What factors influenced the development of industry. Lecture: The natural factor in the aspect of the theory of history

Geopolitical factors. In the history of Russia, natural and geographical conditions have always influenced the formation and development of society. The vast territories of Russia had both their pros and cons. An undoubted advantage was the vast expanses of the North and Siberia, the development of which brought considerable benefits. However, unlike Western Europe, where, figuratively speaking, there were more people than land, in Russia, on the contrary, there is more land than people. The settlement of new lands could only occur due to the outflow of the population from the historical center of Russia, where there were already few people living (in the 16th-17th centuries, the population density in Russia was 1-5 people per 1 sq. Km, in Europe -10-30 people) ... Continuous territorial expansion also predetermined the fact that over the centuries economic development went in breadth, was provided at the expense of quantitative factors (extensive type). The Russian population did not have an urgent need to move from traditional farming to a more efficient one, since there was always an opportunity to move to new places, to develop new territories. In addition, the excess of space gave rise to a dangerous temptation for humans - to solve all their problems by fleeing to unpopulated outskirts. This situation also determined the specifics of the emerging economic, social and political relations. To ensure order on the territory of Russia, it was necessary to maintain a whole army of officials, soldiers and policemen. Another disadvantage was the harsh nature, which made the conditions extremely unfavorable for the development of agriculture (on average, agricultural work was possible for only 130 days per year). As a result, the Russian peasant was on the brink of survival, and the state by force withdrew the surplus product for the needs of the army and the state apparatus. The flat character of the area, its openness, the absence of natural geographical boundaries also affected the history of the state. Russian lands were not protected by natural barriers: they were not protected by either the seas or mountain ranges. The constant threat of military incursions (for a long time Russia was under the threat of ruin, sometimes the conquest of the country by nomads) demanded from the state enormous efforts, material costs, and human resources to ensure its security. In addition, to break through to the seas, Russia had to wage intense bloody wars for centuries. A direct consequence of this was the growing role of the state and the army in society. In geopolitical terms, Russia occupies an intermediate position between Europe and Asia, centuries-old parallel interaction with the Christian West and the Muslim-pagan East determined the history of Russia and formed the bifurcated national consciousness of Russians. Russia was not only a bridge connecting East and West (while experiencing various influences of their culture), but also a barrier separating and protecting them from a disastrous collision with each other.

Continuous expansion of the country's territory (colonization)- forcible (Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, Crimea, Finland ..) or voluntary (Georgia, Ukraine) annexation of territories, development of new desert territories by the peasant population (Siberia).

Social factor... Russian society has always remained extremely unstable socially. Due to the difficult living conditions, low-income nature of the economy, serfdom (which turned out to be an inevitable phenomenon in Russia, because it was the only possible system of forcibly-forcible withdrawal of surplus product from the population for solving national problems), the poor, who were in the majority, were always ready rebel against both their masters and local authorities, and against the state.

Political factor... Huge territory of the country, weakness economic relations between separate areas, social and national contradictions, the presence of a constant external danger demanded strong central government with a developed apparatus of control and coercion. The Moscow princes managed to create it by the beginning of the 16th century. In the 16th century, a political ideology was developed, in the creation of which the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible took part. The system of power built by the Moscow sovereigns has received in history the name "autocracy", that is, an unlimited monarchy. The autocracy existed without significant changes until 1917. One of the features of the Russian historical process was exaggerated role of the supreme power in relation to society. Even estates were formed under the direct influence of the authorities. The society was divided into layers with a clear definition of the status and functions of each. The Cathedral Code of 1649 consolidated the position of various categories of the population and the range of their duties. It should be emphasized that due to the specifics of Russian history reforms have always been initiated by the state... Hence, the position of the supreme power was of decisive importance for the fate of the transformations: kings, emperors, general secretaries, and now presidents. The impetus for the beginning of the Russian reforms, which made it possible to overcome the powerful resistance to traditions and interests, were, as a rule, external factors, namely the lag behind the West, which most often took the form of military defeats. Since the reforms in Russia were carried out entirely by the supreme power, all of them were not brought to their logical conclusion and did not fully resolve the social contradictions that gave rise to them. Moreover, many reforms, due to their inconsistency and incompleteness, only exacerbated the situation in the future. The special role of the state in the process of Russian reforms "from above" turned the bureaucracy into their sole developer and leader. Therefore, its significance in the fate of Russian reforms was enormous. The bureaucracy in Russia grew rapidly. The final fate of reforms in Russia depended on the position of the ruling elite, on the results of the struggle of various groups and clans of the bureaucracy. Moreover , a constant series of reforms and counterreforms, innovations and backward movement - a characteristic feature of the Russian reform process.

