Lesson plan for the subject
"Fundamentals of Life Safety"
in 3rd grade
Teacher: Mamchits Tatyana Semyonovna
Subject: Road signs
Lesson objectives:
To form in students a clear understanding of the conditions for the distribution of road signs into groups based on their distinctive features; learn to identify cause-and-effect relationships; draw conclusions.
To develop cognitive interest, abstract and logical thinking of students, as well as visual memory and attention; improve students’ ability to collaborate in groups;
To update knowledge of the rules of safe behavior on the roads, to cultivate a conscious attitude towards compliance with traffic rules.
Equipment: didactic handouts for group and individual work.
During the classes
I. Organizing time
II. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Setting goals and objectives
Listen to the poem and explain why it is called “A Bad Story.”
The city is full of traffic -
Cars are running in a row.
Colored traffic lights
Both day and night burn.
But who at the red light
Walking straight?
And this is the boy Petya -
A braggart and a mischief-maker.
The drivers are worried
All the horns are blaring,
Wheels and motors
They want to stop.
The driver turned sharply
Sweaty like never before:
One more minute -
There would be trouble.
Why is the poem called "A Bad Story"?
What kind of trouble could happen? What didn’t Petya know?
What road assistants are there for drivers and pedestrians? (Road signs)
That's right, and the topic of our lesson is “Road Signs”.
Formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson.
What are “Road Signs”? Let's try to find the meaning of this word. You have cards on the table. Various definitions are written on them, read, choose the one that most suits the phrase “Road signs”. We all work together, consult in a group, decide who will be responsible.
(Read, choose)
So which definition did you choose? Right.
Road signs - They are figures of a certain shape, size and color.
Road signs- these are signs of an agreed shape, color and size, containing a specific image and installed on the roads in order to inform pedestrians and drivers about traffic modes and conditions.
Road signs- this is an element of road equipment in the form of a shield of a certain shape with symbols or inscriptions intended for the information of drivers and pedestrians.
Cut out and paste the topic of our lesson on your prepared sheets of paper, and paste the definition next to it.
What do you think are the purpose of road signs? Road signs do the same job as a traffic light. They help regulate the movement of cars and pedestrians. Road signs tell you what awaits the driver on the road.
Who should know road signs? Only drivers? (and pedestrians too)
Road signs are made in the form of simple drawings; they are always clear, not similar to one another, without unnecessary details or decorations. Why do you think the signs are made in the form of simple drawings? ( so that they can be distinguished from afar and so that they are understandable to both Russians, Tajiks, and foreign tourists)
What road signs do you know? What do they mean?
Historical information about the appearance of road signs
Scientists were surprised when, during excavations near the Italian city of Livorno, they discovered a “road sign” from the times of Ancient Rome.
The Latin inscription warned “This place is dangerous!” Already in those distant times, people, just like we do today, thought about traffic safety. Our ancestors took care of roads even when they rode horses and walked. In the forest they made hems in the trees, in the steppe they laid stones and erected pillars.
Under Peter I, the pillars became striped and were clearly visible from a distance. Later, inscriptions began to be made on poles located at intersections about where the “path-road” led.
Road signs, especially those with several words, took time to read. Not every driver had time to read them, especially in the dark. Another question arose. If a foreigner is driving along the road who does not know in English how can he know about the danger?
Therefore, it soon became clear that signs and symbols - the best option for all.
In Russia, road signs began to be installed in the 20s of the last century. They were made with reflective colored paint for better visibility in the dark. Road signs are of great importance for road safety. Therefore, it is prohibited to remove them, damage them, or block them. Deliberate damage to road signs will result in a fine.
Road signs are a wonderful invention. They are understandable without words to residents of all countries. The problem of ensuring safe traffic on the streets became relevant with the advent of horse carts and other first vehicles. It’s hard to believe, but even in those distant years people died from the unorganized movement.
While the speed of the horse carriage did not exceed 20 kilometers per hour, they did not think about special road signs.
