Compositae. COMPOSITE (aster), a family of dicotyledonous plants; grasses, shrubs and shrubs (in temperate zones), shrubs and trees (in the tropics). OK. 25 thousand species (over 1000 genera), all over the globe. Among the Compositae are oilseeds (sunflower), vegetable (lettuce), medicinal (chamomile, tansy, calendula), ornamental (aster, chrysanthemum), fodder (Jerusalem artichoke), weeds (thistle, cornflower, burdock) plants.
Salad. SALAD, an annual vegetable plant of the Compositae family. Found wild in Zap. and Yuzh. Europe, Sev. Africa, Siberia, Cf. Asia, Transcaucasia. In culture - in all agricultural regions of the world. Productivity reaches 300-500 centners from 1 hectare. Lettuce is rich in vitamins C, B, PP, carotene.
Medicinal. Chamomile (true chamomile), a genus of annual herbs of the Compositae family. OK. 50 species, in Eurasia and Africa. Chamomile is a medicinal plant (diaphoretic, antiseptic and astringent). Chamomile is also called the types of pyrethrum, navels, leucanthemum and other plants that are outwardly similar to chamomile.
Calendula. CALENDULA, a genus of herbs and shrubs of the Asteraceae family. St. 20 species, mainly in the Mediterranean; grows on sea coasts, in thickets of bushes, on rocks. Calendula officinalis (marigold) is cultivated, used as a disinfectant and sedative, as well as a food coloring and an ornamental plant.
Tansy. Tansy, a genus of perennial herbs of the Compositae family. St. 50 species, in the Northern Hemisphere; common tansy, or wild mountain ash, medicinal plant (choleretic, gastric), flowers and leaves are used as a spice; poisonous to cattle; insecticide.
Sagebrush. wormwood, a genus of herbs and subshrubs of the Compositae family. OK. 400 species, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere; grow almost everywhere, abundant in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts of the North. Kazakhstan, Wed. Asia, as well as in the Caucasus. Contains essential oils. Feed for sheep, goats, horses and camels; medicinal (especially tarragon wormwood - a rare species), spicy (tarragon); sand fixers, some weeds.
Aster. ASTRA, a genus of herbaceous, predominantly perennial plants of the Compositae family. Over 250 species, in North and South America, Africa, Eurasia. In floriculture, aster is also called the annual Chinese callistefus from the same family. More than 4000 varieties with flowers of various shapes and colors are used
Chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), a genus of annual and perennial herbs and subshrubs of the Compositae family. Up to 200 species, in Eurasia and Africa. Numerous varieties with inflorescences of various shapes and colors are used in ornamental gardening. Suitable for winter forcing.
Weeds. Cornflower (Centaurea), a genus of herbs of the Compositae family. St. 550 species, mainly in the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia, Africa and America. Cornflower blue - a weed, widespread in the territory of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine, Wed. Asia; medicinal (anti-febrile, diuretic) and honey plant. Some species are decorative.
Dandelion. DANDELION, a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the Compositae family. St. 1000 species, in cold and temperate zones, mainly in the mountainous regions of Eurasia. Dandelion officinalis is widespread (it grows along roads, near dwellings, clogs lawns, gardens, orchards, etc.). A decoction of its roots stimulates appetite, choleretic and laxative; young leaves are used for salads, soups, seasonings, and roasted roots as a coffee substitute. Some species (kok-saghyz, etc.) contain rubber.
Look at the photo, are these plants familiar to us?
Yes, these plants can often be found in our area.
CLASS - BILOTIATED FAMILY - COMPOSITION (ASTER)
The Compositae family includes 25,000 plant species.
There are a lot of ornamental plants in the Compositae family: dahlias, asters, daisies, calendula, chrysanthemums and others.
Compositae are diverse in their appearance, size and color of flowers.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION:
Kingdom:
Plants
The Department:
Angiosperms
Class:
Dicotyledonous
Order:
Astroflowers
Family:
Asteraceae
A characteristic sign of Compositae is an inflorescence-basket. Usually the inflorescence contains many small flowers sitting on a common receptacle. All flowers are surrounded by leaflets.