National (ethnopolitical) factor... A large number of different, including non-Slavic, ethnic groups took part in the formation of the Russian people, however the Slavic component has always remained dominant(The Slavs, purely outwardly adopting other people's customs, internally retained their originality and, over time, processed everything foreign in their own way). In other words, the future Russian people were originally born on a multi-ethnic basis. Ethnic diversity of Russia and inevitably accompanying her separatist sentiments served as one of the prerequisites for strengthening the monarchy, the development of its military-police apparatus. However, the Russian monarchy gradually developed a rather flexible and effective national policy. She sought to win over the local nobility, keeping her old and granting new privileges, including her in the composition of the all-Russian ruling class. Moscow avoided interference in the internal life of national communities whenever possible. Important circumstances were the traditional tolerance and accommodating nature of the Russian people, which was alien to the psychology of the "nation of masters".

This video tutorial is dedicated to the topic “Metallurgical Complex: Composition, Significance, Location Factors ”. At the beginning of this lesson, we will define what structural materials are, what they are. Then we will discuss the composition of the metallurgical complex, its importance for the industry of our country, and also consider the factors of location.

Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson:Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, location factors

Metals are one of the main construction materials. Metals are produced by the Metallurgical Complex.

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.

The composition of the metallurgical complex.

The metallurgical complex includes two large branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is the production of metals based on iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys), as well as manganese and chromium.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - production of more than 70 metals with valuable properties (copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.)

The enterprises of the metallurgical complex are engaged in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores, the smelting of various metals, the production of rolled products, the processing of metals in various ways to obtain the desired properties, the processing of secondary raw materials, the production of auxiliary materials.

1. The products of the metallurgical complex serve as the foundation for mechanical engineering.

2. The products are widely used in construction, transportation, electrical engineering, nuclear and chemical industries.

3. The share of metallurgy accounts for 16% of the total industrial production in Russia, 10% of the population employed in industry.

4. The complex consumes 25% of the coal mined in the country, 25% of the generated electricity, 30% of freight rail transportation.

5. Metallurgical products are one of the main export items in Russia.

6. In terms of steel exports, Russia ranks 1st in the world, in terms of steel production, 4th after China, Japan, and the USA

7. Metallurgy is a major environmental pollutant. Its enterprises emit tens of millions of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Large metallurgical centers are cities with an unfavorable environmental situation. Open-pit mining is causing great harm to nature

1. Material consumption - the cost of materials for the release of a unit of production.

Large consumption of raw ore raw materials, therefore metallurgical enterprises are located near sources of raw materials. For example, for the production of 1 ton of steel, 5 tons of ore are required, and for the production of 1 ton of tin, more than 300 tons of ore are needed.

2. Energy intensity - energy consumption per unit of output.

Many enterprises of the complex are located near sources of cheap electrical energy, because it takes a lot of energy to produce. For example, for the production of 1 ton of aluminum, 17 thousand kW * h are needed, and for the production of 1 ton of titanium 30-60 thousand kW * h of electricity.

1. Labor intensity - labor costs for the release of a unit of output.

On average, a metallurgical plant employs from 20 to 40 thousand people, and this is the population of a small town.

2. Concentration - concentration of large volumes of production in one enterprise.

More than 50% of ferrous metals and 49% of non-ferrous metals are smelted at 5% of industrial enterprises. This high concentration contributes to cheaper products, but makes it difficult to respond to changes in the market.

3. Combination - a combination in one enterprise, in addition to the main production, industries related to the main one technologically and economically.

