Ministry of Education Russian Federation

Department of Secondary Special Education

State educational institution

Northern International University

By discipline:"Foreign economic activity"

Magadan 2002

Plan

1. The relationship between the economies of different countries. Economic integration.

2. Information support of foreign economic activity. Sources and types of information.

4. Franchise: concept, purpose. Production, trade, licensed franchise, their brief description.

5. Features of international marketing methods.

1. The relationship between the economies of different countries. Economic integration.

Internationalization of economic life in the second half of the XX century. has become a leading trend in the development of the world economy. One of the main trends in the global internationalization of world economies as a result of the development of MRI and international cooperation of production is manifested in the formation of vast zones of influence of one or another power or group of the most developed countries. These countries or groups of countries become a kind of integration centers around which other states are grouped, forming a kind of continents in the ocean of world economic ties.

It is necessary to distinguish between integration formations according to the achieved level of internationalization of production, which can be worn as formal and real character.

Formal internationalization, like integration, is such an international socialization of production, on the basis of which economic ties between countries are established on the basis of MRI (International Division of Labor), which is not conditioned by the corresponding parameters of the development of production levels of interacting countries. International cooperation of production can develop, but its participants are in different economic conditions that affect the final results.

Real the same economic integration is a level of international socialization of production, which provides for a certain parity of the basic socio-economic parameters of the participating countries.

The accumulated experience in the development of integration processes in the world economy indicates the need to go through four stages in the formation and development of economic integration.

The first stage is the formation of a free trade zone with the abolition of customs tariffs and other restrictions between the participating countries.

At this stage, the participating countries abolish mutual trade barriers, but retain complete freedom of action in economic relations with third countries (for example, the right to cancel or introduce new customs duties or other restrictions, the right to conclude trade and economic contracts, agreements).

There are customs borders and posts between the countries that control the origin of goods crossing their state borders, and, accordingly, prevent the preferential import of goods from third countries.

The second stage is the formation of a customs union with the establishment of uniform tariffs in trade and in the movement of labor and capital.

At this level of integration, states not only eliminate mutual trade barriers, but also establish a unified system of external trade barriers and common customs duties in relation to third countries. At the same time, the customs services at the internal borders are abolished, and their functions are transferred to the corresponding services at the external borders. A single customs space is emerging, limited by the borders of the states that are included in it.

The third stage, representing the initial phase of real economic integration, is the emergence of an economic union. At this stage, states agree on the free movement across national borders not only of goods, but also of all factors of production, including capital, labor, technology, and information. The result is a common market space, a common market.

The fourth stage is full integration with a single economic policy, a common currency and supranational regulatory bodies. Achievement of this level of integration (political and economic union) presupposes that the states entering it, taking into account the achieved results of the previous stages of integration, agree to conduct a joint trade and then in general economic policy in relation to third countries, as well as to unify the systems of economic regulation. ... This stage of integration presupposes the coordination of the foreign policy of the participating countries, which gives even wider opportunities for the mutually beneficial combination of forces and means in the interests of the economic development of each of the participating countries and the entire union as a whole.

The last two stages may include certain sub-stages associated with the specifics of a particular integration group.

International economic integration is viewed as a three-tier model:

On the micro level, i.e. at the corporate level, when individual companies enter into direct economic ties, they deploy integration processes;

On the interstate level when the purposeful activity of the state (collective or unilateral) contributes to the integration processes of the interweaving of labor and capital within a particular group of countries, ensures the functioning of special integration processes.

On the supranational level when the member states voluntarily transfer a number of political and economic functions to the union, giving up sovereignty in these areas.

2. Information support of foreign economic activity. Sources and types of information.

Finding the necessary information about markets, prices, customers, goods is an important stage in foreign trade operations. Commercial information, like scientific, technical and social, includes a lot of accumulated knowledge and concepts. Since an increasing number of enterprises in our country independently enter the external market, they are interested in information about foreign enterprises, markets and prices, as well as quality standards, scientific and technical achievements. In order to have sufficiently complete information about foreign firms, the investment climate and markets of foreign countries. It is enough to learn how to work with reference books, annual reports of companies, business and economic press, other sources of mass media, monographs on issues of interest, references from banks and credit bureaus, as well as with modern electronic card indexes of information computer networks. However, specialists should not only be able to use sources of information, but also know where to find them.

Due to practical needs, a new direction of market analysis has emerged - corporate analysis, or analysis of the corporate structure of the market, which one or another organization plans to enter. The analysis is carried out by specialists who find out the degree and features of the concentration of production and capital, the level of market monopolization, inter-firm ties on it, the degree of utilization of production facilities, firm prices, and assess the competition in the market.

The accumulation and dissemination of such information is carried out by government agencies, chambers of commerce, research institutes, educational institutions, libraries, bureaus, associations and unions, banks, stock exchanges, credit bureaus, consulting and information firms and agencies, diplomatic and trade missions, computing centers, etc. etc.

3. Basic and supporting commercial operations, their characteristics. Operations: export, re-export, import, re-import.

Commercial transactions (foreign economic relations) - a complex system of various forms of international cooperation between states and their subjects in all sectors of the economy.

Foreign economic relations are a system of economic relations arising from the movement of resources of all kinds between states and economic entities of different states. These bilateral relations cover all spheres of the economic life of the state and, first of all, its production, trade, investment and financial activities.

The essence of foreign economic relations as an economic category is manifested in their functions.

These functions are:

1. Organization and maintenance of international exchange of natural resources and labor results in their material and value form;

2. International recognition of the use value of products of the international division of labor;

3. Organization of international money circulation.

The effectiveness of the organization of foreign economic relations and the mechanism for managing them is largely determined by the classification of relations.

The classification of foreign economic commercial transactions should be understood as the distribution of these ties into specific groups according to certain criteria in order to achieve the set goals. The classification system of foreign economic relations consists of the types and forms of relations.

Type of foreign economic commercial transactions- a set of connections, united by one common feature, for example, the direction of the flow of goods and a structural feature.

The classification feature associated with the direction of the flow of goods determines the movement of goods (services, work) from one country to another, i.e. reflects the export of goods from a country or the import of goods into a given country. On this basis, links are divided into export, associated with the sale and export of goods, and import, associated with the purchase and import of goods.

The structural feature of the classification of links determines the group composition of links. It is associated with the sphere of economic interests and with the main purpose of the foreign economic activity of the state. On a structural basis, communications are subdivided into foreign trade, financial, production, investment.

A form of connection is a way of existence of a given type of connection, an external manifestation (outline, design) of the essence of any particular connection. The forms include trade, barter, tourism, engineering, franchising, leasing, etc.

Operations.

Export - export of goods, works, services, results of intellectual property, including exclusive rights to them, from the customs territory abroad without an obligation to re-import. The fact of export is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border, provide services and rights to the results of intellectual activity.

Import - import of goods, works, services, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them, into the customs territory from abroad without an obligation to export them back. The fact of import is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border, receive services and rights to the results of intellectual activity.

Reimport is the import into the country of goods, works, services, etc. previously exported from it.

Re-export is the export from the country of previously imported foreign goods.

4. Franchise: concept, purpose. Production, trade, licensed franchise, their brief description.

Franchising (commercial concession) ( English Franchise - privilege, right) - a system for transferring or selling licenses for technology and trademark.

The International Franchise Association (IFA) defines franchising as an ongoing relationship in which the franchisor transfers exclusive rights based on a license agreement to engage in entrepreneurial activities, plus assistance in training, marketing, management in exchange for financial compensation from the franchisee.

In our domestic literature, franchising is also called franchising, franchising, franchising.

The essence of franchising lies in the fact that a firm (franchisor) with a high image in the market transfers the right under certain conditions to a firm (franchisee) unknown to consumers, i.e. a license (franchise) to operate according to its technology and under its own trademark and receives a certain compensation (income) for this.

The franchisor is the licensor of the franchise, which is, as it were, the parent company (i.e. the material company) of the franchising system.

Franchisee - the licensee of the franchise.

Under a franchise agreement, the right to operate is usually granted for a specific territory and for a specific time.

Thus, a large "parent" company is granted a license to any firm for the production of goods and other activities under the brand name of this company, in a certain territory and for a certain time.

The advantages of franchising are as follows:

For the franchisor, this is an opportunity:

To increase the number of trade enterprises (retail outlets, i.e. places of sale of goods or services) with minimal investment, since the franchisee also invests its share of capital in this business;

Increase revenues through the efforts of the franchisee. Since the franchisee is the owner of the enterprise, he will make every effort to increase the profitability of the business;

Reduce the level of production and circulation costs per unit of turnover, because the franchisee as an entrepreneur himself covers all the costs of maintaining his trade enterprise (salaries of employees, rent, etc.);

Expand the distribution network of its goods or services by linking the franchisee to the franchisor, since the franchisee, as a rule, is obliged to buy the equipment he needs from or through the franchisor.

For a franchisee, this is an opportunity:

Become a self-employed entrepreneur;

Run your business under a recognized trademark;

The use of previously tested forms of entrepreneurship;

Training and assistance from the franchisor;

Acquisition of many types of licensing business at relatively low prices;

Financing part of the investment and making a profit from it.

Franchising also has certain disadvantages that hinder its development.

The disadvantages of franchising are as follows:

For the franchisor, these are:

The complexity of control over the activities of the franchisee, since the franchisee is not an employee of the franchisor and the franchisor does not directly supervise him;

Opportunity to lose your good name and reputation due to poor performance of the franchisee;

The danger of receiving false information and accounting reports from the franchisee;

The possibility of opposite goals arising with the franchisee, which significantly affects the business. After all, the franchisor cannot terminate the contract with the franchisee until he violates the terms of the contract.

For a franchisee, these are:

Control by the franchisor, which may leave few opportunities for the franchisee to express themselves in their business;

Danger of being compromised and losing your reputation due to poor performance and loss of reputation of the franchisor or other franchisees;

The danger of changing the policy of the franchisor for the worse for the franchisee, for example, when changing franchisors;

Large costs for the services of the franchisor. For example, for the purchase of equipment that the franchisee is obliged to buy only from the franchisor, while from another seller it can be much cheaper.

Franchising is suitable primarily for industries that are characterized by a large share of services with personal service (catering, hotel industry, car services, consumer services, repair services, etc.).

