Diversity of countries modern world most clearly manifested at the country level of the socio-geographical picture of the world. The reasons for their dissimilarity and at the same time the similarities lie in the complexity of social systems, which are the result of a long process of development.
The typological approach to the study of countries makes it possible to estimate this diversity optimally, i.e. their grouping according to some common, similar signs, properties, indicators, qualities.
Quantitative typologies, allow you to compare the main geographic parameters of countries:
by the size of the territory all countries can be divided into groups:
the largest countries with an area of more than 4 million km 2: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia;
large, from 1-4 million km 2, there are 24 such countries;
medium, from 0.2-1.0 million km 2 - 55 countries of the world;
small (including "micro"), less) .2 million km 2 - the overwhelming majority - 144 (48).
grouping of countries by population indicates a sharp predominance in the world of small states (about 150), despite the dominant position of the world's population (about 60%) of the group of 10 largest countries (China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria) ;
by the peculiarities of geographic location: coastal (Russia, USA, China, France, etc.), island (Japan, Great Britain, Indonesia, etc.) and landlocked (there are 36 of them - Afghanistan, Niger, Paraguay, Kyrgyzstan, etc.). The first two types of geographic location facilitate progress, while the third, characteristic of many least developed countries, inhibits progress. The factor of the position in relation to economically developed countries is of great importance, contributing to the acceleration of the socio-economic progress of their less developed neighbors.
Quantitative typologies should include their grouping according to individual economic indicators. In particular, produced in a year the volume of the country's GDP lets judge about the scale of its economy, economic potential. According to the differences in this indicator (for 1996), it is necessary, first of all, to single out a group of eight largest countries with a GDP of over 1 trillion. US dollars - 6.8; China-3.37; Japan - 2.65; Germany - 1.58; India - 1.35; France - 1.15; Great Britain and Italy - 1.1. They account for over 60% of the world's gross product. Large GDPs (from $ 0.5-1 trillion) - Brazil (0.94), Indonesia (0.73), Mexico, Canada (0.61 each), Russia (0.585), Republic of Korea (0.579), Spain (0.549).
The average size and structure of the economy includes 30 countries with an annual GDP of 0.1 to 0.5 trillion. dollars (Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, Argentina, South Africa, Egypt, etc.), and to small, constituting the absolute majority of countries (more than 180), with a GDP of less than 100 billion dollars (Uzbekistan, Belarus, Israel, Peru, Hungary, etc.)
However, large, medium and small GDP indicators still do not allow to reliably judge the level of economic development of countries, This quality in the first approximation is evidenced by another quantitative indicator - production of GDP per capita... as a result, similar indicators in the mid-1990s. had such different economic countries as the United States and Kuwait (more than $ 20 thousand), Russia and Panama (less than $ 5 thousand), China and Equatorial Guinea (less than $ 3 thousand) with an average world indicator of $ 5705 thousand (1996 G)
Along with quantitative groupings, a necessary condition and component of a more complete integral understanding of the differences between the countries of the world are their qualitative typologies:
according to historically established differences in the nature of social relations of systems or social order:
the first type of country (or "first world") was called developed capitalist countries (more than 30). This group was formed on the basis of the classical capitalist society, which reached the greatest degree of maturity in the twentieth century.
the "second world" is made up of socialist countries, demonstrating in the twentieth century. a fundamentally different new type of society.
The "third world" declared itself after the Second World War in the process of the national liberation movement and the collapse of the colonial system and is defined as developing countries (more than 160). Their development paths can be reduced to three options:
countries of the capitalist path of development (Latin American, most Asian, some African);
countries of the dual (dual) type (the overwhelming majority in Africa, Oceania, the rest are Asian);
socialist countries (Libya, Angola, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Burma, Nicaragua, Guyana, etc.)
"fourth world" - post-socialist countries, which includes 28 states. Within this type, two groups of countries can be distinguished - avant-garde (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia) and delayed (Russia, Ukraine, etc.).
by levels of socio-economic development; Representations are formed on the basis of taking into account the following characteristics of her life:
1.produced per capita GDP per year;
2. the share of manufacturing industries in GDP;
3. life expectancy;
4. level of education of the population (proportion of literate people). All UN countries are divided into two types - economically developed and developing (in a narrower, socio-economic sense). Currently, economically developed countries include about 70 countries in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania (2), Africa (1).
typology of countries by quality of life; assessed using a comprehensive human development index (HDI), determined by UN experts. Depending on the size of the HDI, the countries of the world are grouped into three types:
one). with a high level of HDI - 63 countries (from 0.95 for Canada to 0.804 for Brazil);
2). average - 64 (0.798 in Kazakhstan to 0.503 in Cameroon);
3). low level - 47 (from 0.483 in Pakistan to 0.207 in Niger).
state-political typologies of countries; differences in terms of international status are assessed, all countries can be divided into three types:
sovereign states - 190 countries of the world;
Non-Self-Governing Territories, mainly insular (Great Britain - Gibraltar, Antilia, Cayman Islands; France - Gadelupe, Guiana; USA - Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands; Denmark - Greenland, etc.);
"problem" territories with transitional and international status (East Timor, Gaza Strip - Arab territories of Palestine; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus),
typology based on differences in the nature and forms of the state system;
republican form: (150 countries)
presidential republics;
parliamentary republics;
ideocratic republics:
socialist republics;
Islamic republics.
monarchical form: (more than 40 countries)
A constitutional monarchy;
Absolute monarchy;
Theocratic monarchy;
members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
differences in the administrative-territorial structure;
unitary states, the government of which is centralized;
federal state (states, provinces, republics, etc.), powers are divided between the central authorities and the subjects of the federation;
confederation; it involves the unification of sovereign states (while maintaining power) to achieve common goals.
differences in political regimes or type of government;
democratic regimes, they are characterized by electivity and separation of powers, a multi-party political system;
totalitarian regime; control over all areas of public life based on the principles of a certain ideology.
Each country in the world has its own unique characteristics, but the presence of features in common with other states is the basis for identifying certain types of countries. Country type - an objectively formed and relatively stable complex with its inherent conditions and developmental characteristics that characterize its role and place in the world community at a certain stage of development. The existence of types of countries, their historical evolution is a consequence of the fact that countries are developing at different rates, in different conditions and in different directions. Depending on the characteristics underlying the typology, the following are distinguished main country classifications : by area; by population; by the form of government; by the form of government; by ideological orientation; by the form of the state regime; by political structure; by the level of development of science and technology; by the level of socio-economic development. In addition to the above main types of typologies, there are classifications according to distance from the sea, natural resource potential, type of population reproduction, level of urbanization, ethnic composition of the population, etc.
Classification of countries by area . This classification is based on the territorial size of the country. According to it, giant countries, large, significant, medium, small, small countries and microstates are distinguished. The largest country in the world in terms of area is the Russian Federation, which occupies 11.5% of dry land, and the smallest is the state - the dwarf Vatican, occupying an area of 0.44 hectares within several quarters of the capital of Italy - Rome.
Classification of countries by population... According to this classification, countries are distinguished large, significant, medium, small and small.
The largest state in the world in terms of population is China, in which at the beginning of the XXI century. more than 1 billion 275 million people lived, and the smallest (as in area) was the Vatican, where officially a little more than 1 thousand people are citizens.
The USA, Great Britain, France, Russia and China are called “great states”. They are the winners of the Second World War, they have the most powerful armies, the founders of the UN and permanent members of the UN Security Council. In the last years of the twentieth century. the question arose about assigning Japan and Germany to them, which, in terms of their military-industrial potential, occupy the 2nd and 3rd places in the world.
Classification of countries by form of government . The state order of any country is characterized by a form of government.
Table 1 - Distribution of countries by form of government
Form of government - the organization of the supreme state power, the procedure for the formation of its bodies and their interaction with the population. The form of government influences the socio-political life of countries, traditions, sometimes - the mentality of the population, but does not determine either the level of socio-economic development, or the peculiarities of the internal political state of countries: for example, monarchies (for example, in Europe) are often more democratic than some republics. There are four in the world forms of government : republic, monarchy, countries of the Commonwealth and Jamahiriya (Table 1).
