Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Penza State University
Department of Economics, Finance and Management.
Course work
by discipline: "Economic geography and regional studies"
Topic:“Fuel and energy complex of Russia.
Composition, importance in the economy, development problems, fuel and energy complex and environmental protection problems ”.
Completed: student of group 08BH5
Krivonosova M.A.
Received by: Associate Professor N.V. Lushnikova
Course work contains 40 pages, 2 tables, 10 used literature sources.
Keywords:
Fuel and energy complex and its importance in Russia
The composition of the fuel and energy complex: electric power, oil production and oil refining, gas and coal industries. Problems and prospects for the development of each industry.
Problems of the fuel and energy complex and prospects for its development in the long term (until 2030)
Fuel and energy complex and the environment
Introduction 4-5 pp.
1. The value of the fuel and energy complex in Russia 5-6 pages.
2. The composition of the fuel and energy complex 6-22 p.
2.1. Power facilities 6-11 p.
2.2. Oil industry 11-14 pp.
2.3. Oil refining industry 14-15 pp.
2.4. Gas industry 15-18 pp.
2.5. Coal industry 18-22str.
3. Problems and prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex 22-34 p.
4. Fuel and energy complex and problems of environmental protection 34-37 p.
Conclusion 37-39 p.
List of used literature 40 p.
Introduction
Developing, mankind begins to use all new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, hydropower of ebb and flow, wind and other unconventional sources). However, the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy today is played by fuel resources. This clearly reflects the "income" of the fuel and energy balance.
The fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation is the basis of the country's economy, ensuring the vital activity of all sectors of the economy, the consolidation of the country's regions into a single economic space, the formation of a significant part of budget revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Ultimately, the country's balance of payments, the maintenance of the ruble exchange rate and the degree to which Russia's debt burden has been reduced, depend on the results of the fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex is the most important link in the chain of transformations associated with the transition to a market economy.
The fuel and energy complex is closely linked with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of the funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia. It uses 10% of the production of the machine-building complex, 12% of the production of metallurgy, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the Russian Federation's exports and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by rail, half of sea transportation and all transportation by pipelines. The fixed assets of the fuel and energy complex make up about one third of the industrial assets of the industry.
The fuel and energy complex has a large district-forming function. The well-being of all citizens of Russia is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.
Uninterrupted operation of the fuel and energy complex is one of the key factors of national economic security, dynamic development of foreign economic relations of Russia and integration processes within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
1. The value of the fuel and energy complex in Russia
The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the key factors in ensuring the country's life. The complex produces more than a quarter of Russia's industrial products and significantly influences the formation of the country's budget.
Currently, the fuel and energy complex is one of the stably operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It has a decisive influence on the state and development prospects of the national economy, providing: about of GDP production, 1/3 of industrial production and revenues of the consolidated budget of Russia, about half of federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings.
Fully providing itself with fuel and energy resources, Russia is also a major exporter of fuel and energy, they account for about 60% of its export potential.
Russia has always been considered one of the leading energy states in the world. In the world production of fuel and energy, it accounts for 23% of the produced gas, about 10% of oil (including gas condensate), almost 6% of coal and 6% of electricity. There is full confidence that the role of fuel and energy resources in the formation of sustainable energy supply will remain in the XXΙ century.
In Russia, the importance of the fuel and energy complex is especially great.
Firstly, due to the huge resource potential: having 2.4% of the population and 13% of the world's territory, it has 12-13% of predicted fuel and energy resources, including more than 12% of proven oil reserves, more than 30% of gas reserves , more than 11% of the explored coal reserves.
Secondly, it has a unique production, scientific, technical and personnel potential.
Thirdly, the important place of the fuel and energy complex is determined by climatic conditions, in which the provision of energy resources to the economy and population of the country is a vital factor in the existence of entire regions.
The structure of the Russian economy in the 1990s changed in the direction opposite to world trends. The share of raw materials, including energy resources, in the structure of world GDP is constantly decreasing. In developed countries, GDP growth is accounted for mainly by the manufacturing industry (especially modern high-tech industries) and the service sector.
The opposite situation in Russia: now the share of the fuel and energy complex in Russia accounts for about 30% of industrial production, 32% of the consolidated and 54% of the federal budget revenues, 54% of exports, and about 45% of Russia's foreign exchange earnings. Over the past 10 years, the share of high value-added industries in the structure of industrial production has decreased.
2. Fuel and energy complex composition
The fuel and energy complex of Russia is an interconnectedly functioning electric power, oil production and oil refining, gas and coal industries.
2.1 ... Electric power industry
Electricity is engaged in the generation and transmission of electricity and is the largest backbone industry in Russia. The entire national economy of the country depends on the level of its development.
A distinctive feature of the Russian economy is the higher energy intensity of the national income produced in comparison with developed countries (almost one and a half times higher than in the United States). Therefore, it is necessary to widely introduce energy-saving technologies and equipment. However, even in the conditions of a decrease in the energy intensity of GDP, the specificity of the development of energy production is the constantly increasing need for it in the production and social spheres. The power industry plays an important role in the transition to a market economy - the way out of the economic crisis and the solution of social problems largely depend on its development. Over 60% of the increase in electricity consumption will be spent on solving social problems.
