North Caucasian Federal District- an administrative formation in the south of Russia, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus, consists of 7 subjects. The North Caucasian Federal District was spun off from the Southern Federal District in January 2010.
The administrative center is the city of Pyatigorsk.
The district borders on: the Southern Federal District, as well as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia.
The area of the district is approximately 1% of the total territory of the Russian Federation (about 172 thousand 360 square kilometers) - the smallest federal district in Russia.
Large cities that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, with a population of over 100 thousand people: Makhachkala, Stavropol, Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Grozny, Pyatigorsk, Nazran, Kislovodsk, Nevinnomyssk, Khasavyurt, Cherkessk, Derbent.
The North Caucasian Federal District includes:
Stavropol Territory and 6 republics: Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia - Alania.
The North Caucasian Federal District is the youngest federal district of the Russian Federation.
In general, agriculture and animal husbandry prevail in the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District; in some regions, the mining industry, winemaking, and fishing are developed. The largest contribution to the economy of the district is made by: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Kabardino-Balkaria.
In the economy of the Stavropol Territory, a significant role is played by: mining, oil and gas processing industries, mechanical engineering, power engineering, chemical, food and light industries, agriculture. In addition, in the Stavropol Territory there are world-famous medical resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Kabardino-Balkaria has a fairly rich resource base: ores of rare and non-ferrous metals, oil and natural gas, mineral and fresh waters. Agriculture, logging, as well as the production of industrial equipment are well developed in the republic.
In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, mining and woodworking industries, agriculture, and sheep breeding prevail. Tourism, mountaineering and resort activities are also of great importance to the region.
An unstable political situation has been observed in the North Caucasus Federal District for many years, and armed conflicts often occur. This has an extremely negative effect on the development of the region's economy. Industrial production figures have dropped significantly compared to Soviet times. In addition, the situation is exacerbated by the small amount of investment flowing into the region.
With the separation of the territories of the North Caucasus into an independent federal district, more attention was paid to the development of the region. It is assumed that thanks to this, the difficult political and economic situation will be overcome, and the district will be able to compete in economic development with other federal districts of Russia.
There are 6 nature reserves on the territory of the district:
Dagestan- The Republic of Dagestan
Kabardino-Balkarian
Caucasian- the republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
North Ossetian- Republic of North Ossetia (Alania)
Teberdinsky
Erzi- The Republic of Ingushetia
2 National Parks:
Alania
Elbrus- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Federal reserves:
Agrakhansky- The Republic of Dagestan
Dautsky- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Ingush- The Republic of Ingushetia
Karachay-Cherkesskoe GOK- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Nalchik GOOKH- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Samursky- The Republic of Dagestan
North Ossetian GOH- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
Soviet- Chechen region
Tlyaratinsky- The Republic of Dagestan
Tseysky- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
State educational institution
higher professional education
Samara State University
Department of International Relations
North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD)
1st year students, gr. 24102
Faculty of History
Bagryantseva M.V.
Supervisor:
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor Tyurin V.A.
SAMARA 2011
Introduction ………………………………………………………… .. …… ..С.3
Chapter I. Administrative-territorial structure of the North Caucasus Federal District ... ... ..С.5
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation …………………… .С.8
Chapter III. Features of the Okrug industry ……………… ..… ..С.11
1.1. Agro-industrial complex ………………………………… .С.12
1.2. Extractive industry ……………………………… ..С. 15
Chapter IV. Economic indicators ………………………………… .С.18
Chapter V. Culture and recreational complex ……………… .. ……… С.20
Chapter VI. Problems of the North Caucasus Federal District and Ways to Solve Them ……………………… ..С.23
Conclusion ………………………………………………… .. …………… С.28
List of sources and literature ……………………………………… С.29
Appendices …………………………………………………………… .С.30
INTRODUCTION
The North Caucasian Federal District is a federal district of the Russian Federation, separated from the Southern Federal District by the decree of the President of Russia D. A. Medvedev of January 19, 2010. Located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus.
The relevance of the topic is that the district is a young state formation, it has not yet been fully studied. In addition, the district has a number of problems that need to be identified and noted. It is important that the North Caucasus is an economically depressed region, in this regard, it has a poorly developed industry. In the North Caucasus Federal District there are no such industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, production of consumer goods, etc.
Having studied the manual for students Chistobaev A.I. "Regional Studies", I learned about the natural features and resources of the Northern Federal District and was able to analyze the recreational complex of the district.