Republic (public) - a form of government in which the sovereign right to power belongs either to all capable citizens, or to their majority. According to the republican structure, government is exercised by representative bodies on behalf of the people, who are elected either by direct voting or on the basis of procedures for indirect expression of the will (through proxies, electors, etc.).
Types of republics are as follows: parliamentary - the parliament has supremacy, to which the government is collectively responsible for its actions, the role of the president in public administration cedes to the role of parliament, and the government is headed by the prime minister; presidential-parliamentary - the role of the president and parliament is balanced. In the world ¾ countries are republics. This form of government is considered the most progressive and democratic. Most of the countries of Latin America, almost all the former colonies in Asia, 49 of 52 African countries, etc. are republics.
The oldest form of government inherent in the first states of the world is monarchy. Monarchy (autocracy) - a form of government in which the supreme state power is formally (in whole or in part) concentrated in the hands of the sole leader of the state - the monarch. As a rule, the power of the monarch is lifelong and is inherited, but there are two monarchies having republican elements : Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy, where the monarch is elected for 5 years by the sultans of the sultanates who are part of the state; The UAE is a federal absolute monarchy, in which the head of state - the president is elected by the Supreme Council of Emirs also for 5 years.
The title of the monarch is different in different countries: sultan (Brunei, Oman), pope (Vatican), emir (Kuwait, Bahrain), duke (Luxembourg), emperor (Japan), king (in most monarchies), prince (Monaco, Liechtenstein). Monarchies differ in their form : absolute monarchy (unlimited) - a form of government in which the head of state, the monarch, is the main source of legislative and executive power (the latter is carried out by an apparatus dependent on the monarch). The monarch mostly sets taxes and manages finances. In some cases, the parliament does not exist at all or is an advisory body. There are 5 absolute monarchies in the world: Brunei, Bhutan, Qatar, UAE, Oman .
Constitutional monarchy (limited)- a form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, legislative functions are transferred to parliament, and executive functions are transferred to the government. The monarch is legally the supreme head of the executive branch, the head of the judicial system, formally appoints the government, replaces ministers, disposes of the troops, can repeal laws passed by parliament and dissolve parliament. But in fact, these powers belong to the government. Constitutional monarchies in the world 23.
Theocratic monarchy (power of God) is a form of government in which political and spiritual power is in the hands of the church. There are two such monarchies in the world - the Vatican and Saudi Arabia.
States within the commonwealth. These include 14 countries - the former colonies of Great Britain, in which the British Queen is formally the head of state, represented in the country by the Governor General (necessarily a native of this country). Such countries have their own parliament and government.
Jamahiriya - it is a unique form of government, in which the leaders of the state demand its international recognition in the very understanding that is laid down in the Arabic language - "democracy", "state of the masses". Jamahiriya - a form of government in which there are no traditional institutions of power; it is believed that all government decisions are made by all people, represented by one country in the world - Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiya.
Classification of countries according to the form of government. The form of government - the territorial-organizational structure of the state, which establishes the procedure for dividing the country into parts and the relationship between central and local authorities. Her the main functions are: stepwise placement of authorities and state administration; ensuring the collection of taxes and information; control of the center over places; implementation of flexible economic, social and regional policies; conducting election campaigns, etc. According to this classification, such forms of government: unitary state, federal state, confederate state.
Unitary state (unity) - a form of state structure in which the territory of the state does not include federal units (states, lands, etc.), but is divided into administrative-territorial units (departments, regions, districts, etc.). In a unitary state: a single constitution for the whole country; a unified system of government bodies; social processes are centrally controlled. 168 countries of the world have this form of government.
Federal state (union, association) - a form of government, in which several state formations, which legally have a certain independence, are united into a single union state. Confederate state (union, association) - a permanent alliance of sovereign states created to achieve political or military goals. The confederation forms central bodies that have powers delegated to them by the member states of the union. These bodies do not have direct power over the states that are members of the confederation.
Classification of countries by ideological orientation. According to this classification, countries are divided into pluralistic and clerical. Signs of pluralistic states: lack of the advantage of any church (denomination); recognition of religion as a private matter of citizens; the right of people of all faiths to hold public office; not celebrating religious holidays by the state.
Clericalism (ecclesiastical) - socio-political practice Signs of clerical states: the presence of a religion that has the status of a state; compulsory study of religious dogmas in schools; the highest positions are necessarily held by persons who are followers of the dominant confession in the country; participation government agencies in religious ceremonies; the dependence of the conditions and safety of living of the Gentiles in these countries on the general culture of a particular people and the ruling regime.
Classification of countries according to the form of state regime. Any regime is determined by the procedures and methods of organizing government bodies and exercising power functions, relations between the state and citizens, and the means of making power decisions. The form of the state regime - a set of means and methods of exercising power by the state. There are democratic and anti-democratic regimes.
Democracy (people + power) - the form of the state-political structure of society, based on the recognition of the people as a source of power, their right to take part in the decision of state affairs. Democracies are the countries of Western Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, etc.
Totalitarianism (whole, whole, complete) - one of the forms of the state (totalitarian state), which is characterized by its complete (total) control over all spheres of society, the actual elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression of the opposition and dissidents. Various forms of totalitarianism were inherent in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, former and present socialist states (the Stalinist regime, the communist regime in the DPRK, Cuba, etc.).
Dictatorship - (unlimited power) - a term that characterizes the system of exercising unlimited power of a person, class or other social groups in a state, region, based on force. It means, on the one hand, the essence of state power, which provides political planning for a certain class, and on the other hand, a means of exercising state power, a political regime, for example, a personal dictatorship. The main personal dictatorships in the twentieth century. were: in Italy in 1922-1945. - the dictatorship of Mussolini, in Spain in 1939 - 1975. - dictatorship of Franco, in the USSR - in 1930-1953. - Stalin's dictatorship, etc.
Authoritarianism (power, influence) - political concept and political practice, which is based on the concentration of monopoly or majority power in the hands of one person or group of persons; a political regime established or imposed by such a form of power that underestimates or excludes the role of representative institutions of power. Historical forms of authoritarianism include Asian despotism, tyrannical and absolute forms of government of antiquity, military-police and fascist regimes, various variants of totalitarianism.
Apartheid (separate residence) - an extreme form of racial discrimination, which means the deprivation of certain groups of the population, depending on their race, of political, socio-economic and civil rights, up to territorial isolation. According to modern international law, apartheid is a crime against humanity. The apartheid policy was carried out by the South African government in 1948-1991. Some acts of apartheid may amount to genocide.
Genocide (clan, tribe, kill) - one of the most prominent crimes against humanity, which involves the extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds, as well as the deliberate creation of living conditions calculated for the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups. Such crimes were carried out on a massive scale by the Turkish state against the Armenian people in 1915, this is the Holodomor of the Ukrainian people in 1930-1933. in the former USSR, Hitler's crimes during the Second World War, especially against the Slavic and Jewish population, genocide against the Cambodian people by the Pol Pot clique in 1970-1979. etc.
Classification of countries by political structure. By This classification of the state is divided into one-party and multi-party. One-party countries have a non-competitive type of party system, which consists of representatives or members of one political party. They are typical for the Chinese, Orthodox and Muslim world: China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Algeria, the former USSR. One-party regimes often degenerate into dictatorships.
Have multi-party countries the political system is multi-party and is formed on the basis of established ties between parties, which differ in program settings, tactics, and internal structure. Among multi-party countries, three subgroups are distinguished: bipartisan (bipartisan) countries - two parties constitute a rival oligarchy, and democratic elections enable the population to change leaders; countries of "two and a half parties" - in them, none of the two largest parties can receive a majority in parliament and one of them forms a coalition with the third to form a government; polyparty countries - have three or more parties with approximately the same number of electorates, none of which is able to receive the support of the majority in parliament for a long time and is forced to form government coalitions. Such party systems exist in Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ukraine, Russia, etc.
