Watch in 3rd person. How to determine the face of a verb? The order of personal pronouns in English

Recall that in a sentence, a verb can act as a predicate (personal forms of the verb) or be part of a predicate (non-personal forms of the verb). Only personal forms of verbs have face and number.

V English language the verb has two numbers (singular and plural), and is also conjugated by persons (first person - I / we - I / We, second person - you / you - You / You, third person - he / she / it / they - He / She / It / They).

When constructing a sentence in English, the face and number of the verb is determined by the subject, which is expressed by both personal pronouns and nouns.

So, in the present tense, the ending must be added to verbs in the third person, singular ‘ s / es ’.

I sometimes play computer games.

She sometimes watch es TV.

She sometimes watches TV.

Consider the forms of the verb to be depending on the person and number.

PRESENT TIME

Thus, in all other situations, the face and number of a verb is determined only by context or by pronoun. Therefore, personal pronouns are never omitted as a subject and always stand in front of a semantic verb.

In this tutorial we will get to know:

Third-person personal pronouns
Rules for reading letter combinations sh, ch
Verb in the third person, singular present tense, transformation of verbs in this number and person. End increment rules -s and reading it
New words in English

Third person personal pronouns and verb be in third person

Third-person personal pronouns include:

they[ðei] - they

she *[ʃi:] - she

it- this, he, she, it

* - pay attention to the pronunciation of this pronoun. The fact is that in English there is no sound [s], so you cannot pronounce the familiar [shy], but you cannot pronounce the sound [i] too softly, then you will get [shchi], try to pronounce something in between.

We have already met the combination of letters sh in the previous lessons, and now it's time to learn the rule of reading it. This combination reads like sound [ʃ] - analogue of the Russian "sh", and an example from the last lesson: short [ʃɔ: (r) t]- short

Before seeing the features of the use of these pronouns in sentences, let's see what form the verb takes be after these pronouns:

are

Now look at the features of third person personal pronouns:

A feature of the English language is that gender division in speech is expressed only with people. That is, we use pronouns he and she only when replacing nouns expressing people of the corresponding gender. In other cases, a personal pronoun is used It... It is placed in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning the language, since we do not need to learn any kind of this or that noun to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the sex of some phenomenon, animal, then it is allowed to use pronouns he and she... But the pronoun they replaces all third-person plural nouns, regardless of what the noun is (person, object, animal, or some kind of force). Also the pronoun It maybe as a formal subject - remember the example from the previous lesson:

It is sunny today.

In this sentence, the personal pronoun is not translated into Russian, but it is necessary in English to preserve the order in the structure of the sentence (you will further understand that English loves order very much, everything is strictly structured in it). Check out other examples:

The friend read s a plan. He is good.

friend

But friend maybe a woman, then:

She is good.

This sentence can also describe a noun plan then it is replaced it:

It is good.

To the verb read added ending -s... We will analyze the reason for setting this ending later in this lesson.

People * like books *. They are very good.

they

* - Although it is still early, but if you could notice - before the nouns people and books there is no determinant, and in the previous lesson it was said that a noun must be preceded by an article or some other determinant. In our sentence, nouns are plural, but in the context we mean indefinite people and books. And we must put the indefinite article a... But the fact is that historically this article is derived from the numeral "one". Therefore, it would be grammatically incorrect to put "one people" or "one book" in the sentence, and in this connection the article is omitted, but it is assumed that it is there (zero article). We will consider this case in more detail when we study the cases of setting articles. And in this sentence, before the nouns, you can put the definite article the, but then the meaning of the sentence will change - people and books will no longer be just any, but "quite" specific.

If there are several personal pronouns in the sentence, then their order is as follows - the 3rd person is placed in front of 1 l., 2 l. placed before 3 l., examples:

She and I read the book.

You and he are friends.

And remember that, as in Russian, personal pronouns replace other parts of speech in a sentence (most often a noun). Therefore, in the sentence the verb be conjugates with nouns according to the same principle. In order to understand what we are talking about, let's rewrite the last 3 sentences:

The friends(they) are very good.

Anna(she) and I read the book.

You and Pavel(he) are friends.

Present simple tense. Verbs in the third person, present tense singular.

Time present simple very similar to the present in Russian and expresses the usual daily events, indisputable facts, everything that is in the present. Remember what happens to the ending of the verb in Russian using the example of the verb "I read":

But there is one difficulty - with the education of 3 y. units h the verb has a number of exceptions:

If the verb ends in letters: -s, -sh, -ch, -x, then for the formation of the 3rd person singular of the verb, the ending is added -es and pronounced like a sound (if you want to understand this rule, try to pronounce this ending with the addition -s, and you will see that the last sound is almost indistinguishable), for example:

Also after consonant whistling sounds [z], [ʒ], ending -s / -es reads like sound [-iz]: chan ges .