As part of a metallurgical plant, in addition to metallurgical production, there is a production of cement and building materials, production of nitrogen fertilizers.

4. Environmental factor - negative impact on the environment.

About 20% of air and waste water emissions. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 15% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and 22% for non-ferrous metallurgy

5. Transport factor - a modern metallurgical plant receives and dispatches the same amount of goods as a large city, so it cannot operate without a railway.

It is profitable to create metallurgical enterprises in areas of ore mining (Ural, Norilsk), in areas of fuel production (Kuzbass) or production of cheap electricity (South Siberia), at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets), in areas of consumption finished products(St. Petersburg or Moscow).

The main

1. E.A. Customs Geography of Russia: economy and regions: grade 9 textbook for students of educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
3. Atlas of Economic Geography Grade 9 from Bustard 2012.
4. Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127s.)
5. Geography. Pupil's reference book. Compiled by Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
6. A cheat sheet on economic geography. (For schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

1. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M .: Gardariki, 2000 - 752s.: Ill.
2. Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189s. :
3. Smetanin S. I., Konotopov M. V. History of ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
4. Economic and Social Geography of Russia: Textbook for Universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations

1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M .: Bol. Grew up. ents., 1998.- 800s .: ill., maps.
2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002 .-- 690 p.
3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistics collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003 .-- 398s.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI school)
2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI school)
3. GIA-2013 Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI Authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M .: Astrel, 2012. Excellent student of the Unified State Examination. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012.

1. Geo.september.ru (). N. Mazein Metallurgical world records
2. Geo.september.ru () Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Part three. Aluminum industry
3. Geo.september.ru (). Manganese of Kuzbass
4. Youtube.com (). Metallurgy steel part 1
5. Youtube.com (). Science 2.0 NOT easy things. Clip
6. Youtube.com (). Science 2.0 NOT easy things. Rims

1. Read § "Metallurgy" to answer the questions:

1) What is a metallurgical complex?

2) What is the importance of the metallurgical complex in the country's economy?

3) What factors influence the location of metallurgical enterprises?

4) Is there a metallurgical plant in your area. What factors, in your opinion, influenced its placement?

1. Complete the task: Mark large metallurgical centers on a contour map.

1) Ferrous metallurgy centers: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

2) Converting metallurgy centers: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Izhevsk, Zlatoust, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

3) Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Mednogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Orsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk

Practical work "Determination of factors of location of enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy"

Fill in the table using a paragraph of the textbook, lesson materials, atlas maps "Metallurgy" or "Ferrous metallurgy" and "Non-ferrous metallurgy"

Considering the factors that can affect the positive development of enterprise management, we can name the following:

• motivation;
• management;
• employees;
• communications;
• consultations.

When introducing a new method, first of all, in addition to a clear goal, the motive must be clearly formulated. At the same time, it is necessary that the management at the enterprise sees in the new method a valid further, expected effect.

Motivation is primarily necessary for the implementation of a new method, which should improve the management of the enterprise, the financial condition and the ability to compete with enterprises that produce similar products.

The introduction of a new method, first of all, should be supervised by a manager who has more experience in this enterprise, while having authority and the ability to take full responsibility for the further result from the implementation.

The success of the introduction of new methods primarily depends on the understanding of the management and all personnel, how this method will affect the further fate of the enterprise, thereby understanding how to achieve the goals of the enterprise.

The ability and ability of an enterprise to go through various cataclysms, to be competitive, to maintain financial stability largely depends on the work of internal factors - on the state of the internal environment.

Internal factors include goals, objectives, structure, technology, and personnel of the enterprise. If we consider the statistics of enterprises in developed countries, then it can be noted that the bankruptcy of enterprises in general occurs due to internal factors. In a constant economy, the main obstacles that stand in the way of the development of the enterprise, as a rule, are located within it, and include internal disagreements aimed at achieving the goals, resources, as well as the necessary reorganization, which is aimed at achieving the goal.