Classification of countries according to the level of development of science and technology. A feature of scientific activity in the era of scientific and technological revolution was the transformation of its achievements into a new type of resource. Allocate 4 country type: with highly developed, developed, undeveloped science and technology and backward in scientific, technical and economic terms.
Countries with highly developed science and technology on a large scale, the achievements of science are introduced into the economy (USA, Japan, countries of Western Europe). It was in these countries, especially in the United States, that such formations as technopolises and technoparks first appeared. The name of one of the world's first technopolises "Silicon Valley" (USA, California) has even become common for identifying similar formations in other countries.
Countries with advanced science and technology are slowly introducing scientific discoveries and technical inventions into the economy (Ukraine, Russia, the Baltic countries, the Czech Republic, etc.).
Countries with undeveloped science and technology- intensively assimilating imported scientific and technical achievements (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Brazil). Gradually, a rather powerful own scientific, technical and educational base is being created in them.
TO scientifically and economically backward countries belongs to most of the developing countries. Their general socio-economic backwardness is the reason for the undeveloped scientific and technical base.
Classification of countries by the level of socio-economic development. This classification of the countries of the world is one of the most important tasks of socio-geographical research of the world and its regions.
Typology of countries by the level of GNP. The main criterion for this classification is the indicator of the domestic national product (GNP), the absolute level of which reflects the economic development of the country and its share in the world economic space.
In the Ukrainian economic and social geography, the traditional approach to principles for the formation of groups of states: economically highly developed countries; countries with an average level of economic development; countries that have embarked on the path of market transformations; countries with planned economies (socialist countries); developing countries.
Economically highly developed countries include: USA, Canada, some countries of Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. They occupy 24% of the earth's land area, they are home to 15% of the world's population. Economically highly developed countries are characterized by a high level of concentration of economic, technological and scientific potential. These countries are characterized by a high standard of living of the population and social protection, the rapid growth of science, the development of knowledge-intensive industries and advanced technologies, the transition from the production of goods to the production of services. Currently, the service sector accounts for more than 50% of total production and continues to grow.
In small economically developed countries - The Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Austria and some others - home to 7% of the population and account for 8% of world GNP. At the same time, the average GNP per inhabitant is 80% of the US level. These countries do not own raw materials, therefore they work for the foreign market and export their products. Holland exports flowers, meat, cheeses; Switzerland - watches, etc. In these countries, banking and tourism are well developed, a modern merchant fleet has been created.
Countries of "resettlement type"- this is Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. In the past, the first three were colonies. These countries (except Israel) have significant territories in which a small number of people live - immigrants from Europe. The "resettlement type" countries create 30% of the world GNP, and the GNP per capita is 70% of the US level. The economies of these countries are characterized by the development of export-oriented raw material industries.
V countries with an average level of economic development a modern mechanism of a market economy was formed, but the economic indicators of their farms are still more modest in comparison with economically highly developed countries. Among them, two subgroups of countries are distinguished. The first is the countries that belatedly embarked on the path of capitalist development: Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Turkey and others. The second subgroup is the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Chile and others. These countries are home to 8% of the population and create 3.8% of the world GNP, which per inhabitant is 50% of the US level. The main feature of these countries is their financial and technological dependence on economically highly developed countries.
TO countries that have embarked on the path of market transformation include: the independent countries of the former USSR, as well as the countries of the former socialist community - Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovaks, Hungary, the republics of the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia), Albania. These countries occupy 18% of the earth's land area, they are home to 7.5% of the world's population. At the beginning of 1990, the share of these countries in the creation of GNP was 3.5%. In these countries, market reforms are carried out with great difficulty, so in most of them the economy is in a state of crisis. The standard of living and social security of the population is low, which is reflected in the ratio of the exchange rates of the national currencies and the US dollar.
TO countries with planned economies (socialist countries) include the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Laos, and the Republic of Cuba. The socialist countries occupy 7.8% of the earth's land area and are home to over 25% of the world's population. At the beginning of the 90s. XX century their GNP was 2.5% of the world. The socialist countries are mainly characterized by a low level of socio-economic development. GNP per capita here averages 1% of the US level. China and Vietnam are building market economies in an evolutionary way, preserving the socialist system and relentlessly raising the living standards of the population.
Today in there are 132 developing countries in the world. They occupy 50% of the earth's land area and are home to almost half of the world's population. They develop the production of agricultural products and raw materials, which are mainly exported. Agriculture has a natural or semi-natural character and is located throughout the territory. The internal resources of most countries are insufficient for the independent development of the economy, so they are forced to borrow money from highly developed countries. This leads to an increase in debt, which currently accounts for a third of the GNP of these countries. Interest on loans "eat up" investment resources, and these countries are economically dependent on developed countries.
Can be distinguished multiple subtypes developing countries. First of all, these are countries with a relatively mature economic structure, for example, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Venezuela, Colombia, Tunisia, Egypt and others. A peculiar subtype is formed by the so-called oil-producing countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, etc.). The most numerous subtype is the least developed countries. Among the poorest are two to three dozen developing countries, primarily Angola, Ethiopia, Chad, Bangladesh, Yemen, Afghanistan, etc. In addition to the groups considered, there are also new industrial countries, oil exporting countries, small island states and others.
Towards New Industrial Countries (NIS) since 1975 include the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand; since 1980 - Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Indonesia and India, later Turkey, Malaysia and the Philippines were included in this group. NIS are distinguished by significant changes in the structure of the economy and the highest growth rates of GNP in recent decades (9-10%). Investments from highly developed countries, especially the United States, played an important role in the development of the NIS economies. Since the mid-80s. the development of the economies of the countries of this group is based on the formation of their own scientific and technical potential, the creation of science-intensive areas of industry, microelectronics, informatics, biotechnology. Science and technology parks are being created, where new technologies are developed and introduced.
Oil exporting countries include: Brunei, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Iraq, Iran. They occupy 9.8% of the land area, they are home to 27.8% of the population. These countries are characterized by high rates of economic development, diversified structure of GDP and exports, as well as high dependence on the external market. The sectoral structure is dominated by the oil industry, the bulk of GDP is formed by the sale of oil. These states have a high level of socio-economic development. Thus, Kuwait is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of GNP per capita. In the Gulf countries, only a small part of the profits goes to the development of the national economy, while the bulk is exported to the international capital market. A new financial center of the world is being formed in this region.
TO a group of small island states with high profits includes nine countries - Barbados, Bahrain, Seychelles and others. The main sectors of the economy are banking and tourism. GDP per capita ranges from 6 to 12 thousand dollars. In particular, 350 branches of foreign banks are located in the Bahamas.
TO the group of countries of medium capacity includes 60 states. The main occupation of the population of these countries is agriculture.
Least developed countries(Mozambique, Tanzania, Cambodia, etc.) occupy 29% of the territory, they are home to 13% of the population of developing countries. GNP per capita is $ 500-800.
There are almost 35 dependent countries. The sovereignty of their territory is ensured by other states. For example, Gibraltar is the UK overseas department. In practice, these states still have a colonial status.
The level of economic development of countries is estimated based on the value of GNP per capita. The main criterion for the classification of countries in the world is the annual production of conditionally pure products per person employed in the national economy. According to this criterion, countries are divided into the following groups.
Most developed countries ($ 50,000 to $ 40,000)(in descending order) per one employed in the national economy): USA - $ 51,000; Switzerland, Luxembourg, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Japan, Australia, France, Norway - $ 40,000
Developed countries ($ 40,000 to $ 20,000) include Great Britain, Italy, Austria, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, etc.
To the group of middle-developed countries the annual production of conditionally net products per person employed in the national economy ranges from $ 20,000 to $ 10,000. The countries of this group occupy from 35th to 70th place. These include Russia and Ukraine.