In the book “Federal Districts of Russia. Regional Economics "ed. Glushkova V.G. and Simagina Y.A. I studied the industry of the district, its level of development and potential.
Using the website of the official website of the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District http://skfo.gov.ru/, I learned about the population, the composition of the population and the demographic situation of the district.
The decision to separate the new district from the Southern Federal District caused a wide response in the media and in the expert community. This is not surprising, since the emergence of a new district is in itself an extraordinary event. But it was not only the change in the number of constituencies that attracted the attention of political scientists. It is no secret that for many years from the Caucasus there have been dark news of terrorist attacks and clashes with militants. The state of the economy of the North Caucasus cannot be called without problems either.
Experts also draw attention to the geopolitical component of the importance of the Caucasian region, on the territory of which the interests of the superpowers have clashed for centuries. In this sense, the 21st century is no exception. This means that geopolitics may also be in the field of vision of the presidential envoy.
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation
According to the 2010 census, the population of the federal district was 9,496,800 according to Rosstat:
Russians - 2 938 070 people. (32.9%)
Chechens - 1 237 506 people. (13.9%)
Avars - 771,043 people. (8.6%)
Kabardians - 509,539 people. (5.7%)
Dargins - 467 670 people. (5.2%)
Ossetians - 467 493 people. (5.2%)
Kumyks - 394,183 people. (4.4%)
Ingush - 388 845 people. (4.4%)
Lezgins - 345 651 people. (3.9%)
Karachais - 185,764 people. (2.1%)
Armenians - 181,125 people. (2.0%)
Laks - 145 422 people. (1.6%)
Azerbaijanis - 132 808 people. (1.5%)
Tabasarany - 116 189 people. (1.3%)
Balkars - 106 440 people. (1.2%)
Nogays - 77 897 people. (0.87%)
Ukrainians - 65,900 people. (0.74%)
Circassians - 52,582 people. (0.59%)
Greeks - 38,280 people. (0.43%)
Abaza - 36 208 people. (0.41%)
Tatars - 26 912 people. (0.30%)
Rutulians - 25,297 people. (0.28%)
Aguly - 24 904 people. (0.28%)
Roma - 23 956 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 23,261 people. (0.26%)
Turks - 22,518 people. (0.25%)
Persons of other nationalities - 128,426 people. (1.4%)
The district accounts for 6.5% of the country's population. At the same time, the share of the urban population in the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is 48.2%, the rural population - 51.8%. The demographic situation in the Okrug is almost one and a half times better than in the whole country. The number of births exceeds the number of deaths by 17 thousand people; the natural population growth rate according to data for 5 months of 2010 amounted to 7.4%. The migration outflow of the population amounted to 1.6 thousand people.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, the population from the end of 1990 to the end of 2009 increased by 1.68 million people. At the end of 2009, the natural increase in the population of the North Caucasian Federal District amounted to 75.6 thousand people. In addition, in the structure of the population there is a high proportion of people under the working age.
In terms of fertility rates, the North Caucasian Federal District ranks 1st in the country. As for the dynamics, in recent years the trajectory of the change in the value of the birth rate in the North Caucasian Federal District coincides with the trajectory of the change in the value of this indicator in the country as a whole, but at a higher level (before 2000 - a decline, after - a steady growth).
In 2009, high birth rates in the North Caucasian Federal District were formed mainly due to the indicators of the Chechen Republic (more than 29 newborns per 1000 population), the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan (more than 18 newborns per 1000 population). In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in this federal district, the values of fertility rates differ from the average indicators for the Russian Federation insignificantly.
The mortality rate in the North Caucasian Federal District is the lowest in the Russian Federation - 8.7 people per 1000 people in 2010 (on average in the Russian Federation - 14.6 people per 1000 people).
ChapterIII. Features of the district's industry
The North Caucasian Federal District has a number of advantages - a convenient geographical location in relation to large markets, the availability of natural resources (oil, ores, construction raw materials) and unloaded capacities (production sites on the basis of which it is possible to increase production), a relatively developed transport network (iron roads and highways) and the growing demand for industrial products both in the regions of the Russian Federation and in neighboring countries.