ECHINACEA
The flowers have a double perianth.
The corolla consists of 5 petals fused into a tube. There are also 5 stamens, their anthers are connected into a stamen tube.
There is only 1 pistil in the flower.
PETALS
Depending on the structural features of the corolla, several types of flowers are distinguished in Compositae.
REED
FUNNEL
TUBE
Let's try to name ;)
funnel-shaped flowers
reed flowers
tubular flowers
In a dandelion basket, all flowers are the same - reed.
The blue cornflower has tubular flowers in the center of the basket, and funnel-shaped flowers along the edge (they have neither stamens nor pistils)
ARTICHOKE
SUNFLOWER
TOPINAMBUR
Many species of Compositae are important cultivated plants. Among them, the first place is occupied by sunflower, originally from Mexico, which is distinguished by the largest heads of the entire Asteraceae family (sometimes up to 30 cm in diameter). Jerusalem artichoke (ground pear), chicory, artichoke, lettuce, stevia and others are also cultivated.
SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS:
- Name the characteristic features of the Compositae family;
- What type of flowers are found in the Asteraceae family?
- How are Asteraceae seeds adapted for dispersal?
- What plants of the Compositae family do you know?
- What plants of the Compositae family can be found in our country?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Created by M. V. Vorontsova,
Geography and biology teacher
MKOU Semyonovskaya secondary school
(Aster).
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The most important thing
- Asteraceae or Compositae is one of the largest families of dicotyledonous plants; includes about 25 thousand species distributed throughout the globe.
- Flowers are complex. Basket inflorescence. The corolla is tubular or reed. Stamens five.
- The size of the inflorescence is small, up to several centimeters in diameter; and only in some species it reaches 10-15 cm in diameter, and in cultivated sunflower, which has the largest inflorescence in the family, it can reach up to 60 cm. At the same time, in some species of wormwood, the height and width of the inflorescence does not exceed 2-4 mm .
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Several members of the family...
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Marigold
Marigolds are a genus of annual and perennial plants from the Asteraceae family. Their homeland is the tropical regions of Central America. The stems are erect, branched, forming a compact or sprawling bush from 20 to 120 cm high. The root system is fibrous. The leaves are pinnately dissected. Basket inflorescences.
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The "velvet" name of this flower is associated with its beautiful double inflorescences. Marigolds have a characteristic smell. This is due to the presence of essential oil in the plant. Flowers vary in color from yellow to shades of brown. In China, marigolds are a symbol of longevity, which is why they are called "flowers of ten thousand years." In Hinduism, this flower was personified with the god Krishna. In the language of flowers, marigolds mean fidelity.
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Marigold or calendula
Annual upright plant 20-75 cm tall. Rod root. Shoots are thick. The leaves are simple. Reed flowers are yellow or orange, shiny on top, dull on the underside; tubular - small, yellow, orange or dark brown. Inflorescences - baskets with a diameter of 5-6 cm. Fruits - achenes of various shapes and sizes.
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The legend of the nail...
A long time ago, even under King Pea, a boy was born in a poor family. They called him Squishy because he was weak and sickly. Zamorysh grew up and set off on a journey to gain mind-reason. People have already forgotten about him, but one day a rumor spread: as if a man appeared who treats the sick. And Zamorysh became famous for the fact that he treated people not with conspiracies, not divination, but with healing drinks. Grandma Abracadabra heard about this and decided to poison the doctor. Out of jealousy, the evil soothsayer Abracadabra, having invited the doctor to visit her, brought him a goblet with poisoned wine. Zamorysh did not know about this and drank the wine. When Zamorysh felt that he was dying, he called people and bequeathed to them to bury the nail from his left hand after death under the window of Abracadabra's grandmother. The people complied with his request. And a golden flower grew in that place, which they called a marigold. Heals a nail flower from many, many diseases, for which people always remember Zamorysh.
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Marigold or calendula
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Daisy
Representatives of the genus are small herbaceous plants with a short rhizome and spatulate, obtuse, crenate basal leaves; the ground stem is leafless, developing one head. The leaves of the bedspread are oblong, obtuse, blackish, collected in two rows. On a bare, conical receptacle, marginal female reed flowers develop, white or pink, and median tubular, bisexual, yellow; achene flattened, without pappus.
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- In one of the legends about the origin of daisies on earth, they say that a rich old man fell in love with a very beautiful girl. He followed her everywhere and gave rich gifts to her parents. But the girl ran away, hid from him, and, finally, having lost all hope of salvation, she asked for protection from the earth, and the earth turned her into a daisy that blooms almost all year round.
- For many nations, the daisy is the emblem of kindness and cordiality. In England, she enjoys universal love and is sung in many folk songs.
Presentation for a biology lesson in the 6th grade "Asteraceae family" according to the program of V.V. Pasechnik. The presentation gives a general description of the family, its features, characteristics of wild and cultivated representatives of this family.
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Angiosperms Dicotyledonous class Family Compositae Biology Grade 6 The author is the compiler teacher of biology of the municipal educational institution "Alekseevskaya secondary school" Grechukhina N.V.
General characteristics of the family The largest among the dicotyledonous family, which includes more than 20 thousand species distributed throughout the globe. There are about 3500 wild-growing species in Russia. Basically, these are perennial and annual herbaceous plants, less often - shrubs, shrubs and small trees. Among the Compositae there are many economically important plants: food (lettuce), fatty oil (sunflower), spicy (tarragon), medicinal (maral root, marsh cudweed), insecticidal (feverfew), ornamental (asters, dahlias), rubber-bearing (kok-saghyz, guayule). malicious weeds (thistle, thistle, cornflower, etc.).
Signs of the family Root - stem Stem - upright Venation - mesh Leaf arrangement - alternate. Types of flowers - tubular, funnel-shaped, reed Inflorescence - basket Fruit - achene Life expectancy - annual, perennial Value - honey plants, food, oilseeds, medicinal, weeds, decorative. Sunflower (fruit - achene)
Five types of flowers: 1. Tubular - with a long tube, usually expanding upward, and with a short five-toothed limb formed by the free tops of the petals; flowers are bisexual, rarely unisexual. 2. Funnel-shaped - asexual, with a long, curved, strongly expanded corolla tube upwards, with a greater number of teeth than in tubular flowers due to partial splitting of the free endings of the petals. 3. Reed - bisexual, with a short tube and a lamellar five-pronged limb. 4. Bilabial - bisexual or unisexual, with a rather long tube, from which the upper lip extends from two free teeth and the lower lip in the form of a tongue with three teeth at the top. 5. False-lingual (arising, apparently, from two-lipped flowers due to shortening of the tube and reduction of the upper lip) - usually pistillate, sometimes with staminodes, less often asexual.
Reed (dandelion, chicory) Fig. 3. Dandelion Tubular (crown, inner flowers of cornflower) Fig. 5. Violet Funnel-shaped, do not have stamens and pistils (outer flowers of cornflower) Fig. 4. Cornflower
Variety of plants of the family Astra willow - Aster salignus Willd Perennial bare plant with a height of 60 to 150 cm, with a creeping rhizome. Stem erect (1), paniculately branched at the top (2). Leaves lanceolate (3) Inflorescence - baskets about 15 mm in diameter Grows on moist, humus soils, in bushes along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, among fields. Flowering in July-October. The fruit is a seed.
SUNFLOWER - HELIANTHUS ANNUS An annual herbaceous oil plant. The root is taproot, it penetrates the soil up to 2-4 m, the inflorescence is a basket, which looks like a flat or convex, less often concave, disk, the flowers are reed along the edges, asexual, in the rest of the inflorescence - tubular bisexual (600-1200). The color of the petals is from light yellow to dark orange. Cross pollination. Sunflower is a good honey plant. The fruit is an achene, the color of the fruit shell is light, light and dark gray, black-coal, brown, striped. Spreading. Russia is considered to be the second homeland of sunflower. Use. Sunflower oil is classified as semi-drying. It is widely used for food, in the production of margarine, in soap making, paint and varnish and other light industries. The oil contains biologically active linoleic acid, phosphatides and vitamins A, D, E, K. Origin. In the homeland of the sunflower, in the south of North America, this plant was called the "solar flower" and was considered sacred. The first seeds were brought to Europe by the Spaniards in 1510. In 1829, D. E. Bokarev, a serf of Count Sheremetev from the village of Alekseevka, Voronezh province, discovered a new property of the “sunny flower”. Using a primitive hand press, he extracted golden delicious oil from sunflower seeds.
Thistle is common - Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. A biennial plant with a height of 50 to 180 cm. Stem cobwebby-woolly Leaves pinnately dissected (2) Inflorescences - large, single baskets Flowers red-violet or pinkish. Flowering in July-September. Distributed in Europe and Western Siberia. A light-loving plant, it usually grows on soils rich in nitrogenous substances, therefore it is found mainly in weedy plant communities or intensively used pastures.
Field thistle, or Pink thistle - Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. s. l. Perennial plant 30 to 150 cm high, with a creeping rhizome. Stem wingless, branched, glabrous below (1), Leaves entire, oblong Inflorescences - dioecious baskets Flowers red or purple Blooms from late June to mid-September. Achenes with a soft tuft, 30 mm long. It grows in a wide variety of plant communities - in fields, vegetable gardens, wastelands, garbage places, along the banks of reservoirs, on forest edges, along roadsides and fields. It is indifferent to soil moisture, more demanding on the content of humus in it. Weed plant. Distributed in Europe and Asia.
Meadow cornflower - Centaurea jacea L. Perennial plant 30-100 cm high, all rough or cobwebby. Stems rigid, erect, funnel-shaped flowers, marginal larger, lilac-purple (3). Blooms from late June to September. Grows in meadows, shrubs, clearings. Undemanding to soils.
Cornflower blue, or sowing - Centaurea cyanus L. An annual or biennial plant from 10 to 60 cm high with a creeping rhizome, grayish due to felt pubescence. Stem erect, slightly branched, winged. The leaves are soft, grayish-felt on both sides (1), Inflorescences are baskets. Marginal flowers funnel-shaped, large, bright blue (3), internal (median) - purple (4). Blooms from May to July. The fruit is a pubescent achene. It grows on dry, mineral-rich soils: in winter crops and fallow fields. Distributed throughout Europe.
Autumn kulbaba - Leontodon autumnalis L. Perennial herbaceous plant 10-50 cm high, glabrous or with sparse simple hairs, with a short rhizome. Stems are forked-branched (1), Baskets are many-flowered. All flowers in the basket are ligulate (5), bisexual, yellow in color. It blooms from June to October, the peak of flowering occurs in autumn, which is reflected in the specific name. Fruits are cylindrical achenes with tufts. The fruits ripen in July-October. Grows in meadows, clearings, wastelands, fallow lands, along roadsides, in settlements, in various weedy places. In Central Russia, it is common in all areas.
Spider burdock - Arctium tomentosum Mill. Biennial plant 80 to 200 cm high. Stem erect, deeply furrowed. Flowers tubular, bisexual, red-violet (5). Blooms from early July to mid-September. It grows mainly in thickets of shrubs bordering lowland, meadow forests, or in weedy places, in settlements, ravines, along the banks of reservoirs, on boundaries, landfills and along roadsides. Widespread in Europe and Western Asia, currently cosmopolitan
Common coltsfoot - Tussilago farfara L. Perennial plant 7-20 cm high with scaly, creeping, branching rhizome Flowering stem erect, unbranched Leaves grow after flowering and form a leaf rosette Baskets solitary Flowers golden yellow; marginal reeds (6), tubular darker in the center (7). Blooms from April to May. The fruit is an achene with a white shiny tuft (8). Grows on wet, fresh soils: along the banks of streams, in ditches, on embankments, slopes and screes, as well as in weedy places. Distributed in Europe and Asia.