A feature of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated until further use, therefore, consumption corresponds to the production of electricity both in size (of course, taking into account losses) and in time. There are stable interdistrict connections for the import and export of electricity. The power industry is a branch of specialization of the Volga and Siberian federal districts. Large power plants play a significant district-forming role. On their basis, energy-intensive and heat-intensive industries arise.
It is impossible to imagine our life today without electric energy. Electricity has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry, agriculture, science and space. Our everyday life is inconceivable without electricity. Such widespread use is explained by its specific properties:
· The ability to transform into almost all other types of energy (thermal, mechanical, sound, light, etc.);
· The ability to relatively easily be transmitted over long distances in large quantities;
· Huge speeds of electromagnetic processes;
· Ability to crush and change parameters - voltage, frequency.
In industry, electrical energy is used to drive various mechanisms directly in technological processes. The work of modern communication facilities (telegraph, telephone, radio, television) is based on the use of electricity. Without it, the development of cybernetics, computing technology, and the space industry would have been impossible.
The electric power industry plays a huge role in the transport industry. Electric transport does not pollute the environment. A large amount of electricity is consumed by electrified railway transport, which allows increasing the throughput of roads by increasing the speed of trains, reducing the cost of transportation, and increasing fuel economy.
Electricity in everyday life is the main factor in ensuring a comfortable life for people. The level of development of the electric power industry reflects the level of development of the productive forces of society and the possibilities of scientific and technological progress.
The power industry has about 700 power plants with a total installed capacity of 215 million kW, of which 150 million kW are thermal power plants, 44 million kW are hydroelectric power plants and 21 million kW are nuclear power plants. About 95% of the power plants' capacities operate in parallel in a single mode as part of the UES of Russia. The length of power transmission lines of all line voltages is 2500 thousand km, of which 30 thousand km are over 500 kV and above. Electricity transport is classified by Russian legislation as a natural monopoly. The structure of the industry is formed of 73 regional energy associations (AO-energos) and RAO "UES of Russia" with subsidiaries.
Fuel and energy complex - a locomotive or a brake on the country's development?
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) can be considered as the main participant in two simultaneously operating, but oppositely directed processes: on the one hand, the fuel and energy complex - as a factor of strengthening (or a locomotive) of the country's economic growth, on the other hand, as a factor of restraining (or a brake) such growth.
Which process will be dominant? How to make sure that the influence of the fuel and energy complex in the direction of enhancing economic growth prevails?
Today the fuel and energy complex is the "supporting structure" of the Russian economy. The energy sector provides up to 30% of all consolidated budget revenues, almost 45% of export foreign exchange earnings and about 30% of Russia's industrial production.
The domestic effective demand for energy has been satisfied in recent years, albeit in the context of its sharp decline. Moreover, non-payments to enterprises of the fuel and energy complex indicate that the domestic effective demand was significantly overlapped and that there was subsidization of consumers by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex.
The relatively higher success of the OGC operation in comparison with other industries creates the illusion of its long-term and sustainable well-being and makes the complex a permanent and main donor of the budget. However, it must be admitted that today the fuel and energy complex is working in a mode of depletion of its production potential, eating up the "safety margin" provided by massive investments of the previous decades. The basic production assets of all branches of the fuel and energy complex in terms of age structure, degree of wear and tear and technical condition are approaching a critical level. The impact of previous costs may end very soon (the period of gaining the effect of previous investments is coming to an end) and there is a danger of a landslide outflow of old assets, the closure of a large number of communication wells with their deteriorating profitability.
Negative processes in the fuel and energy complex have been accumulating for a long time and by now a set of key problems in the development of the fuel and energy complex has formed, which will have a restraining effect on economic growth in the country. To overcome them, it is necessary to provide:
- measures to overcome financial destabilization and non-payment;
- measures to compensate for the deterioration in the processes of reproduction of the raw material base;
- measures to overcome the investment deficit and create a favorable investment climate;
- ways to reduce the energy intensity of social production;
- ways to reduce costs and overcome the scientific and technical backwardness of the fuel and energy complex;
- ways to form an effective pricing policy;
- ways to improve tax policy;
- bringing the institutional structure of the fuel and energy complex in line with the existing resource base;
- ways to improve the efficiency of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex.
If we manage to reverse these negative processes, the fuel and energy complex can become one of the main driving forces of the country's economic development, a real "locomotive" of its economic growth due to the creation of significant indirect, so-called "multiplier effects" from capital and operating costs as a result of the implementation of investment projects.
| The relationship between the energy strategy of Russia and the concept of development of the oil and gas complex of Russia | ||||
| Program document | date | Significance level of major issues | ||
| The scale of development of the fuel and energy complex | Fuel and energy complex demand and related industries to investments | Tools and mechanisms state energy politicians |
||
| 1. The main provisions of the Energy Strategy of Russia | 1995/10 | *** | - | - |
| 2. Energy strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020 | 2000/04 | *** | * | * |
| 3. The main conceptual provisions of the development of the oil and gas complex of Russia | 1999/10 | * | * | *** |
| 4. The concept of development of the oil and gas complex of Russia | 2000/09 | * | ** | *** |
| Significance level: (-) insignificant, (*) low, (***) high | ||||
So, in the oil and gas complex, each ruble of additional production of its products increases the country's GDP by 1.5-1.6 rubles, and each ruble of additional investment provides 1-2 rubles or more of the growth of the national economy. The indirect effect for the country from the development of the oil and gas complex significantly exceeds the direct effect of its development, while the state receives the main total effect not in the "producing", but in the "machine-building" regions.