The industrial sector is predominantly represented by the production of petroleum products (29% in the structure of the proceeds of the manufacturing and extractive industries), the food industry (23%), chemistry (14%), mechanical engineering (12%), metallurgy (5%) and the production of building materials (6%). Extraction of minerals accounts for 6% in the structure of the proceeds of the manufacturing and extractive industries. The district agro-industrial complex provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country. For example, the district accounts for 45% of the grapes harvested in the country, more than 10% of the harvested grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets. The district's farms contain 11% of the cattle and 40.8% of the sheep and goats in Russia. The district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the country, as well as more than 27.9% of the sales of sheep and goats in live weight. The district's share in the total agricultural production of all agricultural producers in Russia was 5.4%.
The power industry is the backbone of the economy of the North Caucasus. Thermal and hydraulic power plants have been built in many regions of the North Caucasus. The largest thermal power plants have been created in Grozny, Novocherkassk, Nevinnomyssk, and among the hydroelectric power plants stand out: Gizeldonskaya and Baksanskaya - on the Terek tributaries, Belorechenskaya on the river. White, Chiryurtovskaya - on the river. Sulak. A cascade of hydroelectric power plants was built on the river. Sulak, including the large Chirkeyskaya HPP, as well as a cascade of HPPs on the Kuban-Kalausky Canal. The Irganayskaya hydroelectric power station was also built on the river. Avarskoe Koisu is a tributary of the Sulak in Dagestan. The district power system is connected with Donbass and the Volga region.
1.1. Agro-industrial complex
The agro-industrial complex, which includes agriculture and the food industry, is the most important sector of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District. The sector's contribution to the gross regional product of this federal district in 2008 amounted to 18%, of which 1% was accounted for by agriculture and 3% - by the food industry. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the contribution of the agro-industrial complex to the gross regional product of the federal district reaches 26%. The agro-industrial complex provides jobs for 24% of the population employed in the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District. In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of this federal district, tax payments from the agro-industrial complex form the basis of tax revenues to the budgets. According to the data for the first half of 2010, the share of the agro-industrial complex in the tax revenues of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is 37.4%, in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory, the products of the agro-industrial complex form more than one third of foreign trade receipts.
The agro-industrial complex of the North Caucasian Federal District provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country - 45% of the grapes harvested in the Russian Federation, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets.
The farms of the North Caucasus Federal District contain 11% of the cattle and 40.8% of the sheep and goats kept in the farms of the Russian Federation. This federal district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the Russian Federation.
In terms of food production, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, significantly lag behind other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which indicates an insufficient level of development of the processing industry. The food industry of the North Caucasian Federal District is represented by the production of alcoholic beverages and mineral water. The Republic of Dagestan ranks 1st in the production of cognac and 4th in the production of champagne in the Russian Federation, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 4th in the production of vodka and alcoholic beverages and 3rd in the production of wines, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania is the 3rd place in the production of champagne, and the Stavropol Territory is the 2nd place in the production of cognac and wines.
Labor productivity in the North Caucasian Federal District in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 13% of the average Russian level in agriculture and 7% in the food industry.
A distinctive feature of the agricultural sector of the North Caucasian Federal District is the prevalence of the share of personal subsidiary plots.
In the balance of import-export of products, the export of agricultural products of a low conversion rate and the import of food products of a deep processing degree prevail, which confirms the low level of development of the food processing industry.
At the same time, there are 189 pedigree farms in the North Caucasian Federal District, including 62 pedigree plants, 117 pedigree reproducers and 10 gene pool farms. Pig breeding, goat breeding, fur breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping, silkworm breeding and yak breeding, represented by 9 breeding farms, 20 breeding reproducers and 2 gene pool farms, are also developing in the North Caucasian Federal District.
The development potential of the agro-industrial complex in the North Caucasian Federal District is also characterized by the presence of a large interregional market. The high share of imports in the structure of consumption of meat, vegetables, milk and their processed products in the Russian Federation creates the possibility of replacing imports of food products in the Russian Federation due to the development of the production of these products in the North Caucasian Federal District.
Among the problems, it is also worth noting the weak influence of the development of the breeding base on the productivity of commercial farms.
The reclamation complex of the North Caucasus Federal District needs reconstruction. The physical area of irrigation systems requiring reconstruction is from 31 to 83%.
The development of the agro-industrial complex is a priority for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District. According to the results of the analysis, a promising direction for development in the North Caucasian Federal District is the production of the following types of products:
Lamb, beef and products of their processing;
Poultry and products of its processing;
Milk and dairy products, including cheeses, cottage cheese, yoghurts, etc.;
Vegetable and animal oils;
Grain and milling and cereal products;
Grapes, wines and cognac products;
Fruits and berries (fresh, as well as juices and purees);
Fresh and canned vegetables;
Mineral water;
1.2. Mining industry
The North Caucasian Federal District has a unique combination of balneological resources - mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and curative mud. About 30% of all Russian mineral water resources are concentrated here, which is comparable in volume to the resources of the central regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. More than 70% of the thermal water reserves of the Russian Federation are also located on the territory.