"y", and in front of it there is a consonant, then in 3v. units h. y changes to the letter "i" and the ending is added -es and pronounced like a sound [z]:

If the verb ends with a letter "y", but there is a vowel in front of it, then in 3p. units h. it remains unchanged, and the ending is added -s, For example:

goes

And remember that if there is a noun (subject) in front of the verb, but it can be replaced with a personal pronoun of the third person singular ( he, she, it), then the verb is put in the same person and number:

The friend like s books.

-s

Pronunciation ending -s can be transmitted by sound [s] if there is a voiceless consonant (sound) in front of them ( k, p, t, f, h, θ); sound [z] if they are preceded by a vowel or voiced consonant (sound) ( b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, ð, ŋ); sound in the case of the considered exceptions. We'll take a closer look at the ending reading -s when studying the formation of plural nouns in the following lessons. See examples:

Reads -
likes * -
sees -
comes -

* - unpronounceable "e" remains the same after the end increase -s.

Rules for reading letter combinations ch

A very common combination conveys the sound we know: - similar to the Russian sound "h", but when pronouncing, press the tip of your tongue to the alveoli. Look at examples (remember all the spoken words you need to learn):

* - Pay attention to the noun home... It is often confused with the noun house- House

They are very similar, but house characterizes the "house" as a building, and home is a place to stay.

Adjectives:

["əʊpən]

book - books

["veri]

very - very

life - life

["ɒfn]

often - often

A child comes We are big She is a student I like new letters **

* - look at the position of the article. It comes before the adjective, as mentioned above.

In the Russian language they have a lot of grammatical categories. These include the category of the person, the category of tense and mood in verbs, the category of gender, etc. The study of categories and their grammatical expressions in the aggregate gives objective knowledge about the morphology of the language.

Person category in Russian

There are 3 persons in Russian - first, second and third. Its forms express the relation of the action to the speaker. To correctly identify the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person in Russian, you need to know the main pronouns that express its semantics. Let's turn to the table.

So, we have 3 persons in Russian. The table above shows which pronouns to look at when defining a face.

1st person shows the attitude towards the action of the speaker or speakers. Speakers are participants in an action or conversation.

The 2nd person form expresses the attitude of the action towards the interlocutor or interlocutors. They are also participants in the conversation.

The third person forms are of a dual nature. They can express, firstly, the attitude of the action towards the person (people) who are not participating in the conversation. Moreover, they are indirect participants in the action. Secondly, the forms of the third person in Russian express the attitude of an action to an object or something inanimate.

Not all pronouns have a face identification. As you know, pronouns are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive (it is one - itself), possessive, interrogative-relative, negative, demonstrative and attributive. Only personal pronouns have a category of person, and they are all listed in the table above. It should be remembered that for personal pronouns, the category of a person is one of the most important, and most importantly, unchangeable categories.

Face category for verbs

Verbs have a pronounced category of person in Russian. Many foreigners who study Russian find it difficult to rebuild, because when the faces change, the endings of the verbs automatically change. It is also worth noting that not all verb forms have faces in Russian. So, for example, in the forms of the past tense, the person cannot be determined. Let's take the verb "read" as an example. Let's try to define his face: "I" read, "you" read, "he" read. It is clearly seen that when the persons change, the verb itself does not change. His face can only be identified in context. Compare: "I read the book." - "Pavel read the book."

The same phenomenon is observed in the plural forms: "we" read, "you" read, "they" read. Likewise, a face can only be contextual.

An interesting phenomenon is observed in the forms of the present tense. In the 3rd person, the category of gender is erased from future tense verbs. Compare: "She is painting a picture" and "He is painting a picture." If we take the verb “writes” without context, it becomes incomprehensible whether a male or female person performs this action.

1st person for verbs

For faces in Russian, verbs are mainly indicated by endings. First person singular verbs (in present and future tenses) have endings -You or -YU... For example: I write, I read, I call, I scream. For verbs of the 1st and 2nd person, the endings in the 1st person are the same, therefore, when writing the 1st person verbs, people make fewer spelling mistakes.

2nd person for verbs

2 person in Russian for verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with the endings of verbs. As you know, the endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. So, verbs of the 1st conjugation have the ending -EAT singular and -ETE in plural. For example, eat, come in. 2nd conjugation verbs end - SEE singular and -IT in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person in verbs can be recognized either in a specific context, or by a special ending.