One of the key factors of the internal environment of an enterprise that influences its development is personnel. At industrial enterprises, the history of which begins in the middle of the 19th century, the age contingent at the enterprise in the management structure starts from 22 to 70 years. Three types of managers can be distinguished:

• Young professionals who have recently graduated from higher educational institutions.
• Employees who have worked at the enterprise for more than 15 years, with a low level of motivation to improve their own qualifications, improve the quality of planning.
• Employees, otherwise known as "sharks", proactive and suggesting new methods for the development of the management of the enterprise.

In recent years, the influence of external factors of the international level, destabilizing the directions of activities of enterprises, has been increasing. The influence of these factors is largely provided by a stable balance and stability of economic entities, which are aimed at raising the national economy.

Previously, the enterprise was studied as a closed production system, and did not take into account the impact of the external environment on its improvement. Scientific research in general, were focused on the analysis and improvement of the internal environment of the enterprise. Today, in a market economy, industrial enterprises cannot but take into account the impact of the external environment. The external environment is able to influence the enterprise using objective and subjective factors. The work of each of these factors can be expressed in different ways on the quality of the enterprise.

Objective external factors are factors of direct influence. Further, we will consider the factors that can be attributed to this group.

A reserve of working resources is a chain consisting of material, labor, and financial resources that are needed for the full-fledged operation of the enterprise. Also, enterprises should have control and accounting for all used resources and those that are available in the warehouse.

People's resources are the labor force on which all production is based, bearing the character of the enterprise's labor resources. Labor potential in people is assessed as a combination of various properties that express their performance. These properties can be linked:

• with the physical capabilities of a person, his nervous system, his skills and ability to work;
• with the degree of his education, his knowledge that will allow him to perform this or that work for a certain qualification.

Financial resources are one of the most important types. Today, most enterprises feel a shortage of funds and, out of despair, attract borrowed funds with the help of loans. Based on this, it can be noted that banks have a huge impact on the development and the current existence of enterprises.

Consumers play an important role in the development of an enterprise, since they are the ones who make the enterprise well-being by defining its strategy.

Competitive enterprises also put pressure on the enterprise and an incentive for their own development, since they produce products that are analogous and, in terms of their quality characteristics, can be better and cheaper, and at the same time can provide staff with more profitable and favorable working conditions.

Legislation plays a huge role in the sphere of influence on the enterprise. There are three branches of government in the Russian Federation (legislative, executive and judicial). Local government bodies include control over the implementation of socio-economic relations in society. The main functions that can be attributed to the authorities are the adoption of laws and control over their implementation, the development and implementation of policies in the field of social and labor relations.

The enterprise reacts to changes in the factors of direct influence by changing the internal environment and pursuing a policy of modification, either active or passive counteraction.

Subjective external factors that can indirectly affect the development of the enterprise. Indirect factors are background factors that can play economic stability (increase or decrease). Subjective external factors - the state of the economy, natural or socio-economic factors.

Internal factors also include everything that affects the improvement of the enterprise, for example, production, strategic management system, finance, personnel and R&D.

Manufacturing is a process aimed at creating material goods, which is characterized by the use of equipment, technologies, as well as special skills among employees. The quality of the manufactured products directly depends on the equipment and on the methods of the applied technologies. Production is the key internal factor that determines the economic sustainability of an enterprise. Economic sustainability is ensured by the strategic management system.

Political factors:

• termination of contracts with foreign institutions that have assumed obligations to fulfill this contract for the supply of components for the construction of ships. Termination of foreign contracts affects the failure to meet the schedule or contract for specific products;
• position of Russia in the international market.

Economic forces:

• the cost of manufactured products increases due to the rise in prices for electricity and gas, which affects the decrease in profits;
• unprofitable import substitution;
• domestically produced services are more expensive than imported services;
• a decrease in the rate of economic growth of the country and manufacturing industries;
• instability of the economy;
• crisis of the credit and financial markets.

Social factors:

• staff turnover among highly qualified specialists. Talented workers find more attractive work in other enterprises for good wages and favorable working conditions;
• there is no middle link in the age segment of workers.

Technological factors:

• negative impact on the environment during production, which affects the need to improve equipment in order to minimize environmental pollution;
• much of the equipment is outdated, which affects the speed and quality of the product produced, as well as the delivery time.
• strategic management gives an enterprise the opportunity to improve the quality of management, to anticipate all possible negative influences of the external environment and to prepare a plan to eliminate them.