There are four main economic goals for the development of the fuel and energy complex from the position of the state:
- stable, uninterrupted and cost-effective provision of domestic solvent demand of the country with energy resources and products of their processing (fuel and energy complex as a supplier of fuel and energy);
- ensuring stable tax revenues to the budget (fuel and energy complex as a supplier of taxes);
- economically efficient provision of external effective demand with energy resources and products of their processing (fuel and energy complex as a supplier of foreign exchange);
- generating effective demand for products of related sectors of the Russian economy - manufacturing, services, etc. (Fuel and energy complex as a supplier or generator of effective demand for goods and services of other industries).
These development goals can only be achieved by a fuel and energy complex driven by efficient, competitive energy companies. The management structure of the complex on the part of the state should be flexible enough, leaving these companies with the necessary room for maneuver, depending on the rapidly changing general economic situation and the state of the world commodity and investment markets. The fuel and energy complex products must be competitive in the domestic and foreign commodity markets. The fuel and energy complex itself and its economic entities must be competitive in the domestic and foreign investment markets in comparison with other potential objects of capital investment both in the sectoral and in the country context.
Based on these goals and objectives of the fuel and energy complex development, it is necessary to look for ways to solve its main problems.
Measures to overcome financial destabilization and non-payment.
The most important factor in the deterioration of the financial and economic condition of the fuel and energy complex is the problem of non-payments. Debts in the fuel and energy complex account for more than half of all debts in the Russian industry. The accounts payable of the complex exceeds the accounts receivable and continues to grow at a faster pace. The fuel and energy complex lives on credit, but at the same time it is forced to lend to other industries and the state with energy supplies.
Excessive tax pressure and tough fiscal policy in relation to the fuel and energy sector have led to the fact that sales proceeds are not enough to pay taxes, pay salaries and cover production costs, not to mention investments in maintaining and increasing production levels. Therefore, the fuel and energy complex has become the largest borrower of financial resources from both internal and external lenders.
The share of "real" money in payment for the complex's production is 21% for gas, about 60% for oil. The rest of the payment for the fuel and energy complex products falls on barter and credit schemes, and at “virtual” prices, which sharply differ from the real ones used when paying with “real” money. However, it is precisely these "virtual" and, as a rule, substantially higher prices that are the actual basis for determining the complex taxes charged on enterprises. The fuel and energy complex does not have the ability
independently reduce the share of receivables, since a significant part of the complex's debtors are budgetary organizations that consume energy resources. Therefore, the existing procedure leads to a progressive increase in taxes charged to oil and gas companies and increases their tax arrears to the budget at an outstripping pace.
It should be admitted that non-payments in the fuel and energy complex are largely created by the state itself, which does not provide funds in the respective budgets for paying for electricity, heat, and fuel. Therefore, the growth of the tax debt of the complex is largely caused by the debt to the fuel and energy complex of the budget itself, both directly (through the debt of budgetary organizations) and indirectly. Thus, the debt of budgetary organizations for the supply of electricity is transformed into the debt of the electric power industry, which, in turn, is the largest debtor in the gas industry.
This situation is obviously unacceptable and reflects the inconsistency in the actions of various government departments and, apparently, flaws in the current legislation. One state body should not shift the responsibility of other state bodies for non-compliance with the budget law to the fuel and energy sector, which regularly and often supply gas and electricity free of charge to a huge list of non-disconnected budget consumers who were not given limits on payment of energy resources in a timely manner and in the proper amount. We will fix it.
Measures to compensate for the deterioration in the reproduction of the raw material base.
The serious slowdown in the development of the extractive industries of the fuel and energy complex is partly due to objective reasons - the qualitative deterioration of the resource base. Major oil and gas provinces have entered late stages of development with declining production. The time for the discovery of gigantic deposits, due to which the increments in reserves were provided, and the costs of exploration and production were reduced, has passed. Today, the efficiency of geological exploration is low, mainly small and medium-sized deposits are being discovered, located far from the existing production infrastructure. At the same time, the volume of geological exploration work has sharply decreased (over the past 7 years - by 3 times) and the scale of their financing. As a result, the increments in proven reserves in recent years do not even compensate for the current production of energy resources.
This does not mean that it is necessary to return to the unrestrained increase in the scale of geological exploration at the state expense on the principle "the more the better", burying money in the ground for an indefinite period. It is necessary at the state level to determine the optimal parameters for the provision of reserves, based on considerations of the country's energy security, and create conditions for the mining companies under which they would be interested in maintaining these parameters. The question is: what principle should be used as the basis for determining the threshold level of stocks? The principle of energy independence of the state, in which the level of provision of proven reserves in the country should be higher? Or the principle of energy, interdependence of states, in which the level of such security can be lower?