The world's first car was invented by Karl Benz in 1886. Traffic rules appeared a long time ago. Sometimes they took rather curious forms, for example, there was a requirement that a boy run in front of the car, loudly shouting to announce the approach of the carriage, so that respectable townspeople would not faint from horror when a monster appeared on the road moving at a terrible speed of 12 versts per hour.
In 1909, an international road congress was held in Paris, in which Russia also participated. At the congress they discussed the requirements for installing signs. 4 road signs were adopted.
In 1920, the first official traffic rules appeared: “On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules).”
In 1961 the first general rules, which were in force everywhere in all cities - “Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR.”
Road signs are used in all countries of the world, and transport drivers, arriving in another country, without knowing the language, understand the symbols on the road signs of that country and have the opportunity to drive vehicles on unfamiliar roads. Signs are installed on the right side of the road.
III. Repetition of learned material
From the message you learned that not only drivers, but also pedestrians should know the rules of the road. Please remember and name the three main rules of a pedestrian.
1. The pedestrian must walk
a) along the sidewalk
b) along the roadway
c) along the sidewalk and roadway
2. A pedestrian crosses the street
a) wherever he wants
b) in the designated place
c) depending on the situation and time
3. You need to cross the street at
a) red light
b) green light
c) yellow light
- Look at the blackboard. Did you correctly name the three main rules of a pedestrian? Guys, if you know the rules of a pedestrian, then any road will be safe for you. Examination.
IV. Work on the topic of the lesson
Teacher's story about road signs
Guys, road signs warn pedestrians and drivers about possible dangers (for example, that the road is slippery, that road works are in progress, and other dangers), they prohibit passing, overtaking, and leaving, they limit the speed of movement, and indicate where to turn around and park vehicles. Road signs are used in all countries of the world, and drivers arriving in another country, without knowing the language, understand the symbols on the road signs of that country and can drive on unfamiliar roads. Guys, when you grow up, you will also start driving vehicles. Knowledge about road signs will be useful to you not only today as pedestrians, but also in your future life.
Road signs are divided into 5 main groups: warning, prohibiting, prescriptive, informational, service signs.
Guys, in front of each of your groups there is a file. You will find material there. Read the text, study (what are the road signs, what does this or that group of road signs mean, what is the difference between this or that group of signs, what do the signs in the red triangle, in the blue circle, in the red circle, in the blue rectangle mean)
- First group, find everything about warning signs, will tell others about it.
- Second, To prescriptive signs.
- Third, find and read everything that relates To prohibiting signs.
- Fourth, find and read everything that relates to information and directional signs.
- Fifth, find and read everything that relates to service signs.
Material for self-study in groups
Road signs perform the same role as traffic lights, lines marking the carriageway of streets and roads. They help regulate and organize the flow of cars and people, make the work of drivers easier, and help them and pedestrians navigate correctly in difficult traffic conditions.
What is the purpose of road signs?
Road signs warn pedestrians and drivers about possible danger, indicate possible danger, and oblige drivers to be extremely careful; establish the order of crossing intersections or narrow sections of streets; prohibit any actions by drivers and pedestrians; drivers are instructed to move in a certain direction, i.e. Follow the instructions indicated on them; inform drivers of different road conditions; contain various information, explanations and help drivers and pedestrians navigate their way; notify about places of rest, gas stations, etc. etc.
On which side are road signs installed?
Road signs are installed on the right side of the road.
Road signs, road markings and other technical means of traffic management are of great importance for traffic safety. Therefore, it is prohibited to remove, damage, block signs, damage road surfaces, stack or leave any objects on the roads, or create other obstacles to traffic. Intentional damage to roads, railway crossings and other road structures or technical means traffic regulation, deliberate obstruction of traffic will entail a fine.
All road signs are divided into different groups according to their purpose: warning signs, prohibiting, instructing, information and directional signs, service signs.
Mandatory signs. Mandatory signs - circular signs of blue color with a white pattern. These signs tell the driver which way to go on the road.
Warning signs- these are triangular-shaped signs with a red border, which are clearly visible from afar. The main function of such signs, as their name suggests, is to warn the driver and pedestrian about possible dangers and to warn them against road accidents. Warning signs are installed on dangerous sections of roads and can be easily distinguished from all other signs.