The water resource potential of the North Caucasian Federal District fully meets the needs of the population and economic sectors for water resources. The most diverse water resources are located here - the Caspian Sea, the Kuban Reservoir, Lake Dovsun in the Stavropol Territory, the Blue Lakes and Chegem Waterfalls in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the rivers Kuban, Terek, Baksan, Zelenchuk, Sulak, Bolshaya Laba, Ardon, Fiagdon, Sunzha, etc. The presence of various types of surface waters, including mountain rivers, with large slopes allows the development of not only various types of tourism (health, recreation, sports, ecological, fishing, beach), but also hydropower.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, there are more than 300 reservoirs, mainly seasonal or daily regulation. The regulated flow is mainly used for irrigation of agricultural land and fish farming.
The flow regulation in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan is also low - the total useful volume of 11 reservoirs is 1.44 cubic meters. meters, and its significant share falls on the reservoir of the Chirkeyskaya hydroelectric power station, located on the river. Sulak. The rest of the reservoirs are used for energy, water supply or irrigation purposes and are mainly located in the river basin. Sulak.
Given the limited reserves of minerals, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, do not have a high potential to increase the contribution of the mining industry to the economy, however, the development of a number of hydrocarbon deposits, as well as ore minerals, is significant for the development of the economy of some of these subjects.
The share of the North Caucasian Federal District in the structure of explored mineral reserves of the Russian Federation is 41% for tungsten, 11% for molybdenum, up to 2% for copper, lead, zinc and titanium, and 4.8% for oil. and for gas - 2.1%.
In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, the leaders are the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, and in terms of reserves of molybdenum ores - the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The largest copper deposit in the North Caucasus Federal District is Kizil-Dere in the Republic of Dagestan; its share in the reserves of the Russian Federation is 1.4%.
The largest zinc deposits are located in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Dzhimidonskoye, Kadat-Kampaldonskoye, Kakadur-Kanikomskoye), in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Urupskoye, Bykovskoye) and in the Republic of Dagestan (Kizil-Dere). By the amount of residual reserves, most of the deposits are classified as small, since most of them have been depleted by now.
All the lead deposits of the North Caucasian Federal District are concentrated in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania. Most of the resources are located in the Jimidon ore field.
Despite the developed infrastructure, the North Caucasian Federal District makes an insignificant contribution to the volume of hydrocarbon production in the Russian Federation. Significant obstacles to the development of hydrocarbon production are the depletion of a significant portion of the fields and the reduction of proven reserves of fuel and energy resources.
The main oil reserves of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Chechen Republic. Significant oil fields for the district are Starogroznenskoe, Goryacheistochninskoe (Yastrebinoe), Goyt-Kortovskoe, Severo-Bragunskoe (Chechen Republic), Velichaevsko-Koldeznoe, Zhuravskoe, Zimne-Stavkinskoe - Pravoberezhnoe (Stavropol Territory), Malgobek - Respublika - Voznesenskoe ...
ChapterIV. Economic indicators
Most of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, in socio-economic terms, already from the beginning of the 1990s, for a number of objective reasons, were among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation most susceptible to the crisis. The volume of industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District by the end of the 1990s decreased to 17-24% (compared to the 1990 level), while the all-Russian reduction in the value of this indicator on average to 48%.
The rates of economic growth in 2005-2009 indicate that the executive authorities in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District managed to correctly determine economic priorities (among the leaders are the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of North Ossetia Alania). However, the process of positive transformation is proceeding extremely slowly.
At the moment, the real sector of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District is poorly developed:
· The share of the agricultural sector in the gross regional product reaches 22% (in the Russian Federation - 5%);
· The share of manufacturing products does not exceed 15% (in the Russian Federation - 19%).
The main contribution to the gross regional product is made by the public administration sector and the sphere of social (including utilities) services, the share of which in the gross regional product is up to 55% (in the Russian Federation - 16%).
Unemployment in the North Caucasian Federal District remains extremely high - its official level varies from 8 to 55%, which is 1.5 to 9 times higher than the average Russian level. There is hidden unemployment and a high percentage of employment in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In most sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, the values of labor productivity indicators are lower than the average values of these indicators in the Russian Federation.
All constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, have low indicators of the quality of life of the population. The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Chechen Republic are highly subsidized. Over the past 10 years, the volume of federal budget funds allocated annually by the Government of the Russian Federation to provide financial support to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District has significantly increased.
Transport is one of the leading sectors of the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District, which accounts for about 10% of the gross regional product. The North Caucasian Federal District is located close to large Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of large cargo flows.
The length of public roads in the North Caucasian Federal District is 24,788 kilometers, including 2577 kilometers for federal and 22211 kilometers for regional. The main road junctions in the North Caucasian Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.
ChapterV. Culture and recreational complex
The traditional culture of the North Caucasus was formed and developed in the conditions of everyday life and was associated, first of all, with the creation of certain material wealth. As a result, the peoples of the North Caucasus realized their aesthetic sense and desire for a harmonious expression of the world outlook not in the visual arts, but in the “conventional” arts. The culture and art of the peoples of the North Caucasus were formed against the backdrop of endless wars and a constant struggle with nature for survival. As a result, the main specific qualities of the traditional North Caucasian arts and crafts were developed: it is severe and monumental (like a local landscape), optimistic and cheerful (like the "taste" of another victory). But in any case, it does not know the regularity, since there is no regularity either in the local landscape or in the work activities of people living in these conditions.
The uniqueness and diversity of the natural and climatic resources of the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District create favorable conditions for both permanent residence and the development of a tourist and recreational complex.
In terms of temperature regime, the North Caucasian Federal District is one of the most attractive regions of Russia both in summer and in winter. The average temperature in January is 3.2 ° C (in the mountains - up to -10 ° C), in July - from + 20.4 ° C (in the mountains - up to +14 ° C).
About 50 percent of the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District is occupied by the mountain system of the Greater Caucasus. Mountain peaks are located here, including those with the highest elevation of 5642 meters (Elbrus), which makes the North Caucasian Federal District a particularly promising platform for the development of high-mountain tourism.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are 6 state reserves - Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarsky, Caucasian, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, Erzi, 2 national parks (Alania, Elbrus region), as well as 7 state reserves - Agrakhan, Samursky and Tlyaratinsky (Republic Dagestan), Dautsky (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Ingush (Republic of Ingushetia), Soviet (Chechen Republic), Tseysky (Republic of North Ossetia - Alania), ensuring the preservation of the rich biological diversity of the regions.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District in the Republic of Dagestan, the coast of the Caspian Sea stretches for 490 kilometers, which contributes to the development of beach tourism.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, medical and recreational, skiing, sports (extreme), business, ecological, cultural and educational, pilgrimage, rural, specialized (archaeological, equestrian, speleological, ethnographic ) tourism, hunting and fishing tours are organized.
The specially protected ecological resort region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, for which health tourism is a specialized area, includes the years. Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, as well as Mineralovodsky, Georgievsky and Foothill regions of the Stavropol Territory, Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
On the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District there are large ski resorts: in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - Dombai, in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Elbrus region, in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania - Tsei.
The Republic of Dagestan, with its long coastline of the Caspian Sea, is the center of beach tourism.
Despite the presence of significant competitive advantages for the development of the tourism industry, including tourist centers, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a weak level of development of the tourism industry. The share of the North Caucasian Federal District in the tourism industry of the Russian Federation is about 6%, and the share of tourism in the gross regional product of the North Caucasian Federal District does not exceed 2%.
The small contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is associated with an insufficient volume of tourist flow and a high share of the private (shadow) sector. The largest share of unorganized tourist flow and the minimum duration of stay of tourists, and, consequently, low tourist costs are typical for the centers of ski, sports and extreme tourism. The share of foreign tourists in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is below the national average.
At the resorts of the North Caucasus Federal District, there are no modern specialized facilities for the recreation and entertainment industry (sports clubs, rental vehicles and sports equipment, shops, cultural and entertainment complexes, etc.).
One of the strategic objectives of tourism development is to stimulate the development of new tourist centers in the North Caucasian Federal District in addition to the already existing resorts. The formation of new investment sites will speed up the process of updating the fixed assets of the industry, increase competition and the quality of services provided, and also increase the diversity of the tourist offer, the density of recreational zones and the level of infrastructure development.