In all previous years, we have adhered to the principle of energy independence. Today it is not obvious that such an answer will be adequate to the current level of development of world economic relations, the international division of labor. Today, adherence to the principle of energy independence may be the most expensive way to ensure a country's energy security. Do we need to achieve the provision of proven reserves for many decades to come, given the existing costly structure of reserves growth? It is not for nothing that the United States over the past century has maintained the security of oil production in the country with proven recoverable reserves at the level of 8-10 years. There is only one criterion for them - the price of capital, the efficiency of investments.
Investing money in geological exploration, killing them for too long, is economically inexpedient. Companies must be motivated to maintain maximum inventory growth per unit cost. Therefore, the current legal framework in the field of subsoil use should be developed, firstly, in the direction of creating incentives for the effective performance of geological exploration at the expense of the subsoil user's own funds. Secondly, the norms and rules for the use of "deductions for the reproduction of the mineral resource base" should be developed in the direction of maximizing the freedom of their use in the targeted framework of increasing the resource potential, with the exception of a fixed part of funds for financing the fundamental and applied geological science and regional research.
Energy companies should be able to choose the most efficient way to maintain their resource base at the proper level from at least three ways to ensure the growth of reserves:
- by conducting prospecting and exploration work in new and old areas,
- by increasing the recoverable potential of the fields being developed (improving the technology and economics of production, increasing the degree of extraction of resources from the subsoil), as well as
- through the use of stock market mechanisms (mergers and acquisitions with other companies).
In essence, the extractive industries of the fuel and energy complex today face a dilemma. Attempts can be continued to find funds for a large-scale expansion of geological exploration work. However, the effectiveness of such work continues to decline, and attracting investment in today's conditions is a difficult task. But it is possible to change the strategy of geological exploration by concentrating the available funds on the most promising objects, and at the same time mobilize the reserves available in other links of the "energy cycle" that can overcome or significantly mitigate the effect of the factor of deterioration in the quality of the raw material base. These reserves lie in the intensification of innovative activities aimed at increasing the coefficients of energy resource extraction from the subsoil, in the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, because only scientific and technological progress can compensate for the adverse effect of the natural factor. This means that the problem again rests on investments.
Measures to overcome the investment gap and create a favorable investment climate.
In conditions of depletion of the production potential of the fuel and energy complex, the solution to the problem of lack of investment resources to maintain a normal reproduction process in its industries, the formation of a favorable investment climate to ensure the necessary inflow of investments that generate economic growth both within the fuel and energy complex, and outside it comes to the fore. It will not be an exaggeration to say that the main problem of the fuel and energy complex today is the lack of investment.
| Russian fuel and energy complex: demand for investments, $ billion | ||||||||
| ES 2020 (2000/2004) | 1999 | 2000 | 2001-2005 | 2006-2010 | 2011-2015 | 2001-2015 | 2016-2020 | 2001-2020 (1) |
| Oil: | ||||||||
| - mining | 1.8 | 2.2 | 15 | 27 | 40 | 82 | 43 | 123 |
| - processing | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 6.8 | 3.2 | 10 |
| - transport | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 4 | 5 | 12.5 | 5.5 | 18 |
| Gas | 3.1 | 3.5 | 17 | 22 | 26 | 65 | 35 | 100 (170) |
| Coal | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 5 | 11.8 | 6.2 | 18 |
| Electricity | 1.3 | 1.4 | 22 | 45 | 100 | 167 | 93 | 260 |
| Total fuel and energy complex, billion $ incl. NGK,% | 6.9 5.3 77 | 8.7 6.5 78 | 61.3 37 60 | 105 55.5 53 | 178.8 73.8 41 | 345 166.3 48 | 186 86.7 47 | 531 (601) 253 (323) 48 (54) |
| Ministry of Economy (2000/2001) | 2001-2015 | |||||||
| Total fuel and energy complex, billion $ incl. NGK,% | 6.1 4.7 77 | 8.7 7.4 85 | 44.7 37 83 | 68.8 55 80 | 101.3 76.8 76 | 214.8 168.8 79 | ||
| (1) according to the assessment of RAO "Gazprom" in 2011-2020. demand for investments in the gas industry will amount to 170 billion dollars | ||||||||
It is clear that this is not only and not so much an “intra-fuel and energy complex” problem as a macroeconomic one. One cannot seriously talk about attracting investment to a country when capital outflow from it makes up about 30% of exports, reaching according to the highest estimates $ 20-25 billion a year. Strategic foreign investors will start financing projects in the real sector of the Russian economy when domestic investors begin to do so, that is, when capital outflow from the country is reduced to reasonable limits.
It is clear that it is impossible to completely return this flow to Russia, and this would be contrary to the normal laws of doing business. In order to distribute and reduce risks, companies (both Western and Russian), firstly, seek to invest their money where they will be provided with a greater return, where the economic and legal environment is more stable, more favorable for investment. Secondly, they seek to diversify their investments, implementing them not only in different projects, but also in different markets, that is, "they do not put all their eggs in one basket." Therefore, some part of the export of capital from Russia will inevitably remain.