TO group of less developed countries include countries with an indicator from 10,000 to 8,000 dollars (71-87 places) - Yugoslavia, Iran, Cuba, Arsenia, Georgia, etc.
TO undeveloped countries with an indicator from 8000 to 5000 dollars (88-107 places) are China, Indonesia, Pakistan, etc.
The most backward countries(from 108 onwards) - India, Vietnam, Bangladesh and a number of African countries (from $ 5,000 to $ 500).
One of the important indicators of the state of the country's economy - the degree of investment risk, or so called investment climate. According to this indicator, out of 178 countries, Luxembourg, Switzerland, USA, Netherlands and Great Britain are included in the top five. Other developed countries are in the top twenty. Of the former socialist countries, Slovenia rose above all others - 34th place, the Czech Republic - 35th, China - 40th, Hungary - 44. Ukraine on this indicator ranks 83rd, Russia - 86, Moldova - 125, Tajikistan - 173.
The level of economic development of the country accurately reflects structure of employment of the population. This indicator, as a rule, is directly proportional to the number of the economically active population of the country employed in the service sector, and inversely proportional to the number of the population employed in the agricultural sector. In economically developed countries, the share of the population employed in industry is 25%, in developing countries - 13%, in Russia - 43%, in Ukraine - 45%, in Rwanda (Africa) - 3%. In less developed countries, the share of the population employed in agriculture is quite significant - on average up to 60%, in economically highly developed countries this figure is only 2-8% (for example, in Rwanda - 91%, Great Britain - 2%). In economically highly developed countries, a large percentage of the population is employed in the service sector (55% on average). In moderately developed countries this indicator is lower and amounts to 30-40%, in less developed countries - only 22%. In the XXI century. the problem of real improvement of people's lives as a result of economic growth in the state has not lost its urgency.
Nowadays, there are many options for typologies of countries according to the level of socio-economic development. They use different methods and different categories for uniting countries into typological groups. The scientifically grounded classifications of countries by the level of socio-economic development include the typologies proposed by V. Volsky, B. Zimin, P. Maslyak, J. Oleinik, A. Stepanenko, V. Maksakovsky, V. Dronov, V. Rom and others.
V. Volsky's typology . According to this typology, all countries of the world in accordance with their place in the system of the world economy and international relations are divided into several groups.
1. Economically highly developed countries:
1.1. The main capitalist countries (large states): USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.
1.2. Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe ("privileged small nations"): Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland.
2. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism:
2.1. Mid-developed countries of Western Europe: Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland.
2.2. Mid-developed countries of Central-Eastern Europe: Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Poland, Slovakia.
3. Economically underdeveloped (developing countries):
3.1. Key Countries: Brazil, Mexico, India, China.
3.2. Countries of relatively mature capitalism:
3.2.1. Migrant countries of early development of dependent capitalism: Argentina and Uruguay.
3.2.2. Countries of "great enclave development" of capitalism: Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Algeria.
3.2.3. Countries of outwardly oriented "opportunistic development" of capitalism: Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia.
3.2.4. Small countries of dependent plantation economy: Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Sri Lanka.
3.2.5. Small countries of "concessional development" of capitalism: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, Gabon, Botswana.
3.2.6. Small states: Malta, Cyprus, Panama, Liberia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Singapore, Hong Kong, Bermuda, Barbados, etc.
3.2.7. Small countries are financially surplus significant oil exporters: UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Brunei, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Libya.
3.2.8. Significant low-profit countries: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Vietnam.
3.3. Young liberated states (nations that are emerging): nearly 60 least developed countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania.
B. Zimin's typology. 1. Developed capitalist countries :
1.1. The Big Seven: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.
1.2. Small European countries: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Denmark.
1.3. Countries of "resettlement capitalism": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
1.4. Mid-developed countries: Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland.
2. Developing countries:
2.1. Newly industrialized countries (NIS):
Asian tigers "or" dragons ", R / V" first wave ": South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore;
R / V "second wave" (Asia): Thailand, Malaysia, Turkey;
R / V "first wave" (Latin America): Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Brazil;
R / V "second wave" (Latin America): Uruguay, Venezuela;
2.2. Countries of new industrialization (have large labor and natural resources): Indonesia, the Caribbean region.
2.3. Oil countries: UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, etc.
2.4. Countries that live off natural resources, agriculture, tourism: Egypt, Morocco, Pakistan, Ecuador, etc.
3. Countries of socialist industrialization:
3.1. Countries of Eastern Europe.
3.2. China.
3.3. Other former and current socialist countries.
4. CIS countries:
4.1. Most developed region; the European part of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the countries of the Caucasus.
4.2. Middle region: Kazakhstan and Siberia of Russia.
4.3. Countries of Central Asia.
4.4. Russian Far East with special EGP and natural resources.
Date of publication: 2014-11-28; Read: 18135 | Page copyright infringement
website - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2020. Studopedia is not the author of the materials that are posted. But it provides an opportunity for free useMore than 230 countries and territories are represented on the modern political map of the world, of which more than 190 are sovereign states. Among them there are countries with a very large territory and population (China, India, Russia, the USA) and very tiny ones - such as the "small" states of Europe: Monaco, Andorra, Vatican City, Liechtenstein.
There are mono-national countries (Japan, Sweden, Germany, France, etc.) and multinational (India, Russia, Nigeria, USA, etc.). Some states occupy an entire continent (Australia), while others are located on a small island or group of islands (Nauru, Malta, Cape Verde, etc.). There are countries rich in natural resources and deprived of them. There are countries that have access to the open sea and long sea borders (Russia, Canada, USA, China, etc.), and do not have this advantage, i.e. inland countries (Chad, Mali, CAR, Paraguay, Mongolia, etc.). Very often, the peculiarities of the geographic location of a country affect the level of its socio-economic development.
Each country in the world has its own unique characteristics, however, by identifying any features similar to other states, certain types of countries can be distinguished.
Country type is formed by a set of conditions and features of development, which in some essential features, on the one hand, make it related to a number of countries similar to it, and on the other, distinguish it from all others. The very existence of types of countries, their historical evolution are the result of the fact that development is taking place in countries at different rates, in different conditions and in different ways.
At the same time, it is impossible to distinguish the types of countries only on the basis of one or several, although very important for all countries, criteria, for example, on the basis of the GDP indicator, the level of development of the state or the wealth and well-being of residents. The typology is preceded by a huge statistical work on the selection and comparison of a large number of economic, demographic and social indicators for the countries of the world. Further, it is necessary to find similar features that will help to single out certain states into separate groups;
Typologies are different. There are typologies that take into account the level of development of countries, the level of income of the population and the quality of life, the level of humanitarian development and social progress, etc. Typologies should take into account a large number of indicators and characteristics: the level of economic and social development of states, historical and political aspects, for example, the level of development of democracy etc.
For a long time in the scientific literature, a typology was used that divided states into groups according to the principle of belonging to one or another socio-economic formation: capitalist (countries with a market economy), or socialist (countries with a centrally planned economy). Moreover, developing countries (or "third world countries") - formerly colonial and dependent territories and embarking on the path of independent development, which could go along one path or another, were singled out in a special group. Some of them really developed along the socialist path. But with the collapse of the socialist system, this typology (which has been used for more than one decade) has become outdated.
Currently, sovereign states are grouped most often:
by the size of the territory;
by population;
by geographic location;
by the level of socio-economic development.
By the size of the territory allocate 7 largest countries in the world (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India). The area of each of these states is over 3 million square meters. km., and together they occupy about half of the earth's land. In addition to the largest, medium-sized, small countries and micro-states (Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, etc.) are distinguished.
By population Among the countries of the world, there are ten countries with more than 100 million citizens in each, which account for 3/5 of the world's population:
China - 1 billion 300 million people;
India - 1 billion 40 million people;
USA - 287 million people;
Indonesia - 221 million people;
Brazil - 175 million people;
Pakistan - 170 million people;
Russia - 145 million people;
Nigeria - 143 million people;
Bangladesh - 130 million people;
Japan - 126 million
By geographic location it is customary to distinguish countries: peninsular(Saudi Arabia); insular(Cuba); mainland(Russia); archipelagic countries(Japan). A special group is made up landlocked countries(36 countries).
By typology that takes into account level and nature of socio-economic and political development , there are three groups of countries in the world:
- 1) economically highly developed states;
- 2) less developed countries (in the UN terminology "developing countries");
- 3) countries with "transitional economies" (post-socialist) and socialist countries.
Signs Economically highly developed states:
mature level of development of economic (market) relations;
their special role in world politics and economy;
they have a powerful scientific and technical potential.
These countries differ from each other in the scale and level of economic development, population size, etc. Therefore, several subtypes can be distinguished within this group.
1.1. Major capitalist countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. (In fact, this is the "big seven", excluding Canada, which in the typology is classified as a different subtype: the countries of "resettlement" capitalism).
These are the most developed countries with the highest economic, scientific and technological potential. They differ from each other in the peculiarities of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in the world economy. In fact, they have already entered the post-industrial stage of development, like the representatives of the next subgroup.
1.2. Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, etc.
These states have reached a high level of development, but, unlike the main capitalist countries, they have a much narrower specialization in the international division of labor. At the same time, they send to the external market up to half (and more) of their products. In the economies of these countries, the share of the non-productive sphere is very large (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, the tourism business, etc.).
- 1.3. Countries of "resettlement" capitalism ": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. These are the former colonies of Great Britain. Capitalist relations arose and developed in them thanks to the economic activities of immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, which also at one time was a resettlement colony, the development of this group of countries had some peculiarities. Despite the high level of development, these countries retained their agrarian and raw material specialization, which had developed in foreign trade even when they were colonies. But this specialization is by no means identical to that in the environment of developing countries, since it is combined with a highly developed domestic economy. Here is also Canada, which is included in the "big seven", but in terms of the type and characteristics of the development of its economy is closer to this group of countries. Israel is a small state that was formed after the Second World War on the territory of Palestine (which was under the mandate of the League of Nations under the control of Great Britain after the First World War). The economy of this country developed at the expense of the skills and resources of immigrants who sought to return to their historical homeland.
- 1.4. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism: Ireland, Spain, Greece, Portugal.
In the past, these states have played an important role in world history. So, in the era of feudalism, Spain and Portugal had huge colonial possessions. Despite the well-known successes in the development of industry and the service sector in terms of the level of development, these countries generally lag behind the first three subgroups of states in this typology. But all of them are now part of the European Union and their main trading partners are highly developed states.
Countries with economies in transition (post-socialist) and socialist countries. This group includes the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (including all the republics of the former USSR) - these are "countries with economies in transition" and Mongolia, as well as those countries that are still socialist - Cuba, China, Vietnam, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Previously, they were all countries of the socialist camp with centrally planned economies (and the last four countries remain so).
After the collapse of the USSR in the early 90s, most of the countries of this group underwent very significant changes in politics and economics - they are trying to join the world system of market relations. The transformation processes in these states go beyond standard reforms, as they are deep and systemic in nature. There are also very significant shifts in the economy and politics of the four socialist countries.
It is characteristic that some of the post-socialist countries with low per capita incomes declared their desire to acquire the status of a “developing” country (for example, this statement was made by the republics of the former Yugoslavia, Vietnam, and the Central Asian republics of the CIS). This gives them the right to receive soft loans and various types of assistance from international banks and funds.
Economically less developed countries(according to the UN classification - "developing countries").
This is the largest and most diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having received political independence, fell into economic dependence on the countries that were previously their metropolises.
The countries of this group have many things in common, including development problems, internal and external difficulties associated with a low level of economic and social development, lack of financial resources, lack of experience in running a capitalist commodity economy, lack of qualified personnel, strong economic dependence, huge external debt etc. The situation is aggravated by civil wars and interethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they occupy far from the best positions, being mainly suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.
In addition, in all countries of this type and level of development, due to the rapid population growth, the social situation of large masses of residents is deteriorating, an excess of labor resources is manifested, demographic, food and other global problems are especially acute.
But, despite the common features, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and there are about 150 of them).
At least four groups of countries can be distinguished:
- A) Key countries - these are the countries - leaders of the developing world with great natural, human and economic potential. These include: Brazil, Mexico, India, Argentina, Iran. They produce as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined.
- B) "Newly industrialized countries" (NIS) - Singapore, about. Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, as well as the R / V "second wave" - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. Their economy is characterized by high rates of industrialization, export orientation of industrial production (especially products of knowledge-intensive industries), active participation in the international division of labor. The economic indicators of this group of states generally correspond to those of industrialized states, but there are still features that are inherent in all developing countries.
- V) Oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya, Brunei, Algeria). These countries derive their main income from oil exports.
- G) least developed countries (about 40 countries). Their main characteristics are: very low per capita income; low share of the manufacturing industry in the structure of the economy; a very high proportion of the adult population is illiterate. Their backwardness is expressed in the actual inability to provide the necessary minimum of the urgent needs of the rapidly growing population. This group of least developed countries in the world includes: Afghanistan, Haiti, Guinea, Bangladesh, Laos, Nepal, Bhutan, Mali, Mozambique, Somalia, Chad, Burundi, Ethiopia, etc. They are very far behind the developed world in all major socio-economic indicators and are also far from industrialized as they were many decades ago.
World typology
Typology of the countries of the world: common features and differences of the countries of the world; classification of countries into different categories; composition, subgroups, characteristics and role in the global economy.
The description of countries is possible from different points of view. Studying them from the point of view of recreational geography is just one of many approaches. The essence of recreational regional studies is that countries are described, first of all, from the point of view of the degree of development of international tourism in them and how this or that country is interesting for international tourism, as well as what standards of recreational activities have developed among the local population. The first aspect is mainly of an applied nature. The second is more connected with fundamental research and in many respects intersects with the geography of culture. The time scale of the first aspect, as a rule, is limited to the period after the end of the Second World War; the scale of the second aspect can cover very significant periods of time (up to several millennia).
Recreational regional studies practically did not develop in the USSR. It is difficult to unequivocally determine what is the reason for this situation. Probably partly in the fact that foreign tourism was one of the components of the state ideology and was regulated, first of all, on the basis of ideological goals and standards. The bulk of foreign tourists in the USSR were oriented towards organized trips. In general, foreign tourism was not fully developed. Another reason we see is that a small number of specialists in recreational geography were loaded with other work, so there was no one to deal with recreational geography, and there was no need to.
Within the CIS, the situation has changed dramatically. Firstly, the Russian SCS itself began to act not as one, but as 15 states, where foreign tourism should flourish thanks to long-standing ties. Secondly, the place of the closedness of the USSR was taken by the openness of many new CIS states and the throwing of some of them between the Russian and Western SCS. In such conditions, the development of foreign tourism and the associated recreational regional studies becomes a really important task.
An additional important source for the development of recreational regional studies is the dramatically changed dominant theoretical framework. Within the framework of Marxism-Leninism, the predominant tendency was to perceive the world as a rather uniform space in which the struggle of two forces - socialism and capitalism - took place. Naturally, differences between countries were recognized and noted, but the struggle between capitalism and socialism remained clearly dominant - everything else receded into the background. Under such conditions, the study of the characteristics of recreation in various cultures and countries was not considered a completely important topic.
The dominant philosophical, methodological and theoretical views now proceed mainly from the idea of the diversity of the world and the presence in it a large number constants, independent of too volatile political and economic standards. In particular, the theory of socio-cultural systems draws attention to precisely this. This theoretical basis is much more favorable for the development of recreational regional studies.
However, before speaking on a given topic, one should define its most basic concept, that is, the typology of countries.