5. Features of international marketing methods.

MARKETING (from the English market - market) is a complex system for organizing production and sales of products, focused on meeting the needs of specific consumers and making a profit based on market research and forecasting, studying the internal and external environment of the exporting enterprise, developing strategies and tactics for market behavior with using marketing programs.

International information exchange - the transfer and receipt of information products and the provision of information services to one country across the state border of another country.

Let's consider the typical and most popular method of international marketing research today, via the Internet. It makes it possible to the seller:

Advertise your products and goods both regionally and internationally. In this case, advertising can be not only general in nature, but also be consistently detailed before showing photographs of the goods, descriptions of packaging, shipping conditions, etc., and the range of goods can be as large as you like;

Operatively monitor the price situation on the market;

Organize a system of orders for the goods sold by both their sales representatives and buyers;

Organize operational interaction with sales representatives using e-mail and direct access to information resources of partners;

Buyer:

Find firms that sell the desired product;

Assess the market conditions and choose the right company - the seller of the desired product;

Make clarifying inquiries to selling firms via e-mail and get answers;

Order a product;

Select a provider of transport forwarding services;

Order cargo delivery;

Make payments.

Both sellers and buyers can use the Internet to obtain reference information of various kinds on legislation, customs regulations, payment terms, stock exchange reports, etc.

In business, when formulating a marketing policy and placing advertisements, it is important to consider which server the advertisement will be hosted on. For this purpose, you should look for servers specialized in business information.

Server (from the English. Serve - service) - the representation of the company (enterprise) on the Internet.

List of used literature

1. P. Krugman, M. Obstfeld. "International Economics - Theory and Politics". Textbook for universities. Translation from English, ed. V.P. Kolesova, M.V. Kulakov. - M .: Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University, UNITI, 1997.

2. Balabanov I.T., Balabanov A.I. "Foreign economic relations". Tutorial. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1998.

3. Strovsky L.Ye. “Foreign market and enterprise”. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1993.

4. Avdokushin E.F. "International Economic Relations". Textbook. - M .: Jurist, 2001.

5. M.V. Elova, E.K. Muravyova, S.M. Panferova et al. "World economy: an introduction to foreign economic activity." Textbook for universities. - M .: Logos, 2000.

1. The ratio of the state and the economy.

2. Legal regulation of economic relations.

1. The ratio of the state and the economy

The question of the relationship between the state and the economy has practically existed since the first state appeared, and will exist as long as there is a state. This is one of the eternal questions that every time in a new way faces each new state organization both at the initial stages of its emergence and formation, and at subsequent stages of its development.

Naturally, he faces each type of state in different ways. It is solved in a completely different way in relation to, say, a slave-owning and feudal state. At the same time, the point is not only and even not so much in the different level of development of the economy, but in its different type and character.

The economy, which existed along with the slave state and correlated with it, inevitably assumed the existence of a huge mass of people - slaves, completely disenfranchised and completely dependent on the state.

The economy of feudal society and the state was guided by semi-powerless serf labor.

The solution to the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy can be carried out at two different levels and considered in two planes: general theoretical and applied, practical.

In domestic and foreign scientific literature, the question of the relationship between the state and the economy at the general theoretical level is far from being resolved unambiguously.

In some cases, priority is given to the economy over the state and politics, in others, on the contrary, - to the state and politics over the economy. In the third cases, a certain parity is seen in the relations between the state and the economy.

It is believed that the state is capable of exerting the same influence on the economy as the economy on the state.

The problem of the relationship between the state and the economy can and should be considered not only in general theoretical, but also in a purely applied, practical plan, in relation to clarifying and solving a specific issue, achieving a specific goal, determining the nature of the relationship of a particular state with a specific economy corresponding to it. ...

The analysis of this problem in applied, practical, as well as in general theoretical, terms is a very complex and multifaceted task. A huge layer of scientific and popular literature is devoted to its solution. However, the topic is still relevant.

There are many reasons for this. The main ones as applied, for example, to the modern Russian state, law and economy, are the generalization and use of foreign and domestic experience in order to find the most optimal ways and forms of their interaction.

The initial premises in this case, as well as in considering the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy in historically different social systems, are the following:

First. The state and the economy are complex, multifaceted phenomena that not only cover the political and material life of society, but also have a huge impact on all other areas.

The opinion that the state is "purely" superstructure, and the economy is a "purely" basic phenomenon, which is common in domestic and foreign special literature, does not "work" in this case.

Historical experience shows that the state in any social formation is at the same time the subject of the most diverse - economic, political, social, ideological and other relations, and in this sense it is not only a superstructure or political, but also an economic, ideological and other phenomenon.

The economy also, influencing other spheres of society, acts as a multifaceted phenomenon, and in all countries without exception. In practical terms, this means that the relationship between the state and the economy should be monitored not only in the spheres of politics and economics, but also in other spheres of society.

Second. When considering the relationship between the state and the economy, attention should be paid primarily to the factors that determine the nature of this relationship in various historical conditions, and to the limits of the mutual influence of the state on the economy and the economy on the state. In the conditions of the existence of various social systems, they are far from the same.

In practical terms, this means that it would be more effective and justified to use the accumulated experience in modern Russia to study the nature of the relationship between the state and the economy, not in general, but in relation to a specific historical era and country, to a strictly defined social system. The experience of the USA, Germany, France, Japan and other highly industrialized countries is of particular importance.