However, decisive measures must be taken to ensure that most of the exported capital is invested in the Russian economy - where it was earned. And finally, it should be recognized that the flow of capital from the country cannot be reversed by administrative and repressive measures alone. At least in the long run. This can only be done in one way - by providing investors with more attractive conditions for investing capital in the Russian market than in countries that are Russia's main competitors in the fight for investment.
| Trends in the competitiveness of the Russian oil industry, Middle Eastern OPEC countries and other oil-producing states |
|||
| & nbsp | Russia | OPEC / BSV | Other countries |
| Costs: - technical Financial | Growth Growth | Stable (old areas) / growth (new areas) Stable Stable | Decrease Decrease |
| Taxes: - flexibility / adaptability - taxation profit / gross revenue - the number of taxes and other payments - effective tax bid - tax administration | Growth Not Gross proceeds Excess Licensed: fixed. | Stable Yes Arrived Reasonable Sliding = f (VNR) Good | Decrease Yes Arrived Reasonable Sliding = f (VNR) Good |
| Profit= f (risks): - political risks | Medium-high, Stable-growing | Medium-low (Saud. Arabia, UAE, Qatar Middle (Kuwait) High (Iran, Iraq) | Low, Stable-reducing |
| Competitiveness | Decreases | Consistently high | Is growing |
The state today is not able to provide the required level of investment at the expense of budgetary allocations. But today we do not raise the question like that. The question is posed differently. The state must ensure the conditions under which the fuel and energy companies will be able to attract the necessary investments from the world capital market themselves, because only the state is able to change the conditions that impede the inflow of investments in the country's fuel and energy complex, since the state itself has established them.
According to the calculations of the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the total amount of investments in the fuel and energy complex for 2000-2015 may amount to 200-215 billion dollars. Their average annual volume during this time may increase by 3 times. The main source of these investment resources will remain the own funds of economic entities. Today they account for about 90% of the total investment in the fixed capital of the fuel and energy complex. The extremely high share of own funds in the structure of investments testifies to the forced focus of the investment programs of the fuel and energy complex companies on solving current problems. And the low share of foreign borrowed funds in the total volume of investments testifies to the unattractiveness of the Russian investment climate, even in such industries as the fuel and energy complex that are traditionally and universally in high demand for investment.
With the specified structure of investments, non-payments are the most important deterrent factor. In the conditions of the current tax system, in which the volume of accrued taxes often exceeds the taxable base, on the one hand, and the low effective demand of energy consumers, on the other hand, non-payment of the complex to the budget turns into the main source of investment, since it is paid in full, and even more so by 100 % in real money, all taxes assessed and at the same time carry out the necessary for expanded or at least to maintain simple reproduction investment activity The fuel and energy complex is not able to.
This means that in order to form the necessary investment resources at the expense of enterprises' own funds, it will be necessary to revise the tax and pricing policy of the state from a fiscal-conjunctural one to a promising-oriented one, despite all the severity of the current budgetary problems facing the state.
| Assessment of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation of the fuel and energy complex's investment needs from all sources financing, billion US dollars |
||||||
| Branches of the fuel and energy complex | 1999 year | 2000 year | 2001-2005 | 2006-2010 | 2011-2015 | Only 2001-2015 |
| Oil producing industry | 1.8 | 2.2 | 15.0 | 27.0 | 40.0 | 82.0 |
| Oil refining industry | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 6.8 |
| Oil transportation and petroleum products | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 12.5 |
| Gas industry | 2.5 | 4.4 | 17.0 | 21.5 | 29.0 | 67.5 |
| Coal industry | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 5.8 |
| Electricity, including: - traditional - atomic | 1.2 1.1 | 1.1 1.0 | 6.6 4.7 | 11.7 8.8 | 21.9 13.5 | 40.2 27.0 |
| Igogo TEK | 6.1 | 8.7 | 44.7 | 68.8 | 101.3 | 214.8 |
MBOU "Secondary general education
school number 12 G. Yoshkar-Ola "
City seminar on the topic:
"Implementation of an activity-competent approach in the classroom
in primary and secondary school "
Geography lesson in grade 9:
“Fuel and energy complex.
The role, significance and problems of the fuel and energy complex. »
Developed by:
teacher of geography, first category
MBOU "School No. 12 in Yoshkar-Ola"
Petukhova Natalia Valentinovna
Lesson Objectives : show the importance, role and composition of the fuel and energy complex (FEC). To form an idea of the leading branches of the fuel industry - oil, gas, coal, to acquaint with the problems of the fuel and energy complex; to give an idea of the fuel and energy balance, to continue the development of skills to work with sources of geographic information
Equipment: map "Fuel Industry of Russia", atlases, multimedia projector, laptop.
During the classes:
Organizing time
Greetings from students and guests attending the lesson.
Guys, today we have an unusual lesson with you, as there are guests
Learning new material
(in the course of studying new material, a presentation is shown (FEC))
What do you think. What is the topic of today's lesson called?
(Fuel and energy complex)
And who can decipher the title of the lesson topic?
