The comma marks the clauses at the beginning of the sentence.
Wheneverheisintown,hevisitsus - Whenever he is in the city, he comes to us
You can keep those CDs for as long as you like - You canto holdtheseCD ymyself
His head had no sooner touched the pillow than he fell asleep - Before his head touched the pillow, he fell asleep
Hardly had I lit a cigarette as the wind blew it out of my hands- NotmanagedI amignitea cigarette, howby the windherknocked outatmefromhands
Temporary agreement
Temporary clauses follow the rules for matching tenses in English. The present or future tense of the main subclause requires the present tense in the subclause. The past tense of the main sub-sentence also requires the past tense in the tense.
She takes off her shoes the moment that she gets home - Shetakes offshoes, howonlycomes inhome
I'll call you as soon I get to my hotel - Icallyoustraightawayoncomingvhotel
They’ll go home when the film is over - Theywill gohomeafterviewingfilm
When he calls,I'll give him the message - Whenhewill call, I amhand overhimmessage
Turn off the lights before you leave - Beforeleavingextinguishlight
He took a shower after he had finished painting the room - Having paintedthe room, heacceptedshower
They had reserved a table before they went to the restaurant- Fronthikeva restauranttheyorderedlittle table
He jumped out of bed the moment he woke up - Hejumped outfrombed, howonlywoke up
Temporary alliances
- when - when
We ’llordersomepizzaswhenourfriendsgethere - We will order pizzas when friends join us
When fit with will /would like a question word.
I'm not sure when his next book will be published- NotI know, whenwill come outhisnextbook
- till / until - before
You must stay in the office till you finish / have finished the report- Stayvoffice, byenotfinishreport
- bythetime - by the time
I'll have set the table by the time you come home - IcovertableToyourreturn
- as / while - bye
We learnt several interesting facts as we were listening to the lecture- While listening to the lecture, we learned some interesting facts
English Joke
Ted had a habit of dropping in at the house next door on baking day, for the woman of that house had a deft way in the making of cookies, and Ted had no hesitation in enjoying her hospitality, even to the extent of asking for cookies if they were not promptly forthcoming.
When the boy’s father learned of this, he gave Ted a lecture and a strict order never to ask for cookies at the neighbor’s kitchen. So, when a few days later the father saw his son munching a cookie as he came away from the next house, he spoke sternly:
"Have you been begging cookies again?"
“Oh, no, I didn’t beg any,” Ted answered cheerfully. “I just said, this house smells as if it was full of cookies. But what’s that to me? "
Subordinate clauses in English language are part of the complex and perform the function of one of the members of the proposal, being, as it were, its expanded version.
For example, in this sentence, the circumstance is expressed in one word - carefully:
I was driving carefully. - I drove carefully.
Now let’s unfold the circumstance, replacing it with a subordinate clause of the course of action. The result is such a complex sentence:
I was driving as if I had china on my backseat... “I drove as if I had china in the back seat.
Accordingly, there are as many subordinate clauses as there are members of the sentences that they replace.
Subject clauses
The clauses perform the function and answer the same questions as the subject: who? what? They are combined with the main sentence with unions and union words:
- that– what,
- whether, if - whether,
- who, whom - who, whom,
- which - which,
- when - when,
- where - where, where,
- how - how,
- why - why.
- whose - whose,
- what - what, what,
It is bad that you made a mistake. “It's too bad you made a mistake.
Whether they will leave today is not known yet. “It remains to be seen if they will leave today.
Predicate clauses
The predicate clauses perform the function and answer the questions: what is the subject? what is it? They are connected to the main clause with the same unions and union words as the subject clauses.
The question is whether they want to join us. - The question is whether they want to join us.
The weather is not what it was yesterday. - The weather is not the same as yesterday.
Addition clauses
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Let's complicate it:
We are watching a movie at the moment and Jane "s sister is her homework.
In this sentence, in addition to the previous grammatical basis, a new one appeared - the second.
sister is the subject
is is the predicate
About this sentence, in addition to the fact that it is complex, we can say that it is complex, that is, both parts of it are completely independent and can exist separately from each other, they are equal (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Complex sentence ()
Consider another suggestion:
I "ll show you my city as soon as you.
Again, we have two grammatical foundations:
I is the subject
will show is the predicate in one sentence, while
you is the subject
arrive is the predicate - in the second.
This sentence is also complex, but it is complex, that is, one part depends on the other. We look:
When? ---> (as soon as you arrive).