Prohibition signs- red round signs. These signs prohibit the driver from doing anything. For example, entering, stopping, overtaking. You can often find the following prohibitions: road signs: entry prohibited (brick road sign), movement prohibited, turning prohibited, overtaking prohibited, maximum speed limit, stopping and parking prohibited. Prohibition signs are white or blue circles with a red border. Many of them have a red line through them.
Information and directional signs. Most of these signs are blue rectangles or squares with various designs.
Among the signs that are directly intended for pedestrians are the following signs: “Bus and (or) trolleybus stop”, “Tram stop”, “Taxi parking”, “Pedestrian crossing”, “Artificial hump”.
Service marks- this is a blue rectangle with a pattern. Service is service. Service signs tell the driver where to eat and rest, get the car repaired, where the gas station, hospital, etc. are located. Service marks are a blue rectangle with a pattern.
Cut out the name of your group's signs, select the model of your group's signs from the file, paste the name and model of the signs.
Decide who in the group will answer about their group of signs, tell the rest of the groups.
V. Checking the progress of the work(Each group gives its own message.)
Warning signs
Guys, maybe some of you know what any of the signs mean? Riddles and poems will help you get to know them better and remember them.
Men at work
- Why is there no passage?
A man digs the earth.
Maybe he's looking for treasure
And old coins
They are in a large chest.
He probably hid them a long time ago
There is a greedy king underground.
ABOUT dangerous turn
There's a dangerous turn here
Sign warns
Don't fly like an airplane
No one will get hurt
Rough road
Rough road
It threw me up a little
It's good that the sign is there -
Here the driver will slow down.
Railway crossing with barrier
That's the sign
I can't believe my eyes!
What is the battery for?
Does steam heating help with movement?
This is a very necessary sign!
He says to the driver:
“There is a barrier here - a crossing,
Wait, the express will pass!
Well done! And here you can see a sign slippery road, other dangers, railway without barriers.
There are many warning signs. Guys, you must remember that the distinguishing feature white triangle with a red border.
Prohibition signs
The next group of signs are prohibition signs. Name some of these signs that you know.
No stopping allowed
In autumn, winter and summer,
And in the spring, where the sign weighs
Drive on, don't slow down!
Well, if you want to get up,
You will definitely get a fine.
No entry
Driver brake. Stop!
A prohibition sign is in front of you.
This is the strictest sign
So that you don't get into trouble.
You must obey the sign
Don't drive under the brick.
Bicycle traffic is prohibited
Remember this sign, my friend:
The bike is here and the circle
With a large red border.
Stand in front of this sign!
Carry a bicycle in your hands,
There is no way for you here!
No Pedestrians
In rain or shine
There are no pedestrians here.
The sign tells them one thing:
"You are not allowed to go!"
Remember that the distinguishing feature of these signs is white or blue circles with a red border.
Mandatory signs
Movement right and left.
Maybe someone is familiar with these signs? The first sign tells us that we can only move to the left. The second sign is straight ahead.
Dad is going hunting
Rides in Niva - “Russian Jeep”
Suddenly he grabbed his head,
I forgot my gun - I'm in trouble!
The pointer is straight ahead
You can't turn home
Mom told dad,
That he is in a hurry in vain.
Bike Lane
Who has a bike?
They say: “There is no problem:
Sit down, pedal,
Wherever you want, go there!”
Everything is not easy, everything is wrong -
Drive where this sign is:
The circle is colored blue.
And in the circle is a bicycle!
Footpath
Along the walking path
Only the legs walk.
Only in a stroller and at the movies
Driving here is allowed.
Guys prescriptive signs too a large number of, their distinctive feature is blue circles with a white pattern.
Informational - indicative
Have you seen any familiar signs here?
Bus stop location
Under this sign, oddly enough,
Everyone is constantly waiting for something.
Some sitting, some standing...
What kind of place is this?
Crosswalk
A pedestrian! Decided the way
Is it safe to cross?
I will help you with this!
Hurry up to find me!
What are the names of the other signs?