Financial planning at the enterprise affects the attraction of various investments, as well as the replenishment of funds, which are aimed at carrying out their permanent activities and developing the enterprise.

Research and development organization has a huge impact on the improvement of the enterprise, makes it possible for the enterprise to be able to meet the technologies of today, while improving its technology and increasing competitiveness.

Bibliography:

1. Emelyanova E.A. "Strategic management" [Economic Faculty] - Ed. 2 - e, Tomsk, 2015. - 112 p.
2. Alekseev A.N. development of industrial potential in the context of import substitution: management and marketing technologies: materials of an international scientific and practical conference: monograph / S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow 2017. - 48 p.
3. Rumyantseva E.E. Economic analysis: Textbook and workshop / E.E. Rumyantsev. - M .: Yurayt, 2017 .-- 381 p.

All over the world, the location of various industries, transport, agriculture does not happen by chance, but under the influence of certain conditions. Conditions that have a great influence on the choice of location for the development of production are called factors of production location.

Factors influencing the location of production

The factors of the location of production forces are a set of external conditions and resources, the correct use of which ensures the best result in the development of economic activity and the location of production.

The most important factors in the location of production include:

• Raw materials - location of enterprises in close proximity to sources of raw materials. Most factories and plants are built near large water bodies, mineral deposits. Thanks to this, time and financial costs are saved for the transportation of large volumes of goods, and the cost of finished products will be significantly lower. The raw material factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises for the production of cement, potash fertilizers, timber, for the beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores.

Many natural resource deposits are almost completely devastated. This led to the fact that mining enterprises began to develop new places, most often difficult to access. For example, currently oil and gas production takes place in bays and seas. Such industries require large investments and are highly polluting.

Rice. 1. Oil production at sea.

• Fuel - this factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises that use a large number of mineral fuel: fuel oil, natural gas, coal. These industries include the chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, and heat power engineering.
• Energetic - determines the location of industries using large amounts of electricity. Such industries are called energy-intensive. These include enterprises for the production of paper, chemical fibers, light non-ferrous metals. They are placed near large hydroelectric power plants.
• Labor - influences the location of production facilities that employ a large number of labor resources, including high-level specialists. Such industries are called labor-intensive. These include vegetable growing, rice growing, production of personal computers and electronic equipment, and clothing production. Such enterprises are located in densely populated areas with cheap labor.

Rice. 2. Manufacture of electronic equipment.

• Consumer - affects the location of enterprises producing consumer goods: clothing, footwear, food, household appliances. They are found in almost all large settlements.
• Transport - This factor is very important for industries whose products need to be supplied to other regions. To reduce additional transport costs, many industries are located near major transport hubs.
• Ecological - the role of this factor lies in the negative impact of most chemical industries on the environment. That is why they cannot be placed in densely populated areas. Otherwise, they are subject to more stringent requirements for purification technologies.

Table "Factors of production location"

Production location factors	Industries
Raw materials	Extractive industry, sawmills, production of non-ferrous metal ores
Fuel	Heat power engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry
Energetic	Plants for the production of paper and man-made fibers
Labor	Garment manufacturing, vegetable growing, electronic equipment manufacturing
Consumer	Consumer goods manufacturing
Transport	Railway production, automotive
Ecological	Chemical and metallurgical production

Production location conditions

The location of production also depends on such external conditions as the natural environment, population, base for scientific and technical potential, socio-historical conditions for the development of specific production.

One of the most important conditions for the location of many industries, in particular, agricultural activities, are agro-climatic indicators. The natural fertility of soils, the water regime of the territory, the specificity of the climate largely determine the productivity of such sectors of the economy.

Rice. 3. Agriculture.

The connection between the conditions and factors of the location of production is very great. Only with a competent approach, taking into account all indicators, it is possible to create the most efficient and productive production.

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What have we learned?

While studying the topic "Factors of production location", we learned what the location of various production facilities depends on. We found out how external factors affect the productivity of various enterprises, got acquainted with examples of factors in the location of production.

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