3rd person for verbs

As mentioned above, the 3rd person in Russian is defined by the pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they". 3rd person verbs have their own endings paradigm. For verbs of the 1st conjugation, these endings -THE singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT and -AT (YAT) plural - he, she, it calls, they call.

If you know the inflections that define faces in Russian for verbs, then there will be no problems with the formation of new forms. It is also worth noting that knowing the category of the face helps in spelling words. Verb endings are one of the most difficult spelling in the school curriculum. Knowing the faces will help you navigate the choice of ending.

Conclusion

The most "difficult" rule of the English language is for many beginners to learn it (and sometimes not only for them) adding an ending - (e) s to the verb in the 3rd person singular Present Simple (present simple tense), used in the affirmative sentence (more about negative and interrogative forms can be found in the article on). And although this rule is quite simple and is studied among the basic foundations of English grammar literally in the first lessons, nevertheless, the mistake associated with the incorrect use of this verb form is made quite often. And this mistake, it is worth noting, is quite gross and immediately cuts the ears of a native speaker and just a person who speaks English well. Therefore, we will try to deal with this verb form and the "insidious" ending!

3rd person singular verb form Prese nt Simple

When conjugating in the present tense (that is, changing the form of the verb corresponding to a certain person and number) in Russian, the verb changes its ending in almost every single case. The same cannot be said about the English language. Here, the change in the verb form occurs only in the 3rd person singular (which corresponds to the pronouns he - he, she - she, it - it), namely by adding the ending – s... Let's compare:

	unit number		pl. number
1 person		i work Yu		we work eat
2 person		you work eat		you / you Work yea
3rd person	he / she / it work s	he work no		they work hut

Thus, we see that the ending -s is added to the stem of the verb in the 3rd person singular Present Simple:

Shelike s pineapples.	She loves pineapples.
Jane work s for an IT-company.	Jane works inIT companies.
My sister jog s in the park every morning.	My sister runs in the park every morning.

However, even this seemingly simple rule has special cases and exceptions.

Ending -e s

Some verbs, due to the peculiarities of their pronunciation, require an end - es, not just s. This includes verbs ending in – s s,-zz, -x, - sh, -ch, -tch and –O.

-ss	to pass - he passes[ ˈ pɑː sɪ z]	Tom passes all his exams brilliantly.	Tom is doing excellently on all his exams.
-zz	to buzz - it buzzes [ˈ bʌ zɪ z]	This insect buzzes very loudly.	This insect buzzes very loudly.
-x	to fix - he fixes [ˈ fɪ ksɪ z]	Jack often fixes cars and motorcycles in his garage.	Jack often repairs cars and motorcycles in his garage.
-sh	to wash - she washes [ˈ wɒʃɪ z]	My sister washes windows two times a month.	My sister washes the windows twice a month.
-ch	to teach - she teaches [ˈ tiː tʃɪ z]	Ms. Smith teaches geography at our school.	Miss Smith teaches geography at our school.
	to catch - it catches [ˈ kætʃɪ z]	My cat catches mice almost every night.	My cat catches mice almost every night.
	to go - he goes [ɡəʊ z] to do- he does	Mattgoes to school by tube. Jennet does the same work as you do.	Matt takes the subway to school. Jennette does the same job as you.

Since this phenomenon is caused by the difficulties of pronunciation of these consonants together with the letter -s, then -e in this ending is necessarily read as a sound [ɪ], except for verbs ending in -o.

Verbs ending in - y

If we are dealing with a verb ending with a letter - at, then there are two possible options for the behavior of the verb when adding an ending. Let's compare:

to play	he plays	Jack plays* the guitar every evening.*	Jack plays his guitar every night.
to cry	it cries	The baby cries* when it is hungry.*	The kid cries when he is hungry.

You can see that the letter -y does not change when adding an ending if there is a vowel in front of it, and turns into -ie- if there is a consonant in front of it.

End pronunciation - s / -es

This ending can be read, depending on its "neighborhood" as a sound [ s] or like a sound [z]... The sound [s] is pronounced in the ending if it is preceded by a voiceless consonant.

to pick - he picks	pick up - he picks up
to like - he likes [ˈ la ɪ k s]	to love - he loves
to stop - he stops	stop - it stops
to look - he looks	look - he looks

Pay attention to the fact that it is worth focusing on the preceding sound, and not on the letter (after all, sometimes the ending is preceded by a "mute" e, that is, an unreadable vowel, as in the word likes).