(parking area, elevated pedestrian crossing, underground pedestrian crossing)
Look at the distinctive feature of these signs: a blue rectangle or square with a pattern.
Service marks
The distinctive feature of these signs is a blue rectangle with a pattern. Who knows what these signs are called? (telephone, food service, hospital, gas station, first aid station).
VI. Physical education minute
Along the path, along the path we jump on the right leg
And we jump along the same path on our left leg.
Let's run along the path
We'll run to the lawn.
On the lawn, on the lawn we'll jump like bunnies.
Stop. Let's rest a little and go home on foot.
VIІ . Checking your understanding of the material
Children are given tasks - to connect the name of a group of road signs with a sign with a line.
- Consolidation of what has been learned. Independent work
(on pieces of paper)
And now I would like to check whether you can now really be called traffic experts. Answer the questions:
1. Road signs in all countries
C) different
H) the same
2. If a person enters public transport, He
N) passenger
M) driver
3. Signs: telephone, food point, gas station - this is
O) prescriptive signs
A) service marks
4. The “Pedestrian crossing” sign looks like this:
T) blue square, inside a white triangle with a picture of a person
D) a red triangle with a picture of a person
5. Mandatory signs have the form
O) triangle
6. At what age is it legal to ride a bicycle on the roads?
D) from 10 years old
K) from 14 years old
If all the answers are correct, you should get a word. Which?" CONFIDENT»
I'm happy with you. You are all experts. I think you will also cope with the tasks that I have prepared for you “excellently!”
"Traffic Situations"
Situation 1.
Two boys and three girls left school. When they approached the pedestrian crossing, the green signal had already begun to flash. The boys ran across the road at a run, and the girls remained to wait for the next signal. How many guys crossed the road correctly?
(Three girls. The safest thing to do is wait for the next green signal.)
Situation 2.
Six people got off the bus. Three of them crossed the road at the pedestrian crossing, two went around the front of the bus, and one remained at the stop. How many people did the right thing?
(One. The correct thing to do is wait until the bus leaves the stop, and only then cross the road.)
Situation 3.
Seven children were playing ball on the road. The two went home. The rest stayed to play on the road. How many guys did the right thing?
(Not a single one. You cannot play on the roadway.
IX. Lesson summary. Reflection
What new did you learn in class today that you didn’t know before?
Who remembered which group signs you collected in the group task?
What did you like most about the lesson?
How do you feel when you finish this lesson?
Well done! Today you worked very well in the lesson, repeated the rules of the road again, learned a lot of new road signs.
Traffic light on the board
Children have 3 smileys in the envelope, yellow, red, green. They must evaluate the degree to which they have mastered the new material in the lesson and attach the corresponding emoticon to the Traffic Light.
Green- If everything was clear to you during the lesson, you remembered the new topic well.
Yellow - If you still have questions about the topic, you should read the article again at home to better remember it.
Red- the material seemed difficult, it was difficult for you in the lesson.
Observant task
Carefully look at the road signs that you meet on the way home or that are located near your house or store. Memorize them or sketch them. Determine their name and the group to which they belong.
A task for the curious
And for the most curious, there is one more, very difficult task. During the lesson we only learned about 5 groups of road signs. In fact, there are slightly more of them. Try to find out from adults which groups of road signs are not mentioned in the textbook, and draw such signs.
other emergency presentations
“Human Life” - Threats to the safety of human life: P. F. Lesgaft. To become controllable, movement must be felt. A. A. Kadochnikov. Physiology of movements and activity. Fundamentals of the pedagogical system. By what mechanisms should the result be obtained? When exactly should the result be obtained? N. A. Bernstein.
“Child safety” - “Labor”. Children's play set "The ABCs of Fire Safety". The purpose of the cycle is to study the development of children’s orientation skills in the surrounding reality, adaptive capabilities for safe behavior on the streets and roads of the city, which are based on motor, communicative, reflexive, psychophysiological, age-related, personal and social attitudes.
“Training tasks” - Multi-level tasks. Identifying the abilities of each student and forming groups. Improving student abilities and skills with one-on-one guidance. Relevance of the topic: Cards Tests Creation of presentations Practical tasks. Life safety teacher T.R. Oshmarina. Objectives: Identifying the inclinations and abilities of each student.