“Typology of countries is the identification of groups of countries of the world that are similar in level, nature and type of socio-economic and historical development. The first stage of any typology is the classification of countries according to a set of demographic, economic, social and other indicators of development. The second stage is the identification of typological characteristics of countries with a similar level of development and their grouping. The typologies of developing countries are widely known: Bolotin BM, Sheinis VL, Volsky VV, Mashbitsa Ya. G. and other geographers and economists "http://rgo.ru/geography/econom_geography/slovar/tipols1.
Country, state - the main object of the political map of the world. The total number of countries on this map during the XX century. increased markedly. First, as a result of changes associated with the results of the First World War. Secondly, as a result of the changes that followed the Second World War, expressed in the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism, when during 1945-1993. 102 countries achieved political independence. Thirdly, in the early 90s. as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia.
There are about 230 countries on the modern political map. This quantitative growth is followed by important qualitative shifts. This is manifested in the fact that out of 230 states, 193 are sovereign states. The rest falls on the so-called Non-Self-Governing Territories.
“With such a large number of countries, it becomes necessary to group them, which is carried out primarily on the basis of different quantitative criteria. The most common grouping of countries according to the size of their territory and population. The grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of their geographic location is often used.
For example, there are sovereign, independent countries (about 193 out of 230) and dependent countries and territories. Dependent countries and territories can have different names: possessions - the term "colonies" has not been used since 1971 (there are very few of them left), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. Thus, Gibraltar is a British possession; Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, Guiana in South America - overseas departments of France; the island country of Puerto Rico has been declared a "freely acceding state to the United States."
1. Grouping of countries by territory size- the largest countries (territory over 3 million km2) (see Appendix 2). “These include states of different regions. Half of the dozen participants were delegated by the New World, four countries are located in Eurasia, one in Africa. Moreover, only Russia can be considered a European country. The most spoken language in the largest countries of the world is English. It is spoken in the USA, Canada, Australia and a little in India. The Russian language is widely used in Russia and Kazakhstan.
The top ten is dominated by multinational countries. The country with the most variegated ethnic composition is India. More than 500 peoples, nationalities and tribes live here. Many ethnic groups live on the territory of Sudan, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan, China, and the USA. But the populations of Argentina, Brazil and Australia mainly belong to the same ethnic group.
If you do not take into account total area territory, and land area, then China will come in second place, after Russia, and Canada will become the "bronze medalist". The fact is that many inland water bodies are included in the territory of Canada - first of all, Hudson Bay, as well as lakes of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Athabasca, Big Slave, etc. China, however, does not have extensive inland water basins.
In the ten largest countries in the world, one can observe serious contrasts in the degree of population density. High population density (over 100 people / km2) in India and China. At the same time, in four countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia), the average population density does not even reach 10 people / km2.
Despite the fact that the largest country in the world is Russia, the length of land borders (but not the number of neighboring countries) is greater in China, and the length of the coastline is in Canada. The fact that the length of the shores is so significant (six equators!) Are to blame for the numerous islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the heavily indented shores of this country ”http://geo.1september.ru/2002/21/5.htm.
- - large countries (have an area of more than 1 million km2): Algeria, Libya, Iran, Mongolia, Argentina, etc .;
- - medium and small countries: these include most countries in the world - Italy, Vietnam, Germany, etc.
- - microstates: Andorra - 446 km2, Vatican - 0.44 km2, Liechtenstein - 160 km2, Monaco - 1.95 km2, San Marino - 61 km2. These also include Singapore and the island states of the Caribbean and Oceania.
- 2. Grouping according to the state system, forms of government and the administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world.
The countries of the world also differ in forms of government and in the forms of territorial-state structure. There are two main forms of government: a republic, where the legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government (USA, Germany), and the monarchy, where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited (Brunei, Great Britain).
Most countries in the world have a republican form of government. In the republics, the highest state power belongs to an elected representative body; the head of state is elected by the population of the country. There are presidential republics, where the president heads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.) and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is less, and the head of the executive branch is the prime minister appointed by the president. There are currently 30 monarchies.
Among the monarchies, constitutional and absolute are distinguished. Under a constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and the activities of the parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government. At the same time, the monarch “reigns, but does not rule,” although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc. Under an absolute monarchy, the ruler's power is not limited by anything. There are only six states with this form of government in the world now: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the Vatican.
The so-called theocratic monarchies are especially distinguished, that is, countries where the head of state is at the same time its religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia).
There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include the states that are part of the so-called Commonwealth (until 1947 it was called the "British Commonwealth of Nations"). The Commonwealth is an association of countries that includes Great Britain and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories (50 states in total). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in the territories and countries that previously belonged to. In 16 countries of the Commonwealth, the head of state is formally considered the British queen. "The largest of them are Canada, Australia, New Zealand. In them, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the governor-general, and the legislature is parliament.
- 3. By forms of government distinguish between unitary and federal countries. In a unitary state, there is a single constitution, a single executive and legislative branch, and the administrative-territorial units are endowed with insignificant powers and are directly subordinate to the central government (France, Hungary). In a federal state, along with uniform laws and authorities, there are other state formations - republics, states, provinces, etc., in which their own laws are adopted, they have their own authorities, that is, the members of the federation have a certain political and economic independence. But their activities should not contradict federal laws (India, Russia, USA). Most of the countries of the world are unitary, there are now a little more than 20 federal states in the world. The federal form of the state is typical both for multinational (Pakistan, Russia) countries and for countries with a relatively homogeneous ethnic composition of the population (Germany).
- 4. By the number of population.
“Goskomstat of Russia has calculated the results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census on the population in the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the distribution of the population into urban and rural and by sex, as well as on the population by cities with a population of 100 thousand inhabitants or more.
According to the data, the 2002 All-Russian Population Census included 145,537 thousand people.
The Russian Federation ranks seventh in the world in terms of population (ms. Appendix 1) after China (1285 million people), India (1025 million people), the USA (286 million people), Indonesia (215 million people), Brazil (173 million) and Pakistan (146.0 million).
The resident population of the Russian Federation was 145182 thousand people ”http://www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm.
- 4. By the number of population.
- - coastal countries;
- - peninsular;
- - island;
- - archipelagic countries;
- - countries occupying an inland position "http://geo-pk19.3dn.ru/publ/4-1-0-4.
In other words, “when countries are grouped by geographic location, landlocked countries (Chad, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, etc. - only 42 countries in the world) and coastal (India, Colombia) are usually distinguished. Among the seaside, there are island (Sri Lanka), peninsular (Spain) and archipelagic countries (Japan, Indonesia) "http://info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm.
6. Unlike the classification (grouping) of countries, based mainly on quantitative indicators, the typology is based on qualitative characteristics that determine the place of a country on the political and economic map of the world. These signs can be different and take into account the level of socio-economic development of countries, their political orientation, the degree of democratization of power, involvement in the world economy, etc. the grouping of countries into subgroups and according to their role in the world economy.
Until the early 90s. all countries of the world were subdivided into three types: socialist, developed capitalist and developing. After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-member, divides all countries of the world into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. carrying out the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy.
A two-term typology is widely used with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development of the state, expressed through the indicator of gross domestic product per capita.
Among economically developed countries currently, the UN includes about 60 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia and Oceania. All of them are characterized by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, GDP per capita. However, this group of countries is characterized by rather significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.
“The IMF among the developed countries includes Western Europe (except Turkey), the USA, Canada, Australia, NZ. Since 1997, this has included such countries as Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Israel. The UN adds South Africa to these countries. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development also includes Mexico (under pressure from the United States), Turkey, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic (geographically) as developed countries. When Cyprus and Estonia join the EU, they will also be ranked among the developed countries ”file: // localhost / C: /DOCUME~1/366C~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/Rar$EX00.937/35346.htm.
In other words, the number of economically developed countries mainly includes: "Big seven" (GDP per capita 20-30 thousand dollars) - Japan, USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada; countries of Western Europe; countries of immigration capitalism - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel "http://www.hiv-aids-epidemic.com.ua/past-0071.htm.