The first part of the sentence can exist independently, while the second becomes meaningless without it. We call the independent sentence the main one, we ask the question from it, and the second sentence is the dependent, or the subordinate clause. Any subordinate clause must have a characteristic conjunction. (In the sentence above, this is the union as soon as).
There are several types of clauses:
determinative;
mode of action;
adverbial (place, reason, purpose, time).
It is about the last type that we will talk about.
The tense clauses (when clauses) require conjunctions that define tense parameters, such as:
when - when
after - after
before - before
till - bye
until - until the moment
as soon as - as soon as
while - while; bye; whereas
We see that the main clause (I "ll buy a car) is used with Future Simple, while the subordinate clause (clause with the union (When I have money)) is used with Present Simple.
Explore the following examples:
1. As soon as we off the train, I "ll see my sister. - As soon as we get off the train, I will see my sister.
2. After I pass my exams, I "ll have my holidays. - After I pass the exams, my holidays will begin.
Open theto make the sentences complete. Pay attention that all the sentences refer to future.
1. Will I see you before you (start)?
2. What (you do) when you come home?
3. He will ring me up when he (return) home.
4. I "m sure, he (come) to say goodbye to us, before he leaves to Saint-Petersburg.
5. Please, turn off the light when you (leave) the room.
6.all the arrangements about it before she flies there.
7. Before he starts for London, (he spend) a day or two at the not far from here.
8. Don "t go away until mother (come) here.
Answer: 1. start 2. will you do 3. returns 4. will come 5. leave 6. will make 7. will spend 8. comes.
Bibliography
- Afanasyeva O. V., Mikheeva I. V. English language. Grade 9. - M .: Bustard, 2008.
- Baranova K.M., Dooley D., Kopylova V.V. English language. - M .: Education, 2011.
- Biboletova M.Z., Trubaneva N.N. English language. Grade 9. - M .: Title, 2008.
Homework
- Expand the parentheses in the following sentences:
When the rain (stop), we (go) out.
I (send) you a postcard when I (be) on holiday.
Before you (leave), you must visit the gallery.
Wait here until I (come) back.
When I (go) shopping, I (buy) some food.
When I (see) Tom tomorrow, I (invite) him to our party.
Before you (leave), don "t forget to shut the window.
I (phone) you as soon as I (arrive) in London.
- Insert the meaningful unions in the blanks:
as soon as, before, after, until, when
Call me ________ you finish your homework.
Jane will buy everything______we take off, don "t worry.
I "ll tell John everything______I meet him.
They will go home______the party is over.
We will not start dinner_____Jack arrives.
- Translate the following sentences:
When I am in Paris, I will visit my aunt.
As soon as I get home, I will go to bed.
She won't go anywhere until they tell the truth.
We'll go to the library before we go on vacation.
Anna will read the documents after she recovers.
- Internet portal E -grammar.org ().
- Internet portal Englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk ().
- Internet portal Egeacademy.com ().
Before we talk specifically about the if / when clauses, let's see what a subordinate clause is.
Complex sentences consist of:
1. Main offer
2. The clause (there can be more than one)
Subordinate clause is a dependent part that cannot exist separately from the main sentence and joins it with the help of a union.
For example (subordinate clauses are highlighted in orange):
After if and when are present or future tense?
The rule of English is:
In the subordinate clauses of tense and condition, future tense is not used.
In Russian, in both parts of complex sentences, the future tense is used:
We'll be back home if it rains. (Condition)
We will return home when it rains. (Time)
In english in the subordinate tense and conditions the present is used:
We will come back home if it rains. (Condition - Condition)
We will come back home when it rains. (Time - Time)
Subordinate tense opens with unions: till, until, as soon as, as long as, before, after, etc.
Conditional conditions are opened by unions: unless, on condition that, provided, in case, etc.
After the conjunctions when and if, the present and the future can be used. It all depends on whether they open relative clauses / times or clauses:
To check if a when clause subordinate clauses, ask him a question. The adjective tense answers the question "when?" You can also try to replace it with "tomorrow" or any other time circumstance (next month, next year, etc.). If it retains its meaning, then the future tense is not used in it.
If the when clause answers the question "what?" and it can be replaced with something or some information, then future tense can be used since this clause-object.
IF:
If is easier. If if translates to if, then this is a subordinate condition. Means, future tense cannot be used.
If if translates to whether, then this is a complement clause. The future tense can be used.