“Life Safety Education” - When drawing up work programs, it is necessary to be guided by the Recommendations presented in the letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region dated July 21, 2009 No. 103/3404. Classes are organized for girls in grades 10-11 (at discretion) to study sections of the program “Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge and healthy image life" (A. T. Smirnov, P. V. Izhevsky, B. O. Khrennikov, M. V. Maslov).
“Hydrodynamic accidents” - Canned food. Do not attempt to evacuate on your own. Cracker. Gather at the evacuation point. Smoked meats. Gather a supply of basic medicines. It is necessary to take warm clothes (three changes of clothes). Take a thermos and a flask with you. Pack a supply of food and water for 3 days. Concentrates. Turn on the TV or radio - find out the type of emergency.
Slide 2
We all know that it is easier to prevent an accident than to eliminate its consequences later. And in order to quickly and correctly navigate a given situation, remember the rules of behavior in emergency conditions and demand their compliance from others, we must be warned about the danger in time. How do you know that this is where you need to be especially careful, or how to act in extreme circumstances? There are special signs for this, which are called SAFETY SIGNS.
Slide 3
Types of fire safety signs
Safety signs are intended to tell a person how to behave in various situations. Signs are divided into subgroups: - fire safety signs, - prohibition signs, - warning signs, - evacuation signs. To consolidate the material and test the acquired knowledge, complete the “Safety Signs” test.
Slide 4
Slide 5
Directional arrow
The sign is used only in conjunction with other fire safety signs. It indicates the direction of movement to the place where fire protection equipment is located.
Slide 6
45 degree guide arrow
The sign indicates the direction of movement to the place where fire protection equipment is located.
Slide 7
Fire hydrant
The sign is installed in places where there is a fire hydrant complete with a fire hose and barrel.
Slide 8
Fire escape
The sign is installed where the fire escape is located.
Slide 9
Fire extinguisher
The sign indicates that a fire extinguisher is located in this location.
Slide 10
Telephone for use in case of fire
The image of a telephone handset informs that a telephone is installed in this location, by which you can call the fire department.
Slide 11
Location of multiple fire protection equipment
If several primary fire protection means are located in any place at the same time, this sign is installed there.
Slide 12
Fire water source
In order to show the place where a fire reservoir or pier for fire engines is located, this sign is installed.
Slide 13
Fire hydrant
The letters “P” and “G” are depicted in a white square with a red border, which means “fire hydrant”. Below the letters are three arrows. Next to the arrows there are numbers indicating the distance from the sign to the hydrant in meters. These signs are installed in locations where underground fire hydrants are located.
Slide 14
Prohibition signs
Slide 15
No smoking
The sign is installed where smoking can cause a fire, for example, on the doors and walls of premises (or in areas) where there are flammable and flammable substances.
Slide 16
It is prohibited to use open flames
The sign is installed in places where an open flame can cause a fire: on doors, walls of premises, laboratories, garages, workshops.
Slide 17
No entry
The sign indicates that passage in this area is prohibited. It is installed at the entrance to hazardous areas, premises, areas, etc.
Slide 18
It is forbidden to extinguish fire
Where electrical equipment is located or there are substances in the event of fire of which water cannot be used, this sign is installed.
Slide 19
It is prohibited to block aisles and/or store
The sign is installed on evacuation routes, at exits, in places where fire protection equipment is placed, first aid kits, in short, in places to which access must always remain free.
Slide 20
Warning signs
Slide 21
Fire hazardous. Flammable substances
Such signs are used to draw attention to areas where flammable substances are stored. They are installed on entrance doors, containers, cabinet doors, etc.
Slide 22
Explosive
These signs are used to draw attention to explosive substances; they are installed on entrance doors, walls of rooms, cabinet doors, etc. The sign is not directly related to fire safety signs, but it warns of a situation that may arise in the event of a fire.
Slide 23
Dangerous. Toxic substances
These signs warn of the danger of poisoning. They are installed in places where toxic substances are stored, isolated, produced and used.
