"Styles in Architecture" - Chartres Cathedral. What period corresponds to the period of the emergence of the Romanesque style. Romanesque castles. Classicism. Roman style. Interior of the Winter Palace. Cathedral in Cologne. An image is a form of reflection of reality in art by characteristic techniques. Art of Ancient Egypt. The building of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. (1754-1762).
"Architecture of the 14th-17th centuries" - Customer: led. book. Tent architecture of Moscow. In the 17th century, artists began to take an interest in the real world. S. Ushakov - the founder of the Russian portrait - "parsun". Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy. Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra near Moscow. The sharpest struggle in n. 14th century unfolded between Moscow and Tver.
"Architecture and Style" - Architectural styles. High tech. Modern. Baroque. Rococo. Gothic. Empire. Roman style. Classicism. Constructivism. Saratov.
"Architecture" - 1. Pillar. 3. Arch. Architecture -. The system of buildings and structures that organize the spatial environment for the life and activities of people. "Letters" of the language of architecture. Architecture. The main types of architecture. 2. Crossbar. 3. Urban development: Aimed at the creation of new and reconstruction of old urban areas.
"Architecture of Greece" - The Egyptian pyramids have long been considered the most durable architectural structure. The geometric shape determines the strength of an architectural structure. Symmetry is also used in the construction of buildings. Mathematics in the architecture of Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages. Orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.
"Architectural Styles" - Miniatures in Florence. Renaissance - a period of history of the 14th - 17th centuries. Architecture. Classicism. Art Nouveau architecture was looking for the unity of constructive and artistic principles. What is architecture? Gothic. Roman style. styles of architecture. Rococo. Modern. The evolution of European architecture. In the 18th century, Classicism was associated with the bourgeois Enlightenment.
- The Acropolis in Athens is an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Temples were usually built on the Acropolis in honor of the patron deities of the city.
- You can enter the Acropolis through the heavy gate - Propylaea
- . Immediately behind the Propylaea, a view of the central square opens, in the center of which there was once a statue of the goddess Athena Promachos (Warrior)
- To the right of the Propylaea on a pyrgos (a ledge of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple known as the Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless Victory)
- Behind the statue of the goddess Athena, Promachos was seen in the distance (architect unknown), the temple of Athena and Poseidon on the site of the dispute between these gods for the possession of Attica.
- The main temple of the Acropolis and Athens, the strict and majestic Parthenon
- In the Parthenon temple itself stood a statue of Athena Parthenos
- The temple and theater of Dionysus adjoined the northwestern slope of the Acropolis
- The Acropolis rises above all of Athens, its silhouette forms the skyline of the city. In ancient times, the Parthenon rising above the hill could be seen from any part of Attica and even from the islands of Salamis and Aegina;
- After the declaration of independence of Greece, during the restoration work (mainly in the late 19th century), the ancient appearance of the Acropolis was restored as far as possible: all late buildings on its territory were liquidated, the temple of Nike Apteros was re-laid, etc. The reliefs and sculptures of the temples of the Acropolis are in the British Museum (London), the Louvre (Paris) and the Acropolis Museum. The sculptures that remained in the open air have now been replaced by copies.
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History of the Athenian Acropolis From gr. akra polis - the upper city. The Acropolis of Athens is a city fortress in Greece. This is a fortified part of the city, which is located on a hill and saved the Greeks from dangers. Statues of the gods and patrons of ancient Greece were placed on the Acropolis. It was also the seat of the ruler.
Architecture of the Athenian Acropolis The Athenian Acropolis was erected after the war of the Greeks with the Persians and became a symbol of the great victory. In 449, the plan of the territory was approved. Several famous architects worked on the design of this complex, but Phidias is considered the main architect.
Parthenon - the first temple The construction of the Parthenon lasted from 447 to 428 BC. architects and Iktin and Kallikrat. It is considered the main temple of the Athenian Acropolis. Previously, it housed another statue of Athena Parthenos, designed by Phidias, but it has not survived.
There is a legend that tells about the dispute between the Goddess Athena and Poseidon. The gods could not share power over the city. Then the elders were called to help, whose decision was to check the usefulness of the gift of each of the participants in the dispute. Then Poseidon turned the hill into a sea wave, and Athena grew an olive tree. So the Goddess Athena won the argument, and the olive tree became the symbol of the city.
Temple of Athena Nike Apteros Athena Nike is another incarnation of Athena in the Acropolis. It was built by Callicrates in BC. the building is an amphiprostyle with two Ionic porticos of 4 columns. The frieze depicts episodes of the Greco-Persian wars and the gods - Athena, Poseidon and Zeus
In the 5th c. AD The Parthenon became the Church of Our Lady, Athena Parthenos was moved to Constantinople. Having captured Greece in 1456, the Turks turned the temple into a mosque, attached minarets to it, and then set up an arsenal there. The Erechtheion became the Turkish pasha's harem. The temple of Nike Apteros was dismantled, and the wall of the bastion was built from its blocks. In 1687, a cannonball hit from a Venetian ship destroyed the central part of the Parthenon. Trying to remove sculptures from him, the Venetians broke several statues. During the War of Independence, the Greeks, hiding in the Acropolis, were ready to melt the lead rods inside the columns into bullets. Having learned about this, the Turkish pasha ordered to give them a supply of cartridges, so that the Parthenon would not die. At the beginning of the 19th century Lord Elgin broke out a number of metopes, tens of meters of a frieze, preserved sculptures of pediments and a caryatid from the portico of the Erechtheion. In museums around the world, you can find exhibits that speak of the former greatness of the Acropolis. In 1983, restoration work began and is still being carried out. The complex is under the protection of UNESCO.
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Creative - research work 5 "a" and "b" class MOU secondary school Lyaskelya Acropolis of Athens Authors: Ivannikov Grigory, student of 5 "a" class, Meshcheryakov Yuri and Khoteev Alexei, students of 5 "b" class. Head: teacher of history, social studies and MHC Kleshchev Nikolay Nikolaevich
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The purpose of the work: To get acquainted with the history and architectural structure of the Athenian Acropolis and its purpose. Get to know the myths and legends associated with the Athenian Acropolis. Find out what influence the architecture of Ancient Greece had on the subsequent development of the artistic culture of Europe. Tasks: 1. Get acquainted with the concept of "Acropolis" and find out what place he occupied in the life of the Hellenes. 2. To study the history of the Athenian Acropolis. 3. Get acquainted with the architectural monuments of the acropolis. 4. To study the features of the architecture of the temples of the Acropolis, its main temple - the Parthenon.
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This year, for the first time, we got acquainted with a new academic subject - history. When studying the theme “In the city of the goddess Athena”, we got acquainted in absentia with the architectural ensemble - the Acropolis of Athens. For thousands of years, the Acropolis has been a symbol of Athens. The Acropolis and its monuments, its history and myths are considered to be the pride of Greece. Hundreds of thousands of tourists every year make a pilgrimage to the sacred slopes, which fascinate with their splendor and beauty. We decided to study this topic more deeply, touch the beauty of Greek art, try to uncover the secret of the structure.
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1.Creative: the study of encyclopedic literature on the topic. 2. Method of scientific knowledge: search for missing information in the library, the Internet. 3. Historical method: ascending from the abstract to the concrete. 4. Virtual tour of the Acropolis of Athens.
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First stage: Introductory part: Definition of the topic, purpose, tasks. Acquaintance with the history and main architectural monuments of the Athenian Acropolis. Work planning. Second stage: Main part: Individual work and work in groups. Collection of material about the Acropolis. Paperwork. Third stage: Final part: Protection of the project.
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Individual work: 1. Independent study and collection of material on the history of the creation of the Athenian Acropolis, acquaintance with myths and legends dedicated to this historical monument. 2. Independent collection and analysis of data on the architectural structure of the Athenian Acropolis. Group work: 1. Selection of an executor (one or more), distribution of responsibilities, work planning, development of the project content, development of stages. 2. Joint collection and selection of photographs, development of the content of the text for the project, presentation of the results of the project: booklet, presentation.
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In the ancient Greek cities-policies, the acropolis was called an elevated and fortified part, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Translated from Greek, this word means "high city". In later times, temples were built on the acropolis in honor of the patron deities of this city, and it played the role of a religious and cultural center. There were such acropolises in many cities, but the most famous one is certainly the one in Athens. This slender ensemble of outstanding works of architecture and sculpture is considered a masterpiece of not only Greek but also world art, a kind of symbol of the greatness of classical Greece.
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The Acropolis began to be built up in the II millennium BC, for a long time it was a fortification of the royal residence. In the 7th-6th centuries BC. There was a lot of construction going on on the Acropolis. Under the tyrant Peisistratus (560-527 BC), a temple of the goddess Athena, Hekatompedon, was built on the site of the royal palace. However, in 480 - 479 years. BC e. During the Greco-Persian wars, the temples of the Acropolis were destroyed by the Persian king Xerxes. This is evidenced in his notes by the "father of history" Herodotus himself. The inhabitants of Athens took an oath to restore the shrines only after the expulsion of enemies from Hellas.
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The architectural project of the new Acropolis was developed at the direction and with the direct participation of the Athenian strategist (commander-in-chief) and the leader of democracy, Pericles, who, after the conclusion of a truce with Sparta, got the opportunity to start arranging the capital. The construction itself began in 447 BC and continued for 18 years under the guidance of his friend Phidias, the greatest of Greek sculptors, who apparently was the author of the project that formed the basis of the entire complex, its architectural and sculptural appearance. 5th century BC - the heyday of the ancient Greek policies. Athens is turning into the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In the history of ancient Greece, this time is commonly called the "Golden Age of Athens". This is the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles.
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Phidias (490 - ca. 430 BC) - an ancient Greek sculptor and architect, one of the greatest artists of the high classic period. Friend of Pericles. Pericles (494-429 BC) - Athenian statesman, famous orator and commander, one of the "founding fathers" of Athenian democracy, Friend of Phidias.
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The ensemble of the Acropolis consisted of several structures organically connected with each other.
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The sacred road, along which the procession of the Athenians moved from the Athenian market - the agora - to the Acropolis during the holiday in honor of the goddess, first leads to the Propylaea - the “Gateway”. This is the gate of the Acropolis. A section of the road leading to the Acropolis, without steps, so that sacrificial animals could be led along it. Built according to the project of Mnesicles, in 437-432. BC. it was supposed to become an architectural preface to the Parthenon, with its power and harmony to create a solemn mood for those ascending the Acropolis.
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To the right of the Propylaea, on the slope of the cliff, there was the most elegant and miniature temple of the goddess of victory, Nike Apteros (Athena Nike), the creation of the architect Kallikrates, created in 427-424 BC. The building was a marble amphiprostyle (9.56 x6.8 m) with two Ionic porticos of four columns on a three-stage pedestal. The temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural frieze ribbon, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians and the Olympic gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon).
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Inside the temple there was an unpreserved sculpture of Athena Nike, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of the victorious world, in the other. Nika was portrayed as a beautiful woman with large wings: victory is fickle and flies from one opponent to another. The Athenians portrayed her as wingless so that she would not leave the city, which had so recently won a great victory over the Persians. Deprived of wings, the goddess could no longer fly and had to remain forever in Athens.
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Having passed through the Propylaea, the procession ended up on a large square where an eight-meter statue of Athena the Warrior, cast in bronze by Phidias, towered. She was the center of the whole ensemble, the brilliance of her spear, reflecting the sun's rays, was seen from afar from the sea. Archaeologist Linfert's version of the appearance of Athena Promachos, 1982
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The Parthenon is the main temple of Ancient Athens and a magnificent monument of ancient architecture, erected in honor of the patroness of Athens and all of Attica, the goddess Athena. White Pentelian marble was also used for the construction of the temple. The construction of the Parthenon was carried out in 447-428 BC under the leadership of the architects Iktin and his assistant Kallikrat. The famous ancient Greek sculptor Phidias was engaged in artistic design.
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Inside the temple stood a statue of Athena Parthenos, made by the sculptor Phidias, in 438 BC. e. The statue of Athena is made of ivory and gold on a wooden frame. The height of the statue is 13 meters. Athena is depicted in full growth in a tunic to the very feet. The helmet of the goddess had three crests (middle with a sphinx, side with griffins). On the chest is the head of Medusa made of ivory. In her hand, the goddess held a two-meter statue of the goddess of victory Nike. In the dark space of the Parthenon, this statue seemed to radiate a magical light. The statue has survived only in copies.
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A bomb hit the Parthenon, and it turned into ruins, ruins that can still be seen in Athens. The day of the destruction of the Parthenon (September 26, 1687) is still considered a day of national mourning in Greece. The fate of the Parthenon is tragic, during one of the many wars between the Greeks and the Turks in the 17th century, the Turks set up a storehouse of gunpowder in the beautiful temple.