(Fuel and energy complex)
What do you think we are going to talk about today in the lesson?
(about the role, meaning, problems)
Right! Well done!
Lesson topic: fuel and energy complex. The role, significance and problems of the fuel and energy complex. Let's write down the number and topic of the lesson in notebooks.
(work in a notebook)
Let's see what tasks we face :(children help in setting tasks )
What additional materials may be needed today: textbooks, atlases, tables
Any complex is studied according to a plan, which includes the following questions:
Who will remember what these components are:
Concept
Compound
Role
Problems
Since we will not be able to immediately give a good definition of what the fuel and energy complex is. Let's start our lesson topic by studying the third question, what is the role of the fuel and energy complex.
Since no type of human activity is possible without energy, the entire economy of the country largely depends on the development of the fuel and energy complex. Moreover, it is the main supplier of the country's foreign trade goods. The share of fuel and energy resources in Russian exports is 40%. and this means that the fuel and energy complex is based on natural resources.
Chatting with the class:
(!) What are natural resources?
( natural resources, natural wealth - everything. What a person uses from the environment of his natural environment for his existence and economy and what ensures the development of production in the future.)
(!) Name several types of natural resources:
(land, water, vegetation, fauna, air, solar energy, minerals)
(!) If we evaluate all natural resources by the scale of reserves, then if you remember they are divided into ...
(Exhaustible and inexhaustible)
History reference:
(student speech)
Geology as a science in our country began to develop after the work of Lomonosov "On the layers of the earth" (1742). In it, he outlined his views on the structure of the earth's crust, the origin of mountains and the fossils and minerals found in them. He argued that the remains of extinct animals are found where these animals lived. If fossilized sea shells are found on land, it means that this land was once the bottom of the sea. Lomonosov was the first to understand that animals and plants of distant geographical eras not only survived in the form of separate fossil remains, but also participated in the formation, for example, of coal seams.
Before Lomonosov, scientists considered coal to be a rock saturated with some kind of "coal sap". This opinion was shared by some geologists even at the beginningXIXcentury. Meanwhile back inXviiiv. Lomonosov argued that fossil coal, like peat, was formed from plant remains, subsequently covered with layers of rocks. It should be noted that M.V. Lomonosov was the first to point out the formation of oil from the remains of organisms, this idea was confirmed and recognized only inXXcentury.
(!) Thank you for an interesting story about how the development of the science of geology as a science took place, who was its founder. Please tell me what profession is currently associated with the science of geology, and why is it so important for our country?
(!) And why does mankind need such minerals, oil, coal, gas? What is their significance for our country?
( Russia is a country where winter is cold, and the economy must develop and it is impossible to imagine it without fuel and energy. )
(!) It turns out from the above that we can formulate the task of the fuel and energy complex?
( Extraction of fuel, production of electricity and its transmission to the consumer )
Based on the above, we can conclude that fuel and energy resources are exhaustible. Their role is that, firstly, they provide heat and energy, and secondly, they are an export product - fuel. Tasks of the fuel and energy complex - Extraction of fuel, production of electricity and its transmission to the consumer.
(!) What do you think is part of the fuel and energy complex? Your assumptions ...
(fuel industry, energy) ...
The fuel and energy complex includes three large links. Each of them performs its own function, and they are all interconnected. Let's take a look at them.
(Working with the tutorial from 79 fig. 33)
1 link Are enterprises for the extraction and processing of fuel:
A) coal industry;
B) the oil industry;
C) gas industry;
D) shale, peat industry
(!) What conclusion do we conclude:
Function of the 1st link - fuel extraction.
2nd link - electric power industry, i.e. power generation.
A) TPP and CHP, which operate on the fuel of the fuel industry.
B) Hydroelectric power plants operate using water energy.
C) nuclear power plants operate due to the extraction and preparation of nuclear fuel
D) wind, solar, tidal and other power plants that work through the use of non-traditional types of energy.
(!) What conclusion do we conclude:
The function of the 2nd link is the production of electricity.
3link Is a transport system that delivers fuel and heat to the consumer, as well as electricity.
Conclusion: This means that the fuel and energy complex includes: enterprises for the processing of fuel, enterprises for the production of electricity, as well as enterprises for the transportation of fuel and electricity.
(!) We learned about the composition of the fuel and energy complex, its role, but what is the fuel and energy complex?
TEK - set of industries , associated with the production and distribution of energy in its various forms and forms.
Now guys, let's take a look at some of the figures related to fuel extraction, which are located on the hanging tables, as well as in the atlases on pages 16-19. What do we see?
( at the beginning XX century, mining was carried out in small quantities, by the middle, the amount increased significantly at times, not to mention the beginning XXI century ).
(!) Tell me, are there problems in the fuel and energy complex? If so, which ones?
- old deposits become unusable, and new ones are located in sparsely populated areas with harsh natural conditions;
- the costs of transporting fuel and energy are constantly growing;
- the growth of the energy sector has a negative impact on the environment.
In this regard, there is a need to simultaneously increase energy production, with the need to save it.
Russia's fuel and energy complex is developing entirely relying on its own energy resources. To take into account the total amount of fuel extraction and energy production, the proportions between different types of fuel eenergy and their distribution among consumers, fuel and energy balances are drawn up annually.