Third. The relationship between the state and the economy in any country and socio-political system is not a passive, but a very active process. This is a two-way process of their interconnection and interaction, where each of the parties, depending on the prevailing circumstances, can play a decisive or definable role. However, the leading role ultimately belongs to the economy.

We will not dwell on the analysis of the relationship between the state and the economy in the conditions of slaveholding, feudal, or socialist-planned economy. In order to complete the consideration of this topic, we will only briefly characterize the features of the relationship between the state and the economy in the conditions of market bourgeois relations. So, in a market, socially-oriented environment:

a) between state and market structures, mainly partnerships are established;

b) state intervention in the economy is minimal;

c) the state organically combines administrative-legal and "liberal" means of influencing economic relations;

d) the state has only the minimum material resources that are objectively necessary to maintain its functioning;

e) the financial and tax systems are fully concentrated in the hands of the state;

f) private property dominates over state and all other forms of property.

2. Legal regulation of economic relations

It is known that the norms of law are a form of organization of the life of the state, society, give certainty and stability to public relations, provide the necessary stability and organization of the economic system. As a product of social relations, they are designed to regulate them.

Economic laws play an equally important role in market conditions. , regulating mainly the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.

In the life of the rule of law and civil society, legal, economic and other norms and rules function simultaneously and have a joint impact on human behavior. Often their impact is of a complex nature, which does not exclude the contradiction of one norm to another, complementarity, etc.

Each type of norms operates in a certain area of ​​social relations (economic laws regulate property and financial relations, legal - legal ties and dependencies). But there are also general spheres of life, in which various norms of economics, law, morality, etc., operate at the same time.

So, economic relations in a market economy, for example, purchase and sale transactions, are governed by the economic law of value and legal acts that secure the forms of this transaction.

However, not only economic, but also legal relations play a dominant role, since they express the state will, are a state dictate that does not contradict the public will, the dictates of society as a whole.

The norms of law express the state will and are established by the state in certain forms (laws, decrees, decrees, decisions, etc.). They give official meaning to the rules they contain. Compliance with legal norms, including in the economy, is ensured by state coercion.

In the event of their violation, the relevant state bodies take measures to restore the violated rights of citizens or organizations, or to punish the perpetrators.

Economic and legal laws differ from each other. The first are objective in nature, independent of the will and consciousness of a person. Legal laws are created, changed and abolished by people in the prescribed manner.

And from this point of view, their existence is subjective, although the nature of legal laws, their content in the conditions of market relations are objectively determined by the real level of economic and political development of society.

Legal laws regulate the activities of people through their interests so that a person has the opportunity to satisfy his material and other needs and interests. In a market economy, he enters into labor relations, various kinds of transactions - for the exchange, sale and purchase of things and objects, etc.

Simultaneously implementing the requirements of economic laws. Often without even realizing it, people become participants in both economic and legal relations.

An assessment of the relationship between law and economy, economic and legal laws, should be carried out both taking into account the need for state-legal regulation of economic processes, and taking into account the need to respect human rights and freedoms in the economic sphere.

The balance in the relationship between economics and law is important. As already noted, the economy should develop with minimal government intervention. However, this does not mean self-elimination of the state.

The state in a market economy must use the legal form for:

- defining goals and priorities economic development;

- securing the equality of all forms of ownership;

- determination of the circle of subjects of market relations;

- displacement of perverse means of business and commerce;

- implementation of tax, financial and credit, protectionist policies;

- antimonopoly activities and support for small businesses;

- resolution of economic conflicts and disputes;

- the establishment of legal sanctions for economic offenses.

And in conclusion of the topic "State, law, economy" I would like to emphasize that when in the Russian Federation the intervention of state structures in the economy is carried out only in a legal form and only within the framework of the above directions, our economic well-being will not be long in coming.

See: M.N. Marchenko Theory of Government and Rights. M., 2002. S. 394-398. See: Theory of State and Law / Ed. Rassolova M.M., Luchina V.O., Ebzeeva B.S. M., 2001. S.590-594.

State and economy

Neither financial system, including the system of independent market competition, can be called completely independent, since it cannot operate in the absence of the country's intervention.

Since it is the government that takes responsibility for organizing currency circulation, for meeting the needs of specific categories of the population, for compensation or elimination of the negative results of the behavior of participants in the market game.

A progressive market is not regulated only with the help of an independent pricing mechanism, since, acting spontaneously, the laws of the market are very active not only provide a useful effect, but also generate bad trends in the economy, such as monopoly, unemployment and others.

Among other things, the market system is not able to ensure the implementation of such a mandatory socio-economic human right, as the right to a standard of well-being, i.e.

to receive such earnings that would be able to provide an individual with a noble existence, regardless of the forms and consequences of his financial work.

One should not expect from market adjustment either the observance of other socio-economic civil rights, namely, the right to work for those who have the opportunity and desire to act. For a number of impartial circumstances in a market economy, unemployment is considered inevitable in its various guises: structural, regional, scientific and technical, hidden.

Now the main countries of the world are becoming the most intense participants in market relations.

They take upon themselves the solution of those tasks that the independent market is not able to solve: the redistribution of social profits, the regulation of the labor market, the offer of material assistance to those people who have not voluntarily lost their jobs and could not find another job for themselves. Countries also take care of the employed, setting them a low level of wages, that is, such a level that would allow them to survive.

Another area of ​​work of countries keeping pace with the times is considered to be the provision of strategic breakthroughs in the field of science and technology, which is especially fundamental in the modern conditions of formation.

The more developed countries are investing large sums of money in basic research, creating financial investments in those new sectors of the economy that will start producing products with still not entirely clear demand possibilities.

To solve the problems listed above, progressive countries use specific methods of municipal regulation of financial life.

All the methods used by the state to influence the economy can be divided into several groups:

A special place among these laws is occupied by antimonopoly legislation, with its help the government prevents the emergence of monopoly enterprises in the economy, one should not forget the fact that monopoly itself by its nature excludes competition, leads the economy to weakening and destruction.

Among other things, the governments of different states are adopting laws aimed at consolidating small and medium-sized businesses, thus supporting a different production structure.

To the 2nd group include financial and economic methods - taxes first. Taxes play an intense role in redistributive relations, having a solid influence on creation. By raising or lowering taxes, the government either promotes its development, or maintains the pace of financial recovery.

The government makes a clear impact on the economy and during the implementation of its own monetary policy. The main responsibility for holding the final is usually borne by the municipal bank of the power, which regulates the bank interest rate. Thanks to it, the state bank either restricts or, on the contrary, expands the likelihood of businessmen receiving a loan for the establishment of production.

In addition, the government helps producers by introducing specific customs duties. Duty is a special tax of a country on products purchased overseas.

It is introduced so that the products imported from other countries are more expensive than Russian ones and the buyers pick up the latter.

Thus, the government seems to keep imports, and on the other hand, protects the Russian sectors of the economy.

The next principal instrument of municipal regulation of the economy is considered to be municipal property (in other words, the state section).

The state section is a kind of addition of a market mechanism that acts to ensure large-scale tasks and private orders.

The state section is created as a result of the construction of various economic objects by the state, the buyout of companies, real estate and entire sectors of the economy from private owners. The transition of economic objects from private to municipal property is called nationalization.

Nationalization serves as a massive tool for stabilizing the market economy of a power in critical periods of its formation. In states where the share of state ownership in the state economy is significant, it is constantly used in order to align the financial cycle and strengthen the employment of the population.

In the criteria for a downward bias of the conjuncture, depression or decline, when private financial investments in the economy decrease, municipal firms, on the contrary, do not reduce production.

Not to mention the fact that, specifically during these periods, they strive to update fixed assets, thereby opposing a sharp decline in production in other sectors of the industrial economy and an increase in unemployment.

The structure of the state section is not permanent: as a result of the creation or reorganization with the re-equipment of objects that are disadvantageous for the economy of the state, which are subsequently privatized, that is, they are transferred from state ownership to private ownership. After all, the government is switching to newly emerging spheres and interests of activity, where the activity of private capital is low.

Varieties of planning a market economy

In the market economy, various types of planning are also widespread: at the level of individual companies, regions, and even the entire economy as a whole. Final type programs are created by the state.

The state financial program is called a complex of a chain of goals that are fundamental for the formation of the economy of a state, as well as a set of means of their achievement in a timely manner. Researching and implementing these programs is called municipal financial programming.

Programs are routine and emergency. Emergency programs are developed and executed during critical situations (for example, during natural disasters). Some of these programs are considered preventive, that is, designed to prevent impending unnecessary consequences.

By the time of action, municipal programs are divided into short-term, medium-term and long-term. A special place among municipal programs is traditionally occupied by municipal programs of nationalization and privatization.

The level of municipal programming in different states is different, although the government's own programming of the economy is present in virtually all states with a market economy.

Thus, in capitalist states keeping pace with the times, the government intensively interferes in the economy, trying to influence, depending on the need, the situation in some market (production, exchange, labor, etc.).

More developed mechanism of municipal regulation of the economy

Such a mechanism was formed in the states of Western Europe. In particular, government regulation of the economy plays an important role in developing countries that are making a free national economy, and in former socialist countries that are performing the transition from a planned economy to a market economy.

Despite the obvious effectiveness of state regulation of the economy, the skill of almost all states justifies that such intervention cannot be complete - the economy cannot be kept in complete leadership from the country.

That is why the main principle of state regulation of the economy is often expressed by the phrase “do not interfere with the market”.

In the financial situation, there are a huge number of examples when the government, relying only on administrative methods of managing the economy, not only was not able to solve pressing difficulties, but also contributed to their aggravation.

If you look at it from a different angle, the government is obliged to implement the measure in the application of financial methods of market regulation, since some of them, for example, tax or monetary policy, through their own impact on the economy, can be fully comparable to centralized planning.

Directions of state and economic work

The main directions of his financial work can be summarized as follows:

• research, adoption and organization of the implementation of market legislation (legal framework of the market);

• ensuring the safety of market adaptation and creating a criterion for its normal operation, smoothing out structural and regional imbalances in the economy, organizing environmentally friendly production;

• guaranteed embodiment of an objective distribution of earnings.

The progressive market places rather strict and special requirements to the financial activity of the country. Wherever the country's work meets these requirements, it helps to strengthen the market mechanism, improve the state of municipal finances and ensure the socio-economic rights of community members.

Basic models of interaction between the state and the economy

With the emergence of the state, the sphere of its economic activity takes shape. The economic policy of the state becomes an integral link and a necessary element of the market system.

Government intervention in the economy is objectively necessary for any government.

The main models of interaction between the state and the economy:

1. 1. command and distribution;
   2. market.

Command-distribution model of interaction between the state and the economy

In a distributive economy, the state assumes all rights and responsibilities for the production and distribution of goods and services.

An extreme manifestation of such an impact is the nationalization of the economy, in which the state becomes the main owner of the means of production and takes over the management of the economy.

Disadvantages of a PAYG economy:

• • The state “turns off” the operation of automatic mechanisms for coordinating the supply and demand of goods and services, i.e. interests of the consumer and the manufacturer.
  • The nationalization of the economy gives rise to the lack of economic responsibility of enterprises, plants, factories.
  • The excessive influence of the state on the economy is expressed in the excessive administrative overregulation of economic relations.

The advantages of a distribution economy:

• • The dominant position of the state in the economy gives it the opportunity to very quickly and freely concentrate all the necessary resources to solve certain major problems: the production of weapons, the development of virgin lands, the construction of new factories, which is necessary in emergency situations.

Market model of interaction between the state and the economy

In a market economy, the government is not faced with the task of directly organizing the production of goods and allocating resources. It does not have the right to freely dispose of resources, capital and produced goods, as is the case in a command-distribution economy.

The market system is primarily a decision-making prerogative of producers and consumers.

The need for regulatory functions of the state is due to:

1. 1. The market mechanism is not able to solve all the problems of economic growth (already in the period of free competition, a significant part of the productive forces outgrows the framework of classical private property and the state is forced to take on the maintenance of large structures of the economy: railways, post office, telegraph, etc.
   2. Strengthening interstate integration based on the division of labor leads to the outgrowth of general economic processes beyond national borders, the formation of new socio-economic problems related to defense, science, regulation of social relations, labor force reproduction, ecology, etc.

Historically, there have been two leading methodological approaches to the regulation of the market economy of developed countries:

• • Keynesian school (theory of state regulation of the economic mechanism) and
  • synthesis of neo-Keynesian, sometimes conservative, doctrines of non-interference of the state in the economic life of society.

The differences between the concepts are reduced to the methods of state influence used, up to the complete denial of this influence. Thus, the Austrian economist Hayek noted that the state should fulfill only the role of "night watchman" (laissez-faire), without interfering in economic processes.

J.M. Keynes and post-Keynesian representatives believe that monitoring the state of market parameters is one of the functions of the state (government). Any non-equilibrium effect must be registered and, on the basis of built-in stabilizers, directed to the trajectory of equilibrium balanced growth. This is how the government influences one or another segment of the market.

Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2018 No. 50 "On the practice of court consideration of cases on challenging regulatory legal acts and acts containing clarifications of legislation and having regulatory properties"

Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2018 No. 49 "On some issues of the application of general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the conclusion and interpretation of an agreement"

Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2018 No. 48 "On some issues related to the peculiarities of the formation and distribution of the bankruptcy estate in bankruptcy cases of citizens"

Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2018 No. 46 “On some issues of judicial practice in cases of crimes against constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms (Articles 137, 138, 138.1, 139, 144.1, 145, 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ) "

Resolution of the Plenum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of November 29, 2018 No. 41 "On judicial practice in criminal cases on violations of labor protection requirements, safety rules during construction or other work, or industrial safety requirements of hazardous production facilities"

According to the Federal Law of 28.11.2018 N 451-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", the procedure for resolving civil and administrative cases in courts has been revised (from the day the cassation courts of general jurisdiction and appeal courts of general jurisdiction began to operate, but no later than 1 October 2019).

The state and the economy are complex, multifaceted phenomena that not only cover the political and material life of society, but also have a huge impact on all other areas. The state in any social formation is at the same time the subject of the most diverse - economic, political, social, ideological and other relations, and in this sense it is not only a superstructure or political, but also an economic, ideological and other phenomenon. The economy also, influencing other spheres of society, acts as a multifaceted phenomenon. This means that the relationship between the state and the economy should be monitored not only in the spheres of politics and economics, but also in other spheres of society.

When considering the relationship between the state and the economy, one should pay attention, first of all, to the factors that determine the nature of this relationship in various historical conditions, and to the limits of the mutual influence of the state on the economy and the economy on the state. In the conditions of the existence of various social systems, they are far from the same. In practical terms, this means that it would be more effective and justified to use the accumulated experience in modern Russia to study the nature of the relationship between the state and the economy, not in general, but in relation to a specific historical era and country, to a strictly defined social system. The experience of the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan and other highly industrialized countries is of particular importance.

The relationship between the state and the economy in any country and socio-political system is not a passive process, but a very active one. This is a two-way process of their interconnection and interaction, where each side, depending on the prevailing circumstances, can play a determining or definable role. When analyzing the problem, it is necessary to take into account the classification of different social systems depending on the degree of development of the market structure in the country. In accordance with this criterion, social systems can be conditionally divided into three groups:

a) systems in which traditional market elements are completely or almost completely absent;

b) systems with emerging market relations, following the path of the formation of market institutions;

c) systems with a highly developed market economy.

The characteristic features of the relationships that arise between the state and the economy within the first group of social systems are the following: first, the undoubted dominance of state ownership over all other forms of ownership. Here are some examples. The Constitution of the USSR considered the concept of state property as "the common property of the entire Soviet people", determined that this form is the main form of socialist property.

The same article stipulated the provision according to which land, its subsoil, water, forests, basic means of production, means of transport and communications, banks, property of trade utilities and other enterprises organized by the state, the main urban housing stock are in the exclusive ownership of the state, as well as other property necessary for the implementation of the tasks of the state ”. Secondly, important features of relations between the state and the economy within the considered group of social systems are their rigid attachment to each other, lack of flexibility and, as a consequence, long-term strategic stability and efficiency. It predetermines in the future the inevitability of the “spill-over” of crisis phenomena from the state sphere to the economic sphere and vice versa. Among the features is the excessive centralization of economic levers in the hands of the state, the concentration of the entire mechanism of economic management in central government structures. As a result, there follows an inevitable swelling of the economic management apparatus, an increase in bureaucracy, a fall in professionalism, and an unreasonable increase in costs. These negative phenomena are especially clearly manifested and develop in countries large in terms of territory, population and national economic complexes. The plan becomes normative and legal in nature, and the consequence of its observance or violation is given legal significance. Interaction between the state and other subjects of economic ties is not built on a partnership basis, but on the basis of direct instructions - subordination. The so-called liberal methods of economic management are dominated by authoritarian ones. The relationship between state bodies and economic structures is regulated primarily not by civil or commercial norms, but by administrative and other similar branches of law. In addition to the aforementioned features inherent in the relationship between the state and the economy in the conditions of “non-market” social systems, there are others. They testify to the complete administrative-command subordination of economic structures to the state, to the absence of relative independence and autonomy in the former that is significant for their normal existence and development.

The relationship between the state and the economy is built differently, existing within the transition from non-market to market social systems. Typical examples are modern Russia, some CIS states, the Baltic republics and the countries of Eastern Europe. The most significant features of these systems are:

a) a gradual change in the nature of relations between government bodies and economic structures towards partnerships;

b) loss of the monopoly of the state and state property over the economy and other forms of property;

c) changing the methods of state influence on economic relations;

d) the gradual displacement of administrative methods of leadership and levers of influence on the economy by financial and similar means;

e) a sharp departure of government structures from planning in the development of the economy and the inevitable emergence of disorder and even chaos;

f) consistent reorientation of economic and state structures and national priorities towards their own financial and other interests, towards profit as the main driving factor of their becoming partnerships;

g) strengthening the role of taxes of the tax police as a state means of financial influence of state structures on society and on economic structures; h) the rapid growth of financial, civil, commercial, tax, banking and other branches of law directly related to the development of the economy.

The main goal of the economic activity of the state in this period must inevitably be reduced to the following: the development of a common, on a national scale, domestic and foreign economic policy; legal support of emerging market relations; defining the circle and legal status subjects of economic relations; development of social policy and effective means of protecting the economic and other interests of the population; prohibition and suppression of the means of business and commerce that violate the law; creating the most favorable conditions for the development of domestic production, protecting it from unfair competition and protecting it from being crowded out by more developed foreign capital; regulating the procedure for resolving disputes arising in the field of economics and establishing legal responsibility for violation of the law.

The characteristic features of the relationship between the state and the economy under the conditions of the existing third group of market social systems are as follows: a) the establishment of predominantly partnership relations between the state and market structures; b) minimal state intervention in the economy, the level of which for each country is, as a rule, different; c) in an organic combination of administrative and legal with financial and other liberal means of state influence on economic relations; d) concentration in the hands of the state of only minimal material resources, objectively necessary for the normal existence and functioning of the state; e) full concentration of financial and tax systems in the hands of the state; f) domination of private property over state and all other forms of property.

The state is always present in the economy of any state, and no one claims that it should go away altogether. The question is what functions and to what extent the state should have at this or that stage of development. The well-known economist E. Yasin identifies the following functions: 1) forming legislation, ensuring law and order, resolving disputes on the basis of laws (court), enforcing laws and court decisions (the work of a "night watchman"); 2) ensuring macroeconomic stability - preventing inflation, the stability of the national currency; 3) assistance to the development of the economy, effective changes in its structure; 4) prevention or elimination of the so-called "failures" of the market; 5) protection of socially vulnerable segments of the population, providing them with social guarantees, etc. Thus, the experience of Russia and other countries clearly indicates that the world does not have a common model, a certain template or pattern in the relationship between the state and the economy, suitable for all without exception of social systems. There are general patterns, historical trends and general principles for the development of the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy.

economy state entrepreneurial

If the law affects the economy from the inside, being the optimal form of a market economy, then the state provides external conditions for its functioning.

Firstly, the state performs the function of protecting the country from outside attack and thereby protects the economic space within the country.

Secondly, it ensures the unity of society and its relative stability in conditions when society falls apart into classes and social strata with different, sometimes opposite interests. Internal unity and stability of society is also a necessary prerequisite for the normal functioning and development of the economy.

Thirdly, the state also acts as a subject of economic relations, assuming some economic functions, ensures the integrity of the country's economic system (for example, the state budget).

Fourthly, with the complication in the course of the historical development of economic ties, the state is increasingly actively intervening in economic life in order to prevent negative trends arising in the market economy.

When the influence of the state on the economy is excessive, it becomes negative, because it interferes with its free functioning and development. An extreme manifestation of such an impact is the nationalization of the economy, in which the state becomes the main owner of the means of production and takes over the management of the economy. The viciousness of such a system is as follows:

Firstly, the state "turns off" the operation of automatic mechanisms for coordinating the supply and demand of goods and services, i.e. interests of the consumer and the manufacturer. In a market system, an entrepreneur produces what the consumer needs.

Secondly, the nationalization of the economy gives rise to the lack of economic responsibility of enterprises, factories, factories (no enterprise can go bankrupt, only the state). The state is an organization that only spends without producing anything.

Thirdly, the excessive influence of the state on the economy is expressed in the excessive administrative overregulation of economic relations. This infringes upon economic freedom, leads to corruption in the state apparatus, and to the emergence of a shadow economy.

The dominant position of the state in the economy gives it some advantages. The main one is the ability to very quickly and without hindrance concentrate all the necessary resources to solve certain major problems: the production of weapons, the development of virgin lands ... But the shadow side of such "achievements" is the decline in the living standards of the population, the lack of democracy, the lack of rights of the individual ...

State signs.

The concept of the state, its characteristics are concretized when revealing the features that distinguish it from both the clan system and from non-governmental organizations of society.

Prof. Korelskiy identifies 4 main features:

1. Territorial organization of the population and the exercise of public authority within territorial boundaries. In a state-organized society, the consanguineous principle (in a pre-state society) of organizing the population has lost its significance. It is replaced by a territorial organization. The state has a strictly localized territory to which its sovereign power is extended, and the population living on it turns into subjects or citizens of the state. The state differs from non-state organizations (trade unions, political parties) in that it embodies the entire population of the country, extends its power to it. Trade unions and political parties unite in their ranks a part of the population, are created voluntarily for one or another interest.

2. Public (state) power. It is called public because it does not coincide with society, speaks on its behalf, on behalf of the entire people. The fundamental feature of public power is that it is embodied precisely in officials, i.e. in the professional composition of the rulers, from which the governing bodies and coercion (state apparatus) are completed. Personified in government bodies and institutions, public authority becomes state authority, i.e. the real force that provides state coercion, violence.

3. State sovereignty. A country that does not have it is a colony or dominion. Sovereignty as a property (attribute) of state power lies in its supremacy, independence and independence.

The supremacy of state power within a country means: a) the universality of its mighty power, which applies to the entire population, all parties and public organizations; b) its prerogatives (state power can abolish any manifestation of any other public power if the latter violates the law); c) the presence of such means of influence that no other public authority has at its disposal (army, police, prisons).

Independence and independence of state power from any other power inside the country and outside it is expressed in its exclusive, monopoly right to freely decide all its affairs.

4. Inseparable connection between state and law. The state cannot exist without law. The law legally formalizes the state and state power and thereby makes them legitimate, i.e. legal. The state carries out its functions in legal forms. The law introduces the functioning of the state and state power within the framework of legality, subjecting them to a specific legal regime. With such subordination to law, a democratic rule-of-law state is formed.

The essence of the state.

The essence of the state- meaning, most importantly, deep within it, which determines its content, purpose and functioning. So the main, fundamental in the state is power , its belonging, purpose and functioning in society. In other words, the question of the essence of the state is the question of who owns state power, who exercises it and in whose interests.

Elite theory - the masses are incapable of exercising power, managing public affairs, state power should belong to the top of society - the elite until one ruling elite is replaced by another.

Technocratic theory - to rule, manage can and should be professional managers, managers. Only they are able to determine the real needs of society, to find the optimal ways of its development.

Democratic doctrine - the primary source and primary bearer of power is the people, state power, by its nature and essence, should be genuinely popular, exercised in the interests and under the control of the people.

Marxist theory - political power belongs to the economically ruling class and is used in its interests. Hence the class essence of the state as a machine (instrument), through which the economically dominant class becomes politically dominant, realizes its dictatorship, i.e. power, is not limited by law and relies on force, on coercion. This approach is used to characterize various states theoretically incorrectly. The class character is the essential aspect of the state, its basic principle. But the activity of the state, due to class contradictions, is dominant only in undemocratic, dictatorial states, where there is a tough exploitation of one part of society by another. In developed democratic countries, the state is gradually becoming an effective mechanism for overcoming social contradictions by not violence, but by reaching a social compromise. In other words, in a democratic state, the second, but more significant than the first, becomes the general social side. Consequently, the analysis of the essence of the state requires taking into account both principles (class and general social). Ignoring any of them will make the characterization of this entity one-sided.

The essence of the state lies in the fact that it is such a form of organization of public power in a socially differentiated (heterogeneous) society, which provides social management based on coordination, coordination of the interests of various groups and strata of the population. But its essence as a means of consent and social compromise was not always manifested so clearly and vividly.