If the ending is preceded by a pronounced vowel sound or a voiced consonant, then such an ending is read as the sound [z]:

to obey - he obeys [ əˈ be ɪ z]	obey - he obeys
to dig - he digs	dig - he digs
to play - he plays [ˈ ple ɪ z]	play - he plays
to listen - he listens [ˈ l ɪ s ə nz]	listen - he listens

As mentioned above, the ending -es reads as [ ɪ z] ... But do not confuse it with the -s ending after the unreadable -e in the stem of the verb. Let's compare:

ending -es

to watch - he watches [ˈ w ɒ t ʃ ɪ z]

to brush - she brushes [ˈ br ʌʃ ɪ z]

look - he looks

brushing - she brushes

ending -s after unreadable -e

to bake - she bakes [be ɪ k s ]

to take - he takes

oven - she bakes

take - he takes

The verb to have

This verb has a special form of the third person singular in Present Simple - has.

James has* lunch at 12 o'clock at the café opposite his office.*	James is having lunch at 12 o'clock in a cafe opposite his office.
She has* an idea about the ways of development for your business.*	She has an idea for ways to grow your business.
Tom has* some good friends.*	Tom has some good friends.

Verb to be

It is safe to say about the forms of this verb that they are all special for him. It is described in more detail in a separate one. As for the third person shape
singular for Present Simple, then this form is a fairly common word is:

Helen is a journalist and works for a local newspaper.	Helen Is a journalist and works for a local newspaper.
She is at home every evening.	She is at home every night.
My dog is ill. I want to show it to a vet.	My dog is sick. I want to show her to the vet.

Modal verbs without 3rd person singular endings

Some modal verbs do not require the addition of the ending - (e) s, that is, verbs expressing the speaker's attitude to the action expressed by another verb in the initial form (infinitive):

he can	*maybe he can*	Tom can ski brilliantly.	Tom can ski excellently.
he may	*maybe has permission, maybe*	John may leave the country.	John can leave the country.
he must	*must*	My brother must be back in two or three days.	My brother should be back in two or three days.
he ought to	*he should, he should*	Your uncle ought to offer you help.	Your uncle should offer you help.
he will	*he will, he will have to*	He will go there and it doesn’t matter if he want sto.	He will have to go there and it doesn't matter if he wants to.
he dare	*he dares*	Paul dare speak to the lord in such a manner.	Paul dares to speak to the lord in that manner.

We have deliberately left out other modal verbs here (such as should) because they either do not meet this rule (like the have to verb) or represent the form Past simple from another verb (like should or used to).

Try to firmly grasp the simple rules described in this article, and skillfully use the ending - (e) s with English verbs... This way you can avoid common, but rather silly mistakes caused by neglecting these basic rules.

Face in the Russian language acts as the most important morphological feature of verbs. With the help of persons in a sentence, the attitude of the one who performs the action to the one who speaks about him is expressed.

There are three forms of faces: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. It is the face that is the defining feature of the word, allowing the correct suffixes and endings in it. Ultimately, it is the knowledge of faces that allows you to competently express your thoughts.

In the form of the 1st person, there are those verbs, the cases of the use of which, provide for the coincidence of the performer of the action and the one who is talking about him.

Example: I eat, I do, I speak, I sleep, we do, etc.

Verbs in the 2nd person indicate that the action being performed does not refer to the narrator himself, but to his interlocutor.

Example: You did, you ate, you said, you slept, you do.

The verbs in the 3rd person express the attitude of the action to the person (people) not participating in the conversation and are usually used with the pronouns - he, she, it, they.

Example: He did, he ate, he spoke, they slept, she did, it fell out.

For faces in Russian, verbs are mainly indicated by endings. First person singular verbs (in present and future tenses) have endings -You or -YU... For example: I write, I read, I call, I scream. For verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation, the endings in the 1st person are the same.

The second person in Russian for verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with the endings of verbs. And as you know, the endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. 1st conjugation verbs end -EAT singular and -ETE in plural. For example, eat, come in. 2nd conjugation verbs end - SEE singular and -IT in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person in verbs can be recognized either in a specific context, or by a special ending.

3 person in Russian is defined by the pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they". 1st conjugation verbs have endings -THE singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT and -AT (YAT) plural (he, she, it calls, they call).

Verbs in the subjunctive mood and in the past tense of the indicative mood do not change by person, in these forms differences are presented not by person, but by gender. Personal pronouns-nouns correspond to the personal forms of the verb.

If you liked it - share with your friends:

Join us atFacebook!

See also:

We offer to take tests online: