen as natural and inalienable.
- Labor mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social movement are practically unlimited.
- Entrepreneurship, hard work, honesty and decency, education, health, ability and willingness to innovate are recognized as the most important values in an industrial society.
An industrial society is characterized by a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production; accelerated development of science and technology, means of communication, invention of newspapers, radio and television; expanding opportunities for educational and educational activities; population growth and increase in its life expectancy; a significant increase in the level and quality of life in comparison with previous eras; increasing the mobility of the population; division of labor not only within individual countries, but also internationally; centralized state; smoothing the horizontal differentiation of the population (dividing it into castes, estates, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (dividing society into nations, "worlds", regions).
Waves of development and technological structures of the industrial economy
The transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one
Notes (edit)
Literature
- Zapariy V.V., Nefedov S.A. History of Science and Technology. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
- Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1954). Economic development theory
- Korchagin Yu.A. Human capital as an intensive socio-economic factor in the development of personality, economy, society and statehood, Moscow, HSE, 2011
- Timoshina T.M. Economic history of foreign countries. - M .: "Justicinform", 2006.
- Glazyev S.Yu. Economic theory of technical development. - M .: Nauka, 1990 .-- 232 p.
- Glazyev S.Yu. The theory of long-term technical and economic development. - M .: VlaDar, 1993 .-- 310 p.
- Korchagin Yu.A. Human capital development cycles as drivers of innovation waves. - Voronezh: ЦИРЭ.
- Grinin L. E. The productive forces and the historical process... 3rd ed. M .: KomKniga, 2006.
- A. V. Korotaev, A. S. Malkov, D. A. Khalturina The laws of history. Mathematical modeling of the development of the World System. Demography, economics, culture. 2nd ed. - M .: URSS, 2007.
see also
Links
| Overview of world history | |
|---|---|
| Historical periods | |
| Economic organization | |
| History of the regions | |
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what "Industrial Society" is in other dictionaries:
The modern stage, or era, in the development of mankind. Prior eras: primitive society, ancient agrarian society, medieval agrarian industrial society. In the most developed Western European countries, the transition to I.O. started… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (industrial society) A society with a broad division of labor and reliance on large-scale machine production. Industrial society is seen as a general designation for the capitalist and socialist formations of the recent past. Sen Simon ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
A type of economically developed society in which industry is the dominant branch of the national economy. Industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and ... ... Financial vocabulary
Modern encyclopedia
- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society became widespread in 50 60 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Industrial society- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society became widespread in the 50s and 60s ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Bourges. sociology, and economics, theory of societies. development, directed against the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of social progress in the course of successive societies. economical formations. Formulated in two versions of the French. philosopher R. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
One of the main categories in which modern philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and economists analyze the trends and characteristics of modern, the so-called. "Developed" societies as opposed to "traditional", "agrarian" (tribal, feudal, etc.) ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
industrial society- The stage of development of society and public relations that took shape after the industrial revolution, when, along with the raw materials industries, the processing industries (the secondary sector of the economy) began to develop as the basis of the economy ... Geography Dictionary
- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society became widespread in 50 60 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Almanac of German history. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lev Kopelev. Industrial society in Germany and its development. The Germans and "Office", VV Ishchenko. "Almanac" continues the traditions of the "Yearbook of German History", published at the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first issue contains articles by Russian and German historians, ...
Scientific literature contains many definitions of the concept of "society". So, in the narrow sense, it is a group of people who have united to perform any activity and communication, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a country or people. In the broad - a part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, consisting of individuals with consciousness and will, including the forms of uniting people and ways of their interaction.
In the 20th century, R. Aron put forward the theory of industrial society, which was later refined by American sociologists and political scientists A. Toffler, D. Bell, Z. Brzezinski. It describes the progressive process of development of a backward society to an advanced one. In total, 3 stages were distinguished: agrarian (pre-industrial), industrial and post-industrial.
Agrarian society is the first stage of civilized development. In some sources it is also called traditional. Typical for Antiquity and the Middle Ages. However, it is inherent in some states at the present time. Mostly to the countries of the "third world" (Africa, Asia).
The following features of an agrarian society can be distinguished:
- The economy is based on primitive handicrafts and subsistence farming. Mostly hand tools are used. The industry is either very slightly developed or completely absent. Most of the population lives in the countryside, doing agriculture.
- Dominance of state, communal forms of ownership; and private is not inviolable. Material benefits are distributed depending on the position occupied by a person in the social hierarchy.
- Economic growth rates are low.
- The social structure is practically unchanged. A person is born in a certain class or caste and does not change his position throughout his life. The main social units are the community and the family.
- Conservative society. Any changes happen slowly and spontaneously.
- Human behavior is governed by beliefs, customs, corporate principles and norms. Self-reliance and individuality are discouraged. The social group determines the norms of behavior for the individual. A person does not analyze his position, he seeks to adapt to the environment. He assesses everything that happens to him from the position of the social group to which he belongs.
- An agrarian society presupposes a strong power of the army and the church; the ordinary person is removed from politics.
- A limited number of educated people, the prevalence of oral information over written.
- The priority of the spiritual sphere over the economic, human life is perceived as the implementation of divine providence.
As a result of economic, political, social and spiritual development, agrarian society in most countries has passed into the industrial stage, which is characterized by growth in agriculture and industry in labor productivity, an increase in fixed capital, and growth in incomes of the population.
New classes are emerging - the bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat. The number of peasants in the population is decreasing, and urbanization is taking place. The role of the state is growing. Agrarian society and industrial society opposed each other in all directions.
The post-industrial stage is characterized by the development of the service sector, bringing them to the fore, increasing the role of knowledge, science and information. Class distinctions are being erased, and the share of the middle class is increasing.
Agrarian society, from the Eurocentric point of view, is a backward, closed, primitive social organism, to which industrial and post-industrial civilizations are opposed by Western sociology.
Fb.ru
description, development, features and signs :: BusinessMan.ru
Today, an industrial society is a concept that is familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, falling profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor are all the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.
What is an industrial society?
In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. The previous traditional socio-economic models were characterized by a relatively low average standard of living of the population.
The industrial society is considered modern; both technical and social components are developing very rapidly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.
The main differences
The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one lies in the growth of industry, the need for a modernized, accelerated and efficient production and in the division of labor.
The main reasons for the division of labor and line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.
An industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, mass media and civic responsibility.
Changing the structure of society
Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances make it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries particularly efficient.
The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation are also influencing changes in social charters. Industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become a part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political point of view.
The main features and signs of an industrial society
The main characteristics can be roughly divided into three groups: production, economic and social.
The main production features and characteristics of an industrial society are as follows:
- mechanization of production;
- reorganization of labor;
- division of labor;
- productivity increase.
Among the economic characteristics, it is necessary to highlight:
- the growing influence of private production;
- the emergence of a market for competitive goods;
- expansion of sales markets.
The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.
The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values and worldview, which is influenced by:
- development and accessibility of education;
- improving the quality of life;
- popularization of culture and art;
- urbanization;
- expansion of human rights and freedoms.
It should be noted that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation of natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.
Historical background
In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to provide for their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to switch to the agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners to the workers and a low level of mechanization of production.
Preindustrial socio-economic models were based on various forms of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and a low average living standard of the population.
Industrial Revolution
The transition to an industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It is this period, the 18th – 19th centuries, that is responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century were the apogee of industrialization in a number of the world's leading powers.
During the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state took shape, such as production growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development.
Usually the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, however, it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.
Industrialization
There are three main sectors in the composition of both the world and the state economy:
- Primary - resource extraction and farming.
- Secondary - the processing of resources and the creation of food products.
- Tertiary is a service industry.
Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.
This process took place in world history in two stages: the technical revolution, which includes the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufacturing, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and motors.
Urbanization
In the modern sense, urbanization is an increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.
Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the border of the true division of labor - the territorial one.
The future of industrial society
Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values and criteria of human capital.
The knowledge industry should become the engine of the post-industrial society and its economy. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play an important role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be tertiary, that is, the service sector.
Businessman.ru
Question 7. The main characteristics of the agrarian, industrial and post-industrial types of society. Social modernization, its types.
So, traditional (agricultural) society can be characterized as follows: the predominant type of production - agriculture. Limited social mobility and strong social control are characteristic. The rules of existence are determined by traditions. In this case, commodity relations are either absent altogether, or are oriented towards meeting the needs of a small segment of the population. It is believed that any society from a primitive community to the industrial revolution of the late 18th century can be called traditional. It is characterized by the use of manual labor and simple machines. In a traditional society, due to its “closed nature”, changes took place slowly.
Examples of modern countries of the traditional (agrarian) type (based on the analysis of GDP components): most of the countries of North Africa (Algeria), the countries of northeastern Africa (Ethiopia, where agriculture is 54% of GDP), the countries of southeast Asia (Vietnam, where 79% of the population is rural).
Industrialization in Russia began only in the middle of the 19th century. This alone did not prevent our country from being one of the largest and most powerful states by the end of the 19th century, from having the status of a great European power.
For industrial society is characterized by the fact that the largest contribution to the economy is made by the extraction and processing of natural resources, as well as industry. Usually about 80% of the population is employed in industry. An industrial revolution leads to the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one.
It is important to understand what is industrial revolution... This is a process of socio-economic transition from an agrarian to an industrial type with a predominance of industrial production.
Along with the development of industry, there is a rapid development of science, technology, means of communication, an increase in the standard of living of people. The first country where the industrial revolution took place was Great Britain.
The changes taking place in society affect all spheres of life. Thus, families break up, generations begin to live in different places, cities grow, and people are actively moving there (urbanization is the process of cities growing and increasing their role in society, associated with the active resettlement of the population to cities).
According to the French scientist Raymond Aron, industrial society is the result of the influence of production automation, the emergence of large-scale industries and an increase in labor productivity.
American sociologist William Rostow believes that socio-cultural factors (the growth of scientific knowledge, impulses and aspirations of people) also had a great influence on this process.
The society of this type is characterized by dynamic changes and an increase in social mobility. The structure of society is also changing, estates are being replaced by social groups. The rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding.
Postindustrial society is defined by the following features: concepts of this type of society appeared in the 1960s. The leading role in society is assigned to knowledge, information, computers. The sphere of services is expanding, getting a quality education is gaining importance, an information society is beginning to form. In such a society, scientific research is the main driving force of the economy. The commodity-producing economy goes over to the service one.
It is important to understand that the service sector includes not only household trade, but also the state, army, transport, healthcare, education, science, culture, production and sale of intellectual property (software).
Automation of production takes place, the importance of human participation in production decreases.
The rates of economic development are increasing many times over.
P. Drucker: “Today knowledge is already being applied to the realm of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in the field of management. Knowledge is rapidly becoming a determinant of production, overshadowing both capital and labor. "
Post-industrial society is also associated with the era of postmodernism (postmodernity is the state of modern culture, which includes a kind of philosophical position).
Public consciousness is changing: the rejection of the universality and unity of the world.
The strengthening of pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in the system of values, motives and incentives of people are also called as the main signs.
Especially for you, we have prepared a table that will help you understand how the considered types of societies differ from each other:
Table: Division of society into types
| Comparison line | Traditional (agrarian, pre-industrial society) | Industrial society | Post-industrial society |
| Production factor | Earth | Capital | Knowledge |
| Main product of production | Food | Industrial products | Services |
| Production characteristics | Manual labor | Widespread use of mechanisms, technologies | Automation, computerization of production |
| Nature of work | Individual labor | Normal team activities | Increasing creativity in work |
| Employment | Agriculture - about 75% of the population | Industry - about 85% | Services - 66%, industry - 33% |
| Social structure | Community Classes Inclusion of all in the collective Closedness of social structures Low social mobility | Class division, simplification of social structure, mobility and openness of social structures | Preservation of social division, growth of the middle class, division based on the level of knowledge and profession |
| Life span | 40-50 | Over 70 | Over 70 |
| Human impact on nature | Local, uncontrolled | Global, uncontrollable | Global, controlled |
| Interaction with other countries | Insignificant | Close relationship, but not everywhere. An example of closeness: the "Iron Curtain" (a concept denoting an information, political and border barrier, erected in 1919-1920 and for several decades separating the USSR and other socialist countries from the capitalist countries of the West). | Openness |
| Political life | Most of the countries of the monarchy, there are no political freedoms, power is above the law | The emergence of political freedoms, equality before the law, the authorities begin to demand obedience to the law | Political pluralism, strong civil society, democracy |
| Spiritual life | Traditional religious values, homogeneous culture, few educated people | New values of personal success, faith in science, mass culture, development of education | A special role for science and education, the emergence and spread of subcultures |
Social modernization is an important source and process of social conflicts in societies. Modernization (from the French moderne - modern, newest) in our case is the process of updating backward social systems, formations, civilizations in the spirit of the requirements of the present. An example of modernization is the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society.
There are several definitions of modernization. A group of Western sociologists (Moore, Eisenstadt, etc.) consider modernization as a process of formation of two types social systems(Western European and North American). Refining this point of view, Neil Smelzers lists six areas of social life that are included in improving social systems: economics, politics, education, religion, stratification, family. Here modernization is understood in the broad sense of the word - as an evolutionary change in society.
In the light of this understanding, social modernization affects social systems, formations, civilizations. It can occur as a result own response to internal contradictions, and as a result borrowing answers already discovered by other peoples in the form of social institutions. In the first case, it is called self-modernization, and in the second - catch-up modernization. Modernization is always the result of social hybridization, social grafting of modernity to existing social structures.
To understand the modernization of social systems, formations and civilizations, it is important to determine modern. If we are talking about self-modernization, then they mean the criteria of social progress: technological level; the level, quality and fairness of people's lives; labor efficiency; variety and mass of goods; the effectiveness of the political system; the dominant meanings of life, etc. In the case of catching-up modernization, Western society is usually taken as a model of modernity.
Formation modernization is the process of replacing the old social deformation with a new one as a result of improving the social subsystems that form it and the relations between them. It represents a deep and pervasive conflict between old and new, traditional and modern. Socio-formational modernization can take place in the form of social evolution, revolution, deprivation.
Civilizational modernization includes the emergence of a civilizational leader, a new project, a civilizational institution that responds, on the one hand, to external challenges, and on the other hand, to the character, mentality, and way of life of the people. It also represents a conflict between the old and the new civilization. Post-Soviet Russia is currently undergoing another civilizational modernization.
Ability to permanent self-modernization- a sign of an economic or mixed society. Political countries are engaged catching up modernization, borrowing new technology and social institutions from the West. Four modernizations can be distinguished in the history of Russia: Peter's, the abolition of serfdom, Soviet, post-Soviet. The Soviet period of modernization was catching up with respect to industrialization and inversion with respect to social formation.
In Russia, modernization is: 1) initiated from above by the absolutist (tsarist Russia), totalitarian (USSR), liberal (post-Soviet Russia) state power; 2) is partial, that is, does not affect the type of social system; 3) combined with the militarization of the country, the development of the military industry, the army and the navy, education and science, the decline in the standard of living of the population.
At the first stage, the driving force behind the modernization of political society (in particular, Russia) is a new political the elite offering the people a new formation and civilization project. Then a new powerful centralized state is created as the main instrument of modernization. At the second stage, there is a rapid modernization of the state economy, a redistribution of GDP for the revival of military power; the leveling, ascetic, slowly improving way of life of the working people is maintained; the "varnishing" of the new way of life and the fight against its "enemies" are carried out. At the third stage, there is a decline in the political formation, the ruling elite, military power, the standard of living of the population, growing discontent of the working people, who say “you can’t live like this anymore,” but do not know how to live on. And, finally, the old social order is disintegrating in order to revive it on a new elite and ideological basis.
Russia’s full-fledged formative response to the challenges of modernization in the West has always been hampered by its isolationism. Under the conditions of globalization, this can no longer be done, "... in our century," writes Toynbee, "the main thing in the consciousness of society is understanding oneself as part of a wider universe, while a feature of the social consciousness of the last century was the claim to consider oneself, one's society as a closed universe" ... In the context of globalization, Russia will either modernize or degrade - it will move into the alliance of the countries of the South.
cyberpedia.su
Agrarian society (signs and destruction)
Unlike modern people, the man of antiquity and the Middle Ages was much closer to the land-nurse, to the traditions and customs of their ancestors. Therefore, the type of civilization that existed before the New Time is usually called agrarian society(from the Latin word "ager" - "land"), or traditional society.
Signs of an agrarian society
Farm
The purity of the air and rivers was not poisoned by the smoke of factory chimneys and the exhaust of cars. Over the endless fields of the countryside, it was very rare to see the fortress towers of small towns. Almost all families made their own food, clothing, footwear and necessary items, rather than buying them in stores.
Society
Born a simple peasant, he had to live in the countryside, plow the land, pay taxes, and wear a modest dress. Born a noble person, he was exempted from taxes, could take a position, dress in expensive outfits. The parents chose the wife or husband for the children. The mischief-makers were flogged with rods.
Politics
In most states, people considered the ruler to be God's deputy on Earth. When he appeared, they bowed low or even fell to their knees. As a rule, any actions of the ruler and his officials were dutifully accepted by the people, and often were not known to the majority of the inhabitants.
The culture
Handwritten books were expensive and inaccessible to most people, and typography was never invented. Many lived to old age, never having learned to read and write, never knowing what cities and countries there are in the world. However, this did not bother most people at all, who were not interested in what was happening behind their village fence.
In modern times, human civilization began to change and take on a modern look. The features of the old agrarian society collapsed, and the features of the new society grew in their place. The destruction of the agrarian society became the main content of the entire modern era.
 |
| Destruction of the agrarian society |
 |
| Successful burghers in the market. Hood. P. Ersten |
|
Features of an agrarian society |
Signs of the destruction of an agrarian society |
|
The basis of the economy is agriculture |
The emergence and growth of the machine industry |
|
The overwhelming majority of people live in villages, do subsistence farming |
Urban growth, replacement of subsistence economy by market |
|
Society consists of separate estates and communities, the rights and obligations of a person depend on the origin Material from the site http://doklad-referat.ru |
Destruction of class barriers and the struggle for the equality of citizens |
|
The government of the state, as a rule, can only be influenced by the landowning nobility. |
Decrease in the influence of the landowning nobility, the emergence of democratic elections and parliaments as a result of revolutions or reforms |
|
The culture, worldview and social life of most people are subordinate to religion, traditions and customs of their ancestors |
Reducing the influence of religion and the church |
|
There are few literate people in society |
Dissemination of literacy and education |
The signs of the destruction of the agrarian society were the fastest
Agrarian society signs
Agrarian society abstract
Signs of destruction of agrarian society in India
Write out signs of destruction of the agrarian society in Germany
What is an agrarian society and what are the signs of its destruction?
doklad-referat.ru
Characteristics of an industrial society (briefly)
The classical characteristics of industrial society suggests that it is formed as a result of the development of machine production and the emergence of new forms of mass labor organization. Historically, this stage corresponded to the social situation in Western Europe in 1800-1960.
general characteristics
The generally accepted characteristic of an industrial society includes several fundamental features. What are they? First, an industrial society is based on a developed industry. It has a division of labor that enhances productivity. Competition is an important feature. Without it, the characterization of industrial society would be incomplete.
Capitalism leads to the fact that entrepreneurial activity of brave and initiative people is actively growing. At the same time, civil society is developing, as well as the state administrative system. It becomes more efficient and more complex. An industrial society cannot be imagined without modern means of communication, urbanized cities and the high quality of life of the average citizen.
Technology development
Any characteristic of an industrial society, in short, includes such a phenomenon as the industrial revolution. It was she who allowed Great Britain to cease being an agrarian country, the first in human history. When the economy begins to rely not on the cultivation of crops, but on the new industry, the first shoots of an industrial society appear.
At the same time, there is a noticeable redistribution of labor resources. The labor force leaves agriculture and goes to the city for factories. Up to 15% of the population of the state remains in the agricultural sector. The growth of the urban population is also contributing to the revitalization of trade.
In production, the main factor is entrepreneurial activity. The presence of this phenomenon is the characteristic of an industrial society. This relationship was first described briefly by the Austrian and American economist Joseph Schumpeter. On this path, society at a certain point is experiencing a scientific and technological revolution. After that, the post-industrial period begins, which already corresponds to the present.
Free society
Together with the onset of industrialization, society becomes socially mobile. This allows people to break the framework that exists under the traditional order, characteristic of the Middle Ages and the agrarian economy. In the state, the boundaries between the estates are blurred. Caste disappears in them. In other words, people can get rich and become successful thanks to their efforts and skills, without looking back at their own origins.
The characteristic of an industrial society is significant economic growth, which occurs due to an increase in the number of highly qualified specialists. In society, technicians and scientists are in the first place, who determine the future of the country. This order is also called technocracy or the power of technology. The work of merchants, advertising specialists and other people who occupy a special position in the social structure is becoming more significant and weighty.
Folding nation states
Scientists have determined that the main characteristics of an industrial society boil down to the fact that the industrial and technological order is becoming dominant in all areas of life from culture to economy. Together with urbanization and changes in social stratification, the emergence of nation-states, formed around a common language, is taking place. Also, the unique culture of the ethnic group plays an important role in this process.
In medieval agrarian society, the national factor was not so significant. In the Catholic kingdoms of the XIV century, belonging to one or another feudal lord was much more important. Even armies existed on a recruitment basis. It was only in the 19th century that the principle of national recruitment into the state armed forces was finally formed.
Demography
The demographic situation is changing. What is the characteristic of an industrial society hidden here? Signs of change boil down to declining fertility in one average household. People devote more time to their own education, standards in relation to the presence of offspring are changing. All this affects the number of children in one classical “cell of society”.
But at the same time, the mortality rate is falling. This is due to the development of medicine. Medical services and medicines are becoming more accessible to a wide segment of the population. Life expectancy increases. The population dies more in old age than in youth (for example, from disease or war).
Consumer society
The enrichment of people in the industrial era led to the emergence of a consumer society. The main motive for the work of its members is the desire to buy and acquire as much as possible. A new system of values is emerging, which is built around the importance of material wealth.
The term was coined by the German sociologist Erich Fromm. In this context, he stressed the importance of reducing working hours, increasing the proportion of free time, and blurring the boundaries between classes. This is the characteristic of an industrial society. The table shows the main features of this period of human development.
Mass culture
A classic characteristic of an industrial society in terms of spheres of life says that consumption increases in each of them. Production begins to focus on standards that are defined by the so-called popular culture. This phenomenon is one of the most striking features of an industrial society.
What is it? Popular culture formulates the basic psychological attitudes of the consumer society in the industrial era. Art becomes available to everyone. It either willingly or unwillingly promotes certain norms of behavior. They can be called fashion or lifestyle. In the West, the flourishing of mass culture was accompanied by its commercialization and the creation of show business.
John Gelbraith's theory
Industrial society has been extensively studied by many scientists of the 20th century. One of the prominent economists in this line is John Galbraith. He substantiated several fundamental laws with the help of which the characteristics of an industrial society are formulated. At least 7 provisions of his theory became fundamental for new economic schools and trends of our time.
Gelbraith believed that the development of an industrial society led not only to the establishment of capitalism, but also to the creation of monopolies. Large corporations in the economic conditions of the free market make wealth and absorb competitors. They control production, trade, capital, as well as progress in science and technology.
Strengthening the economic role of the state
An important characteristic of an industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century, according to the theory of John Galbraith, is that in a country with a similar system of relationships, the state increases its intervention in the economy. Before that, in the agrarian era of the Middle Ages, the authorities simply did not have the resources to radically influence the market. In an industrial society, the situation is exactly the opposite.
The economist, in his own way, noted the development of technology in a new era. By this term, he meant the application of systematized new knowledge in production. The demands of the scientific and technological revolution lead to the fact that corporations and the state triumph in the economy. This is due to the fact that it is they who become the owners of unique scientific production developments.
At the same time, Gelbraith believed that under industrial capitalism the capitalists themselves had lost their former influence. Now having money didn’t mean power and importance at all. Instead of owners, scientific and technical specialists come to the fore, who can propose new modern inventions and production methods. This is the characteristic of an industrial society. According to Galbraith's plan, the former working class is being eroded under these conditions. The strained relations between proletarians and capitalists are coming to naught thanks to technical progress and the equalization of the incomes of graduates.
fb.ru
Agrarian society, its essence :: SYL.ru
Agrarian society is a concept that characterizes the socio-economic development of society, its certain stage, at which agriculture predominates, there is a rigid class hierarchy, the decisive role in socio-political life belongs to the church and the army. This is the first stage in the development of society.
"Peasant society" and "traditional society" are synonyms for the concept of "agrarian society", the definition of which began to be actively used in the 50-60s of the last century. Since the concept of an industrial society has become widespread.
Traditional or agrarian society is the close interaction of man with nature, his competition with it. In all spheres of life (social, economic, spiritual, political), the features of this type of society are manifested.
Social life
The agrarian type of society implies social relations based on subordination. Everyone is included in the team, everyone becomes a part of it. A person was usually born, had a family, died in one place and environment. His life, work activity passed from generation to generation, that is, reproduced. Changing the team was difficult or even tragic. The life span of people in such a society was rather short. It is 40-50 years old. There was a high mortality rate due to not very developed medicine, and other spheres of life. Mortality was offset by a high birth rate.
Economic and economic sphere
In the economic sphere, there is a complete dependence of the economy on nature and climate. Basically, such types of economy as cattle breeding and agriculture are widespread, their distribution depends on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. In general, people work individually, mainly by hand, without using any technique.
Political life
The agricultural community became the basis of the agrarian society, relations in which were very strong due to descent from a common ancestor, recognition of each other as relatives. The basis of the community was the collective use of land, joint labor activities, periodic redistribution of land. The agrarian society is characterized by low dynamics. The position of each person in him directly depends on what social status he occupies, whether he is close to power. The eldest (head of the family, clan, leader) is indisputable, regardless of what personal qualities he possesses, whether he has won the love and respect of other members of the community. In traditional society, the old, the elders are always honored. It is based on written and unwritten traditions, norms and customs. Conflicts, disputes, disagreements are resolved with the participation of an older, authoritative member of society.
Spiritual realm of life
We can say that the agrarian society is closed, self-sufficient, it does not allow any outside influence on it. Traditions determine political life, not laws. Power is of greater value than law; no justification is required for it. Since it is inherited by the will of God, that is, the ruler carries out the will of the higher powers on earth. Power is always with one person, most often he prefers an oppressive type of government, being the supreme ruler of the earth. We can say that society, and the state itself, seeks to suppress a person and his personality. Thus, the form of government of an agrarian society is a monarchy.