Leucanthemum vulgare is a perennial herb from 30 to 60 cm high with a short, relatively thick rhizome. The stem is simple, occasionally branched, erect Basal leaves with long petioles Baskets with a diameter of 40 to 60 mm Blooms from June to mid-September. Grows in different types of meadows, glades, shrubs. Reed flowers white, tubular yellow (4), sometimes no reed flowers.
Dandelion medicinal - Taraxacum officinale Wigg. s. l. Perennial plant 5-20 cm high, with milky juice, with a thick fleshy root. Stem erect, brittle, hollow Leaves form a basal rosette (1), Baskets solitary (3), Flowers golden yellow, all ligulate (5). Blooms from April to July. The fruit is a short-pointed achene with a spout that is 2-3 times longer than itself. It grows on light, fresh or moderately dry soils: in meadows, grassy slopes, borders and fallows, roadsides and weedy places. Distributed in Europe and Asia from the Mediterranean to the Arctic climate zone. The scientific name of the plant is derived from the Greek words "taraxis" - inflammation of the eyes and "akeomai" - to heal, since the milky juice of dandelion was used for such diseases. Young leaves are harvested in spring, and dandelion roots are harvested in autumn. Dandelion contains primarily inulin (a very important caloric substance for diabetics), saponin, many minerals, vitamins, phytoncides, etc. Medicinal raw materials, has a bile and diuretic effect, affects the secretion of saliva, gastric juice and, together with other substances, has impact on metabolism. Dandelion in some countries (France, Italy, Germany) is a common type of spring greens, from which salads are prepared.
Sow thistle field, or yellow - Sonchus arvensis L. Perennial plant 50-150 cm high with a branched creeping rhizome. Stem erect or ascending Leaves oblong or lanceolate Baskets collected in apical paniculate inflorescence Reed flowers (6), golden yellow with dark yellow columns. Blooms from July to September. The fruit is a dark brown achene. It grows on moist, clayey and silty, often saline soils: in coastal thickets, ditches, fields, borders and fallows.
Common tansy - Tanacetum vulgare L. Perennial plant 60-120 cm high, with a short branching rhizome, Stem erect, strong, faceted Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong Flowers small, bisexual, regular, only tubular (4), golden yellow. Blooms from June to September. The fruit is an obovate achene. It grows on wet and dry sandy-clay and gravelly soils, on river terraces, in coastal shrubs, ditches, on embankments and along roads, as well as in weedy places. Distributed in Europe and Asia. Medicinal plant.
Common yarrow - Achillea millefolium L. A perennial herbaceous plant 10 to 80 cm high with a long underground rhizome. The stem, as well as pinnate (1) alternate leaves, are almost naked. Reed flowers are often white, quite often pinkish and reddish. Blooms from June to end of September. The fruit is a seed. Undemanding to soils. The plant is photophilous, Yarrow is often found on forest edges, but rarely blooms there. On embankments and waste heaps it appears among the first plants settling there. The plant has healing properties, mainly due to the high content of bitterness and trace elements, similar to those found in chamomile flowers. Collect usually young leaves and flowers. In folk medicine, and today it is used for gastrointestinal diseases, as well as to enhance the secretion of bile. Yarrow has long been known as a hemostatic agent.
Common chicory - Cichorium intybus L. Perennial plant with a height of 20 to 150 cm, with milky juice, with a thick rhizome. The stem is erect, rounded or ribbed. Stem leaves are oblong or lanceolate (2), Baskets are located in the axils of leaves (3) or branches. All flowers are reed, light blue, occasionally white or pink, marginal reeds Blooms from June to August. The fruit is an achene, with a short bristly tuft. It grows on moist or moderately dry soils - in meadows, edges, borders, roadsides, screes and wastelands. Distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Medicinal plant. The rhizome is used as an additive to coffee, the young leaves are used as a salad.