Slide 24
Electric Shock Hazard
The sign warns of the danger of electric shock. These signs are installed on power transmission poles, electrical equipment and devices, power panel doors, electrical panels and cabinets.
Slide 25
Attention. Danger
The sign indicates other dangers that are not marked with corresponding signs. This sign is used in conjunction with additional safety signs with explanatory inscriptions.
Slide 26
Evacuation signs
Slide 28
Direction to emergency exit via stairs
The sign is installed on landings or walls adjacent to the flight of stairs.
Slide 29
Exit sign
Install a sign above the emergency exit doors.
Ogorodnikov A.V.
Krestyaninov M. Yu.
Practical work report
“Safety signs. Safety posters"
Task No. 1 (1 option)
During operation of the crane, the load may fall, therefore, it is advisable to place a warning sign “Danger. Load may fall” (W06). 
Since the building is electrically connected, it is advisable to post a warning sign “Electric Shock Hazard” (W08).
Since there is a risk of slipping during the work, it is advisable to place a warning sign “Caution. Slippery” (W28).
Since the load may fall during operation of the crane, in order to avoid injury, it is prohibited to obstruct aisles or store, therefore, it is advisable to place a prohibitory sign “It is prohibited to obstruct aisles and (or) store” (P12).
During work, there is a possibility of heavy objects falling on a person from above, so it is necessary to work in a hard hat or helmet, therefore, it is advisable to place a mandatory sign “Work in a safety helmet (helmet)” (M02).
In the basement of the building, the emergency exit is located in the direction up the stairs. Therefore, it is advisable to place an evacuation sign there “Direction to the emergency exit up the stairs” (E16).
It is advisable to place a “Drinking Water” sign (D02) at the source of drinking water.
It is safe to work with electrical equipment only in specially designated areas; therefore, it is advisable to place a “Work here” sign (2.5.9).
Task No. 2 (4 option)
For this premises we suggest placing the following safety signs: 
Warning sign "Electric Shock Hazard" because the welding process uses electrical energy.
Warning sign "Caution. Hot surface”, since during the welding process the metal melts and can remain hot for some time.
The mandatory sign “Work in a protective shield”, because the welding process emits ultraviolet radiation that is harmful to the eyes, and it is also possible to emit splashes of hot metal.
Mandatory signs “Work with protective gloves” and “Work with protective clothing”, since during welding splashes of hot metal may be released.
Currently, there are many special technical means and systems for sending and receiving distress signals. This includes the International Space System for Searching for Emergency Ships and Aircraft (COSPAS-SARSAT), automatic radio beacons and other radio systems. Various pyrotechnic signaling devices—signal, lighting, and smoke flares—have become widespread.
However, in a situation of forced autonomous existence, these funds are unlikely to be at hand. Therefore, we will consider methods of sending distress signals, the implementation of which is possible without the presence of special technical means.
Signal fires. This is the simplest and most accessible way of signaling, which has been used by some peoples from time immemorial to the present. First of all, you need to choose a place convenient for fires, clearly visible both from the ground and from the air. Open spaces - clearings, wide clearings, lakes - are suitable for this purpose. It is better if the place chosen for fires is on a hill. It should also be remembered that this place should be close to the victims’ camp.
To attract the attention of rescuers, you need to light not one, but several fires. It is customary to light three fires located on the same line or at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. Such figures are international distress signals (Fig. 152). Five fires forming the letter T indicate a place suitable for landing an airplane or helicopter.
The distance between fires should be at least 30 - 50 m.
Methods for equipping signal fires are shown in Fig. 153.
At night, a fire lit in a shelter is clearly visible (Fig. 154). This option can be used if the victims have polyethylene, light, transparent fabric or a parachute.
As a last resort, you can set a free-standing tree on fire, taking precautions to avoid a forest fire.
Preparing fires should be started as soon as the first necessary steps have been completed or there are free people. At each fire you need to prepare a good supply of reliable kindling and firewood, covered in case of bad weather. It should be remembered that a fire ready to be lit and a sufficient supply of firewood is a guarantee of sending a reliable signal to rescuers who come out or fly out to help the victims. For quick, guaranteed lighting of signal fires, it is necessary to place guards around them to support the so-called small pilot fires.