Fashion and agrarian society
The concept of fashion did not exist as such. Each nation had a generally accepted manner of dressing, that is, a national costume that changed very little or remained unchanged for a long time. The social hierarchy manifested itself very well in clothing. Depending on belonging to a certain stratum, the national costume of a person also changed.
The culture
During the agrarian period of human history, a very significant event took place. This is the emergence of writing and the allocation of a special estate or class of people - the learned estate. Only a few were literate in the middle of the agrarian era. Only a few societies have created their own writing system. However, very few people in these societies could actually read and write.
Literacy leads to centralization and the accumulation of knowledge and culture. Although there are rivalries and disagreements between the learned class and the clergy.
Conclusion
Thus, we can highlight the characteristic features of an agrarian society:
- predominance of agricultural production;
- little development or lack of production;
- weak social differentiation;
- the predominance of the rural population.
In the modern world, there are no longer examples of such a structure of society, although it is possible to cite as an example the various Aboriginal tribes who live in Australia and Africa.
www.syl.ru
Multivariance of social development. Types of societies.
Society classifiers:
Availability of writing |
|||||||||
Preliterate | Written |
||||||||
State of the art |
|||||||||
Backward | Developing | Developed |
|||||||
Public administration level |
|||||||||
Simple (primitive) | |||||||||
Technological principle |
|||||||||
Traditional | Industrial | Postindustrial |
|||||||
Formation feature |
|||||||||
Primitive | Slave | Feudal | Capitalist | Communist |
|||||
Let's take a closer look at the last two classifications.
Formation approach of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
In Marxism, the concept of formation characterizes the stage of development of society. There are only five such formations (presented above). Karl Marx argued that any society passes through these stages, which speaks of the universality of the formational approach for all types of society.
The peculiarity of this approach is that the main factor in determining the development of society is the economy, i.e. the economy is the basis of the socio-economic formation. In addition to the base, there is a so-called superstructure, defined by everything that does not belong to the economy (other spheres of society). It is important to note here that, according to this approach, the nature of the basis in any case determines the type of superstructure.
The transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out as a result of reforms and revolutions.
To summarize, the socio-economic formation- This is a stage of social development, characterized by the productive activity of people and the production relations between them.
Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.
Traditional(agrarian society) is a society, the main factor of production of which is the land. Moreover, production is dominated by backward technologies and, as a rule, manual labor. Such a society is characterized by a natural division of labor, employment of the population mainly in agriculture, low social mobility, i.e. low probability of a change in social status due to the family type of organization of the community. The regulation of social relations takes place thanks to religious and moral values. In an agrarian society, there is a primitive system of government - power is transmitted by hereditary means, the predominance of the monarchy or the rule of elders.
Industrial society (arises as a result of the industrial revolution). Such a society is characterized by the predominance of industry in the employment of the population, entrepreneurial activity, the development of mechanical engineering and the use of technologies in production, capital as the main factor of production. Line production and labor mechanization are also characteristic. Among other things, the social structure is simplified, it becomes more open and mobile in comparison with traditional society. Class division appears; private property.
The transition from the traditional type of society to a more modern - industrial - is called modernization.
Retrofits fall into two categories:
- Primary modernization- a gradual process of change, carried out "from below".
- Secondary (catching up) modernization- reaction to the modernization of neighbors (other countries). It is carried out "from above", that is, by the government of the country. It is the process of displacing local social structure and culture, and replacing them with universal modern forms. Example: industrialization of the USSR, Petrovsky reforms.
Postindustrial(Information society) - a society whose main product is knowledge, the main factor of production is services, and the development of a post-industrial society is carried out with the help of human capital. In the information society, everything that is connected with the development of new knowledge and with the upbringing of the individual plays an important role, that is, science, education, etc. Superfast communication systems, a high level of technological effectiveness, and computerization of society are widespread. The size of the middle class is growing, the class division is practically disappearing.