(!) What is the fuel and energy balance? To understand this issue, let's look at the tutorial on page 80 in Figure 34.
Working with drawing tutorial on:
(!) What parts does the fuel and energy balance consist of?
(incoming and outgoing parts)
(!) How is the fuel and energy balance expressed?
(standard fuel - equivalent fuel)
(!) What is included in the income part of the balance?
(Imports, end-of-year stocks, extraction and production of fuels)
(!) What is included in the expenditure side of the balance?
(Export, conversion to other types of energy, for production management and other needs)
(!) What can we conclude about the TEB?
TEB - the ratio of the production of different types of fuel and the generated energy (income) and their use in the country's economy (consumption)
In order to calculate the fuel and energy balance, different types Fuels with different calorific value are converted into the so-called conventional fuel, the heat of combustion of 1 kg of which is equal to 7 thousand kcal (or 29 mJ / kg). One ton of coal is approximately equal to 1 ton of standard fuel, while for oil and natural gas this coefficient is 1.5, for peat 0.5. To calculate the energy resources used at nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, equate 2-3 thousand kW / h of electricity (depending on the efficiency of the power plant) to 1 ton of fuel equivalent.
III Consolidation of the studied material.
Working with a card:
Fuel and energy complex
Finish the scheme "Composition of the fuel and energy complex":
To do this, select the necessary elements from the list and enter in the empty cells:
Oil, electric power, coal, gas, fuel industries.
Conventional fuel is a fuel, the heat of combustion of 1 kg of which is equal to 7 thousand kcal. convert to equivalent fuel.
Conversion factors
Conventional fuel
1,4
10 tons of oil =
1,2
1500m 3 natural gas =
0,4
30 tons of brown coal =
List the fuel resources in the historical sequence in which they began to be used by humans:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV Reflection
At the end of the lesson, let's talk about what we did today, what we learned to do and what difficulties arose in learning new material.
( The story of the guys that they understood, what difficulties they encountered while studying new material, that they were able to find answers to the questions posed earlier by them.
Marking: for answers, active work in the lesson during conversations, as well as during the reinforcement
V Homework.
§ eighteen, in writing in the notebook “Your suggestions for saving energy ...
Analysis of Appendix No. 3, page 391
Task: The total reserves of fuel and energy resources of the Republic of Belarus are 300 million tons of oil (calorific value 8 thousand kcal / kg), 50 billion m3 3 natural gas (calorific value 7.5 thousand kcal / kg), 250 million tons of brown coal (calorific value 2.2 thousand kcal / kg). Determine how many years this amount of fuel resources will last for the republic, if the annual consumption is 47 million tons of standard fuel?
Solution: 300 million tons * 1 ton of fuel equivalent = 300 million tonnes of fuel equivalent
50 billion m 3 * 1.2 toe = 60 billion toe
250 million tons * 0.4 tons of fuel equivalent = 100 million tons of fuel equivalent
Amount = 300 million tonnes of fuel equivalent + 60 billion tonnes of fuel equivalent + 100 million tonnes of fuel equivalent = 60400 billion tonnes of fuel equivalent
We identified environmental problems, discussed ways to solve them, saw what danger humanity has created for its life and the life of the planet, using the energy of the atom, the power of water and extracting minerals.
I would like to wish you that in the future, when you become adults, remember this lesson and do everything in your power to preserve the ecology of our planet.
Topic 4. Fuel and energy complex of Russia.
1. Development of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in Russia.
2. Fuel and energy balance of Russia.
3. The impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment.
4. State and development prospects of the fuel and energy complex of Russia.
4.1. Gas industry.
4.2. Oil industry.
4.3. Coal industry.
4.4. Electric power industry.
4.5. Nuclear power complex.
4.6. Renewable energy sources.
Development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia.
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex intersectoral system for the extraction and production of fuel and energy (electricity and heat), their transportation, distribution and use.
The dynamics, scale and technical and economic indicators of social production, primarily industry, largely depend on the development of the fuel and energy complex. At the same time, getting closer to the sources of fuel and energy is one of the main requirements of the territorial organization of industry. Massive and efficient fuel and energy resources serve as the basis for the formation of many territorial production complexes, including industrial ones, determining their specialization in energy-intensive industries. From the point of view of the national economy, the distribution of resources across the territory is unfavorable. The main consumers of energy are located in the European part of the Russian Federation, and 80% of the geological reserves of fuel resources are concentrated in the eastern regions of Russia, which determines the distance of transportation and, in this regard, an increase in the cost of production.
The fuel and energy complex has a large district-forming function: a powerful infrastructure is developing near energy sources, which favorably contributes to the formation of industry, the growth of cities and towns. But, the share of the fuel and energy complex accounts for about 90% of greenhouse gas emissions, about half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere and a third of harmful substances discharged into water, which, undoubtedly, cannot be positive.
The fuel and energy complex is characterized by the presence of a developed industrial infrastructure in the form of trunk pipelines (for the transportation of oil and oil products, natural gas, coal) and high-voltage power transmission lines. The fuel and energy complex is connected with all sectors of the national economy, it uses the products of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and is associated with the transport complex. Almost 30% of funds are spent on its development, 30% of all industrial products are provided by the fuel and energy sector.