As you can see, the boundaries are vague. Without Turkey and Mexico, these are about 30 developed countries, which account for 53% of world GDP. (USA - 21%, Japan - 8%, Germany - 5%, about 20.5% falls on the EU). NAFTA approximately 24%.
First subgroup form the countries of the "Big Seven" (USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan, Germany and Italy). These leading countries of the Western world are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity. They have a pronounced post-industrial structure of the economy and a high level of development of market relations. The G7 countries account for about 50% of world GNP and industrial production, over 25% of agricultural production, GDP per capita in them is from 20 to 30 thousand dollars.
To second subgroup include smaller, but also highly developed countries of Western Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, etc.). Despite the fact that the political and economic power of each of these countries is small, on the whole they play an ever-increasing role in world affairs. They are actively involved in the global system of territorial division of labor. GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries.
Third subgroup form non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of South Africa. These are the former resettlement colonies of Great Britain, which practically did not know feudalism. At present, they are distinguished by some uniqueness of political and economic development. Recently, Israel has also been included in this group.
Fourth subgroup is still in the stage of formation. It was formed in 1997, after such countries and territories of Asia as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were transferred to the category of economically developed countries. These states have come close to other economically developed countries in terms of GDP per capita. They have a wide and varied economic structure, including a rapidly growing service sector, and are actively involved in world trade.
TO developing countries includes about 150 countries and territories, which together occupy more than half of the earth's land area and concentrate about 3/5 of the world's population. On the political map, these countries cover a vast belt stretching in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania to the north and especially south of the equator. Some of them (Iran, Thailand, Ethiopia, Egypt, Latin American countries, etc.) enjoyed independence long before the Second World War. But most of them won their independence only in the post-war period.
Developing countries can be divided into six subgroups.
First subgroup form the key countries - India, Brazil and Mexico, which have a very large natural, human and economic potential and in many ways are the leaders of the developing world. These three countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. But their GDP per capita is much lower than in economically developed countries.
In second subgroup includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and have a per capita GDP in excess of $ 1,000. Most of these countries are in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North America.
TO third subgroup can be attributed to newly industrialized countries (NIS), specializing in a number of labor-intensive manufacturing industries. In the 80s and 90s. XX century they made such a leap that they received the nickname "Asian Tigers." "In these countries, the economy over the past 20 years has developed at an extremely high rate due to foreign investment, the introduction of the latest technologies and the availability of cheap and qualified local labor" http://info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm. The "first echelon" of such countries includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The "second echelon" usually includes Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.
Fourth subgroup form oil exporting countries. Thanks to the inflow of "petrodollars", the per capita GDP reaches from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. These are primarily the countries of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran), as well as Libya, Brunei and some other countries. These countries have very high GDP per capita rates from oil sales. Rapid development of countries - the emergence of powerful banks, companies, modern cities, water and energy supply systems; an increase in the standard of living of the population is often combined in these countries with the former social life, which is primarily determined by Islam.
V fifth, the largest subgroup includes most of the "classic" developing countries with a GDP per capita of less than $ 1,000 per year. A characteristic feature of these countries is a backward diversified economy. These are countries that are lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than $ 1,000. They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal vestiges. Most of these countries are in Africa, but they are also in Asia and Latin America. This subgroup includes the states of the concessional development of capitalism, which got rich on the development of tourism (Jamaica, Bogamy, etc.).
Sixth subgroup form about 40 countries (with a total population of 600 million people), which, according to the UN classification, belong to the least developed countries. They are dominated by consumer agriculture, there is almost no manufacturing industry, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate, and the average per capita GDP is $ 100-300 per year. These countries are characterized by low levels and rates of socio-economic development; high birth and death rates, dependence of the economy on agriculture. These countries enjoy special attention of the world community, in them the global problems of mankind are most clearly manifested.
The place of any country in the typology is not constant and can change over time. This subgroup includes such countries as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Mali, Ethiopia, Haiti, etc.
The inclusion of post-socialist countries with economies in transition in this two-term typology presents certain difficulties. In terms of their socio-economic indicators, most of the countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic States, of course, are economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are both economically developed and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing ones. The same contradictory position is occupied by China, which has its own characteristics both in the political system and in socio-economic development.
7. You can also group countries by nationality. “The population of the Earth belongs to 4 main and several intermediate and mixed racial groups.
Race is a historically formed group of people connected by the unity of origin, which is expressed in common morphological and physiological characteristics.
- 70% of the world's population is composed of four main races: 43% - Caucasian race; 19% - Mongoloid race; 7% - Negroid race; 1% - Australoid race.
- 30% of the population belongs to intermediate (Ethiopians, Malagasy, Polynesians) and mixed racial groups - mestizo (Caucasian and Mongoloid); mulattoes (Caucasoid and Negroid); Sambo (Negroid and Mongoloid). Mestizos, sambo and mulattoes live mainly in the countries of Latin America.
“There are about 3 thousand peoples in the world. Most of them are small in number, and 57% of the world's population falls to the share of large peoples, whose number is more than 50 million each ”http://www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm. The largest peoples in the world with a population of over 100 million. are Chinese, Hindus, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians, and Japanese. Peoples are classified according to language. Peoples with related languages are grouped into language groups, and groups into language families. The largest linguistic family is Indo-European, the languages of which are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia, with a total population of about 2.5 billion people. This family includes such large groups of languages as Slavic, Romance, Germanic and Indo-Aryan. More than 1 billion people speaks the languages of the Sino-Tibetan family.
Depending on whether or not ethnic borders coincide with state ones, the countries of the world are divided into single-ethnic and multinational.
The world is dominated by multinational countries, within the borders of which several ethnic groups live, for example, India, Russia, China, USA, Indonesia.
Binational - Canada, Belgium. Examples of single-national countries are Poland, Germany, Argentina, Australia, Japan.
country world territory build
CALCULATION PART OF CONTROL WORK
In this part of the test, we need to give the condition of the problem to be solved, the calculation methodology, the calculation itself, and draw conclusions on the indicated problematic issues based on the data obtained.
Problem number 1
The countries of Arica and Brita produce only two goods - steel and flour, the level of costs for their production is characterized by the data shown in Table 1, the marginal replacement costs remain unchanged for any production volume.
Table 1 - Costs of steel and flour production in Arica and Britica:
Define:
Describe how in this situation, according to the theory of A. Smith, trade between these countries will be built. What is the disadvantage of this theory?
What goods will Arica and Britica export and import in a free trade environment?
The initial data for the options are presented in table 2 of the guidelines.
The variant number corresponds to the last number of the grade book. The solution technique can be illustrated by the following example.
The level of costs for steel and flour in Arica and Britica is characterized by the data shown in table 3, the marginal replacement costs remain unchanged for any volume of production.
Table 3 - Costs of steel and flour production in Arica and Britica
Define:
In the production of which product and which country has an absolute advantage?
For which commodity does each country have a comparative advantage?
A comparison of the absolute costs, that is, the cost of producing steel and flour in each country, indicates that Britica has lower costs for both products. Consequently, this country has an absolute advantage in both flour and steel.
Based on the data obtained, it is necessary to draw a conclusion about how in this situation, according to the theory of absolute advantages, trade between these countries will be built. Point out the drawback of this theory.
To determine the comparative advantage of each country, it is necessary to calculate the comparative advantage ratios.
The calculation of coefficients for steel is carried out as follows:
for Arika 180: 157 = 1.15;
for Britica 163: 136 = 1.2.
Consequently, Arika has a comparative advantage in steel production (as 1.15<1,2).
Comparative advantage ratios for flour are calculated in a similar way.
for Arika 157/180 = 0.87;
for Britica 136/163 = 0.83.
Accordingly, Britika has a comparative advantage in flour production (as 0.83<0,87).
It is necessary to indicate the directions of specialization for each country
based on the identified relative advantages.