As you know, the sentence ( sentence) is a combination of words that expresses a certain complete thought. As the minimum unit of speech, a sentence can be as simple ( simple) and complex in structure. Everything is in the article of the same name on our blog. And if, while studying them, you missed something or did not notice, read the article again.
From the article, you will learn that complex sentences can be complex in composition ( compound) and complex ( complex). The difference between them is that in the first all parts of the sentence are equal, and in the second there is the main sentence ( principal clause) and one or more clauses ( subordinate clauses) that explain it.
English clauses are introduced into the structure of a complex sentence with the help of which there are not so few. The main ones are that, because, as, if, whether, when, since, after, before, till, unless, though other.
Types of relative clauses in English
Since relative clauses in English explain the main thing, they play the role of different members of the sentence, hence their types and names appeared. So, there are subordinate clauses:
- Subject clauses (the subject clause) introduced by the unions that(what), if / whether(whether), who(who), what(what), which(which the), when(when), where(where), how(how), why(why).
Whether we met there or not does not mean anything now. - We met or not, now it does not matter.
What she told me yesterday turned out to be the truth. “What she told me yesterday turned out to be true.
- Predicate clauses(predicative - the predicative clause), which is found in the same conjunctions as the previous subordinate clause in English.
The question is whether he knows about her betrayal or not. “The question is whether he knows about her betrayal or not.
The problem was that he treated us as unfamiliar people. “The problem was that he treated us like strangers.
- Additional clauses (the object clause) that join the main sentence with unions that, if / whether, what, who, which, where, how, why.
He told us that he had seen us buying a bouquet of flowers. - He said he saw us buying a bouquet of flowers.
I do not understand what I must do now. - I do not understand what I should do now.
- Subordinate clauses (the attributive clause), and to work with them you need unions such as who(which the), whose(whose), which / that(which the), where(where), why(why).
The house where we once lived has been burnt. - The house in which we once lived burned down.
The woman who helped us was a doctor from our local hospital. “The woman who helped us was a doctor from our district hospital.
- Subordinate clauses (the adverbial clause), which have their own classification.
First of all, it is place clauses (the adverbial clause of place), which, as the name suggests, only require unions where(where, where) and wherever(wherever, wherever).
The dog sleeps wherever he wants. - The dog sleeps wherever he wants.
Do you know where he plays football? - Do you know where he plays football?
This is followed by such English subordinate clauses as adverbial clauses (the adverbial clause of time). Accordingly, they need unions that determine the time parameters: when(when), after(after), before(before), till(until), while(while), since(since), as soon as(once).
She was still crying when he entered the room. She was still crying when he entered the room.
By the time you get married, I will have a family with three children. - By the time you get married, I will already have a family and three children.
Next, select a group such as additional circumstances (the adverbial clause of reason) and explain them by unions because(because), as / since(because).
I called you because I needed money. “I called you because I needed money.
He can't go to the party because he caught cold. - He can't go to the party because he has a cold.
We move smoothly to clauses adverbial purpose (the adverbial clause of purpose). Remembering introductory conjunctions that(to), so that / in order that(in order to), lest(so as not to ...).
She must speak louder so that everybody could hear her. - She needs to speak louder so that everyone can hear her.
He works hard in order that he can afford himself to buy a house of his dreams. - He works hard to afford to buy his dream home.
Of course, do not forget about such relative clauses in English as subordinate clauses (the adverbial clause of condition) based on unions if(if), provided that / on condition that(provided that).
If you find the book I asked, I will fulfill my promise. “If you find the book I asked for, I will fulfill my promise.
I won’t be free unless you tell me about this. - I will not be free until you tell me about it.
There are still subgroups of clauses course of action (the adverbial clause of manner), comparisons (the adverbial clause of comparison) and concessions (the adverbial clause of concession). The first and second subgroups of relative clauses in English need unions as(how), as if / as though(ostensibly). But for the third they are suitable though(although), no matter how(no matter how), no matter what(whatever, anyway).
She is looking at her mother as if she doesn’t recognize her. She looks at her mother as if she doesn't recognize her.
He reads as quickly as he can. - He reads as fast as he can.
No matter what he says, I do not believe him. “No matter what he says, I don’t believe him.
Here are how many types clauses in English formed. Although, despite their number, they are all understandable and by no means difficult. One has only to remember the conjunctions and features of each group of subordinate clauses. And with the help of this information, you will be able to quickly navigate such a complex topic as.
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