The well-being of all citizens of Russia is directly related to the fuel and energy complex, such problems as unemployment and inflation, because in the fuel and energy complex more than 200 large companies and more than 2 million people are employed in its industries.
The fuel and energy complex is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for conducting internal and foreign policy, 20% of GDP is formed at the expense of the fuel and energy complex, more than 40% of the country's budget and 50% of Russia's exports are formed due to the sale of fuel and energy resources.
The bulk of Russia's export falls on the products of the fuel and energy complex. The CIS countries are especially dependent on oil and gas supplies from Russia. At the same time, Russia manufactures only half of the oil production equipment it needs and depends, in turn, on the supply of energy equipment from Ukraine, Azerbaijan and other countries.
The state and technical level of the operating capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas-pumping units, have exhausted their design life, half of the equipment in the oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry has more than 50% wear. Deterioration of equipment in oil refining and power engineering is especially great.
The implementation of the state policy in the fuel and energy sector is carried out by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and its subordinate organizations.
The elements of the power industry subsystem are enterprises that receive, transmit, transform and use various types of energy, energy resources, providing consumers with electricity (Fig. 1)
Rice. 1 - Composition of the fuel and energy complex
Economists in many countries include the extraction of energy resources and their transformation into various types of energy into the concept of "fuel and energy complex". But the structure of the complex can be different. It depends on the availability of types of energy resources. In some countries, the structure of the complex may be represented by several industries, for others, the variations may be insignificant.
The fuel and energy complex is a group of interconnected industries, enterprises, industries related to the production of energy, fuel, raw materials for the production of fuel and energy and bringing energy, fuel products, etc. to consumers.
World history makes it possible to discover some regularities of a technical and economic nature that are common for all countries. One of them is the transition to new, more progressive dominant energy sources. If the 19th century passed under the sign of the rapid and continuous advance of coal and its transformation by the end of the century into the main source of energy, then the entire first half of the 20th century is a time of continuous growth in the share of oil in the fuel and energy balance of the world. However, in Russia - the USSR during these decades there was a trend that was exactly the opposite of the world one: the ratio between world coal and oil production was changing in favor of coal, not oil. In terms of the structure of the fuel and energy balance in 1900, Russia was the most advanced country, the ratio of oil and coal was then the same as in the United States and Western Europe after about 4 decades. But this advantage was short-lived. Unlike the rest of the world, in our country the production of coal grew faster than oil. The process of relative displacement of oil took place in Russia both before the start of the First World War and after it, in the 1920s and 1930s.
In the first half of the XIX century. in Russia, the fuel, oil and coal industries almost did not exist. Although coal in the south was discovered in 1790, and the oil wealth of the Baku region was known for a long time, there was no significant industrial development of either coal or oil. In 1821, a ransom system was introduced for the commissioning of the Baku oil fields, which did not give positive results in the industrial development of this industry. However, by the 90s, the situation began to change.
Railroad construction has caused increased consumption of fuel by railways: coal and oil. In the second half of the 90s, the Donetsk coal industry sold 36% of its products to transport, 29% to metallurgical plants and only 25% to private consumers (10% went for their own production consumption). Domestic consumption of kerosene in 1893 amounted to 37.9 million poods, in 1900. - 54.6 million poods; fuel oil for the same years - 114.5 million and 286.4 poods; of all oil products in general - 182.4 million and 381 million poods. The export of oil products grew rapidly: from 4.7 million poods in 1881 - 1885. up to 57.9 million poods in 1891 - 1895 and up to 90.9 million poods in 1900
During the industrial upsurge of the 1990s, the Russian fuel industry is making a sharp leap forward. The growth in coal production is shown in Table 2.1.
The coal industry, which emerged in the 60s, has reached a solid size in four decades and has increased production almost 3 times in one decade. The oil industry developed rapidly. Increase in production for 1880-1900 20 times - this is the result of the development of the oil industry.
The main fuel bases during this period were the Donetsk and Dombrovsky (Polish) coal regions and the Baku oil region. A significantly smaller role was played by the Moscow and Ural coal regions and the very small regions of Siberia, Central Asia, the southeast (Grozny), just beginning development, and others. Development of such colossal coal reserves as in the Kuznetsk Basin yielded only 1 million poods, i.e. e. about 0.15% of all production. In terms of the total volume of coal production, Russia was in one of the last places in the world, giving only about 1% of world production.
The situation was different with oil. Of the total world production, about 1 billion poods of Russia belonged to 478 million poods, i.e. about 48%. Oil export reached 64 million poods, i.e. 13.3% of total production. In terms of the growth rate of the fuel industry, Russia was ahead of England, Germany and the United States.
Only in terms of electricity generation Russia was at a rather low level. The capacity of all power plants in the country in 1900 was 468 thousand kW, electricity generation - 846 million kW / h, in 1913 - 1098 thousand kW (capacity) and 1.9 billion kW / h of electricity. According to this indicator, Russia was in 15th place in the world.