On heavily moist soil, signal fires should be placed on log decks (Fig. 155).
Fires lit on rafts set some distance from the shore and secured with anchors or tied with ropes are clearly visible (Fig. 156).
Smoke signals are most effective on clear, calm days. Moreover, they are visible at a distance of up to 80 km. To increase the amount of smoke, you need to throw raw branches and grass (prepared in advance) into the fire. However, in winter and in inclement weather in summer, such smoke is hardly noticeable. At this time of year, black smoke is clearly visible. For this you can use rubber, plastic or car oil.
At night you need a bright fire made of dry wood. A pilot can see such a fire at a distance of up to 20 km. From the ground it is visible at a distance of up to 10 km.
If for some reason it was possible to make only one fire, then it is recommended to periodically cover it with a piece of cloth or thick spruce branches. Such a pulsating fire attracts the attention of rescuers better than a constantly burning one.
A good effect for detecting a location is achieved by using a signal mirror - a heliograph. The brightness of the light signal “bunny” of such a mirror at a sun angle of 90° reaches approximately 7 million candles. The flash of such a mirror is visible from an airplane flying at an altitude of 1 - 2 km, from a distance of 20 - 25 km.
The simplest signal mirror can be made from a metal plate, polished on both sides. The signal detection range will depend on the degree of polishing of the surfaces. In the center of the plate you need to make a hole with a diameter of 5 - 7 mm. Through the hole in the plate you need to observe the plane that appears (Fig. 157).
After this, without losing sight of the object, you should turn the mirror towards the sun. Having found a sunbeam (light glare) appearing on your face or clothing, you need to turn the mirror to align its reflection on the back of the mirror with the hole. In the position when the reflected solar flare is aligned with the mirror hole, the light signal is directed at the aircraft. Giving signals in this way is a complex task and requires preliminary training. Even without seeing or hearing the plane, you can periodically run a light “bunny” along the horizon line.
As a reflective surface, you can use the reflective materials at hand - tin, metal
Russian foil (including chocolate wrapper), an ordinary pocket mirror. If the victims have a sufficient supply of foil, then pieces of it can be hung on tree branches. Reflecting the sun's rays from different angles, they will attract the attention of rescuers from afar. For the same purpose, you can lay out pieces of foil along the hillside. Before this, the foil must be slightly wrinkled, creating many reflective planes located at different angles.
Rescuers have developed and use the International Code Table (Fig. 158).
Signals are posted in places that are clearly visible from the air - in clearings, unforested hillsides. Recommended signal sizes are at least 10 m long, 3 m wide and 3 m between signs. To make signs, you can use any materials available to victims. The main requirement is that they should stand out well on the earth's surface. Suitable items for posting signs include clothing, tents, sleeping bags, life jackets, etc.
If there is no equipment, a signal sign can be dug by removing the turf and laying it (upside down) next to the trench, increasing the width of the sign. A sign lined with spruce branches is clearly visible in the snow. Examples of sign equipment are shown in Fig. 159.
If the aircraft descends significantly, the International Aviation Emergency Signal Signs can be used (Fig. 160).
Responses from the aircraft may be as follows (Fig. 161): I see you - a turn in the horizontal plane (a circle above the detected people) or a green rocket.
Expect help on the spot, a helicopter will come for you - a figure-of-eight flight in the horizontal plane or a red rocket.
Go in the indicated direction - an airplane flying over those in distress in the direction of travel or a yellow flare.
Got you - swinging from wing to wing or a white rocket. At night: turn on and off twice
landing lights or navigation lights. The absence of these signs indicates that the sign given from the ground is not accepted.
I don’t understand you - snake flight or two red rockets.
Indicate the landing direction and landing location - a dive followed by a turn or two green rockets.
Information signals (Fig. 162). They are used when it is necessary to leave a disaster zone or camp.
In this case, you should always leave a clearly visible sign - an arrow indicating the direction in which the victims left. It is also necessary to mark the route with some signs.