Thus, we can conclude that Britica should sell flour, and Arica should sell steel.
Problem number 2
If the demand function for wheat in country X has the form O x = A x -b xX P, and the supply function is 8 x = C x + c1 x xP, and in country Y demand is expressed by the relationship B y = A y - b yX P, and the function of the sentence 8 Y = C Y + c! y xP, determine what will be the price of wheat in each country in the absence of foreign trade? What will be the trading volumes? With a world price level of $ 6.4, what will be the volumes of exports and imports? Imagine the equilibrium in the national markets of countries X and Y, the volumes of exports and imports graphically.
The initial data for the options are presented in table 4 of the guidelines.
From the equilibrium condition in the domestic markets of countries, the price level and volume of sales within each country are determined. The wheat market situation in countries X and Y is presented graphically.
The resulting graphs display the level of the world price, which clearly shows which of the countries will be the importer and which will be the exporter of wheat. If the level of demand in the country at a given price level exceeds the supply, then the country will import this product. Accordingly, if the supply at the world price level is greater than the demand, the country will export the goods.
Import and export volumes are also displayed on the graphs.
To determine the price of wheat and the volume of trade in each country in the absence of foreign trade, we will perform the following steps:
The demand function for wheat in country X is:
Dx = 365-8p, and the offer function, respectively: Sx = 160 + 17p.
In country Y, demand is expressed by the dependence:
Du = 220-15p, and the supply function, respectively: Su = 70 + 15p.
Determine the equilibrium price and sales volume in country X:
Dx = Sx, that is, 365-8p = 160 + 17p,
p = 8.2 (currency units).
Dx (8.2) = 365-8 * 8.2 = 299.4 (tons).
Similarly, we define the equilibrium price and sales volume in country Y:
Dу = Sу, that is, 220-15р = 70 + 15р,
p = 5 (monetary units).
Du (5) = 70 + 15 * 5 = 70 + 75 = 145 (tons).
Next, we need to determine which of the countries is the exporter and which is the importer. To do this, we need to graphically represent the equilibrium in the national markets X and Y, which will also allow the volumes of exports and imports.
Let's compile the following tables for countries X and Y, respectively:
After analyzing the graphs, we can conclude that country X is an importer, since Sx (5)
To determine the volume of exports and imports at the world price level of $ 6.4, it is necessary to substitute this rate in the previous equations: 1) the volume of imports: Dx (6.4) - Sx (6.4) = 313.8 -268.8 = 45 (tons); 2) export volume: Sу (6.4) -Dу (6.4) = 166-124 = 42 (tons).
Problem number 3
VAZ exports cars to Ukraine. Calculations in this case are carried out in hard currency, the price of one car is $ R. Exchange rate $ 1 = X rubles. Production costs per vehicle are C thousand rubles.
How will VAZ's profit from the export of each car change if:
the ruble will rise by Y%;
the ruble will fall by Y%.
The initial data for the task are presented in Table 5.
Table 5 Initial data for task No. 3
It is necessary to determine the revenue and profit from the sale of one car in rubles at the current exchange rate.
A comparison is made of revenue and profit before and after the exchange rate change, provided that:
with an increase in the exchange rate of the national currency, the cost of one dollar will decrease by Y% rubles;
with a decrease in the rate of the national currency, the cost of one dollar will increase by Y% rubles.
Let's calculate the price of one car: p = 4000 + 2 * 250 = $ 4500.
We will determine the profit from the sale of one car before the change in the exchange rate, but the first step is to determine the exchange rate of $ 1: 27.5 + 2/5 = 27.9 (rubles) and production costs per car: 90,000 + 2 * 500 = 91,000 (rubles) :
Pr = 27.9 * 4500-91000 = 125 550-91000 = 34550 (rubles) - profit from the sale of one car at the current exchange rate.
Let's determine how the profit will change when the rate increases by 1%:
1 $ = 27.9-0.01 * 27.9 = 27.621 (rubles), Pr = 4500 * 27.621-91000 = 33294.5 (rubles),
Pr = Pr0-Pr1 = 33294.5-34550 = -1255.5 (rubles). Thus, we see that the profit decreased by 1255.5 (rubles), that is, it is not profitable for exporters.
Let's determine how the profit will change when the rate depreciates by 1%:
1 $ = 27.9 + 0.01 * 27.9 = 28.179 (rubles), Pr = 4500 * 28.179-91000 = 35805.5 (rubles),
Pr = Pr0-Pr1 = 35805.5-34550 = 1255.5 (rubles). That is, we can observe that the profit increased by 1255.5 rubles, which means that it is profitable for exporters.
Bibliography
- 1.http: //rgo.ru/geography/econom_geography/slovar/tipols1
- 2.http: //geo.1september.ru/2002/21/5.htm
- 3.http: //www.gks.ru/PEREPIS/predv.htm
- 4.http: //geo-pk19.3dn.ru/publ/4-1-0-4
- 5.http: //info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm
- 6.file: // localhost / C: /DOCUME~1/366C~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/Rar$EX00.937/35346.htm
- 7.http: //www.hiv-aids-epidemic.com.ua/past-0071.htm
- 8.http: //info.territory.ru/univer/geo.htm
More than 230 countries and territories are represented on the modern political map of the world, of which more than 190 are sovereign states. Among them there are countries with a very large territory and population (China, India, Russia, the USA) and very tiny ones - such as the "small" states of Europe: Monaco, Andorra, Vatican City, Liechtenstein.
There are single-national (Japan, Sweden, Germany, France, etc.) and multinational countries (India, Russia, Nigeria, USA, etc.). Some states occupy an entire continent (Australia), while others are located on a small island or group of islands (Nauru, Malta, Cape Verde, etc.). There are countries rich in natural resources and deprived of them. There are countries that have access to the open sea and long sea borders (Russia, Canada, USA, China, etc.) and do not have this advantage, i.e. inland countries (Chad, Mali, Central African Republic, Pragwai, Mongolia, etc.). Very often, the peculiarities of the geographic location of a country affect the level of its socio-economic development.
According to one or another criterion (quantitative or qualitative), the totality of the countries of the world can be divided into groups (in other words, they can be classified according to one of the characteristics). For example, the classification of the countries of the world, which was developed by the World Bank experts, is known based on the indicator of national income per capita (groups of countries with low, middle and high income are distinguished).
But the classification (or grouping) of countries is not yet a typology. Each country in the world has its own unique characteristics. By identifying any similarities with other states, certain types of countries can be distinguished. The type of country is formed by a set of conditions and features of development, which in some essential features, on the one hand, make it akin to a number of countries similar to it, and on the other, distinguish it from all others. The very existence of types of countries, their historical evolution are the result of the fact that development is taking place in countries at different rates, in different conditions and in different ways.
At the same time, it is impossible to distinguish the types of countries only on the basis of one or several, albeit very important for all countries, criteria, for example, based on the GDP indicator, the level of development of the state or the wealth and well-being of residents (in this case, we will have a classification of the countries of the world based on one or more other quantitative indicator). The typology is preceded by a huge statistical work. A selection and comparison is made of a large number of economic, demographic and social indicators characterizing the country. Next, you need to find similarities that will help to distribute the states into separate groups.
Typologies are different. There are typologies that take into account the level of development of countries, the level of income of the population and the quality of life, the level of humanitarian development, and so on. Typologies should take into account a large number of indicators and characteristics, including the level of economic and social development of states, historical and political aspects, for example, the level of development of democracy in the country, etc.
For a long time in the scientific literature, a typology was used that divided states into groups according to the principle of belonging to a particular socio-economic formation: capitalist countries(with a market economy) and socialist countries(with a centrally planned economy). Moreover, in a special group were allocated developing countries(or "third world countries") - formerly colonial and dependent territories and embarked on the path of independent development, which could go one way or another. Some of them really chose the socialist path of development. However, with the collapse in the early 1990s. system of socialism, this typology is outdated.