ChapterVI... Problems of the North Caucasus Federal District and Ways to Solve Them
One of the important problems in the North Caucasian Federal District is migration, including forced migration. Hot spots, military conflicts in the near abroad, complex interethnic relations, on the one hand, and favorable climatic conditions, on the other hand, have made this territory a crossroads for migration flows.
Management of migration processes in the North Caucasus Federal District requires the active participation of the federal center in the development and implementation of an extensive program that provides for a set of administrative, social, economic and cultural measures for the quantitative and spatial regulation of migration flows, as well as for ensuring the process of mutual adaptation of migrants and recipients. their territories. To solve the problem of an excess of labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District, the annual size of labor migration should be 30-40 thousand people. Dozens of regions of the Russian Federation need to be involved in the reception of migrants.
More than one third of the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is youth (approximately 2.8 million people). Therefore, in the North Caucasus Federal District as a whole and in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation that is part of it, in particular, a competent and effective youth policy should be pursued. To implement these activities, it is necessary to organize monitoring of the main aspects of the life of local youth and develop a strategy for youth policy in the North Caucasian Federal District.
A serious problem in the North Caucasian Federal District is the low level of development of the healthcare system. In all subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District, there is a shortage of hospitals and polyclinic institutions, as well as doctors and nurses. The most popular types of medical care are oncology, cardiovascular surgery, traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery and ophthalmology. The need for high-tech medical care for these types fully corresponds to the structure of morbidity and the volume of medical care in the Russian Federation as a whole.
In 2009, the North Caucasian Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation began functioning, which is a modern, well-equipped medical institution. It should be noted that the center has not yet fully reached the planned design capacity. Increased activity in referring patients to the center in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are part of the North Caucasian Federal District, can significantly increase the availability of multidisciplinary specialized and high-tech medical care for residents of this district.
The provision of doctors in the North Caucasus Federal District is lower than the average for the Russian Federation. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 38 people per 10 thousand of the population (in the Russian Federation - 44.1 people per 10 thousand of the population). The provision of paramedical personnel in this federal district is also lower than the average for Russia. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 81.6 people per 10 thousand of the population (in the Russian Federation - 94.1 people per 10 thousand of the population). The problem of increasing the level of professional training of teachers and educators of preschool institutions deserves special attention. Among the most pressing problems of secondary schools, there is an acute shortage of teaching staff and an outdated material and technical base. The number of students in daytime general education institutions in the North Caucasian Federal District, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, is decreasing.
An important task is also the quality training of specialists necessary to ensure potential economic growth. Problems with the qualification of personnel exist in almost all sectors of the economy (tourism, sanatoriums, public administration, food industry, agriculture, construction, health care, etc.), which requires the system not only to improve training programs, but also to retrain personnel with taking into account the requirements of a developing economy and modern standards.
The main social problem inherent in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are equally part of the North Caucasian Federal District, is the low level of housing provision. Despite the low values of the indicator of housing provision, the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is generally lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Only in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Ingushetia the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is extremely high - 20.6% and 20.4%, respectively. The problem of staffing is no less acute. Only 30% of specialists working in cultural institutions have higher professional education. At the same time, the achievement of high development indicators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is impossible without due attention to the cultural component, both in terms of creating the appropriate infrastructure and in terms of staffing. The situation on the labor market in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasian Federal District is extremely unfavorable.
As of May 1, 2010, the total number of unemployed citizens in the North Caucasian Federal District is 766.6 thousand people, or 18 percent of the economically active population (on average in the Russian Federation - 8.2%). The highest unemployment rate is noted in the Republic of Ingushetia - 53%, the Chechen Republic - 42% and the Republic of Dagestan - 17.2%.
Many monuments and objects of cultural and historical heritage are in need of restoration. Among them - the State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov and the archaeological and natural museum-reserve "Tatar settlement" in the Stavropol Territory, the historical and architectural complex Dargavs in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, tower complexes of the 9th - 18th centuries in the Republic of Ingushetia, a museum -Naryn-Kala reserve in the Republic of Dagestan and many others.
Key areas of activities in the field of labor market development include:
· Stimulating the creation of new jobs, including in the field of small and medium-sized businesses;
· Creation of conditions conducive to improving the quality of the workforce (educational programs for vocational training and retraining of personnel and unemployed citizens, support for employment and provision of internships for young people);
· Creation of conditions for the development of territorial mobility of citizens (employment of residents of the North Caucasian Federal District in other regions of the Russian Federation);
· Increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special institutions in the labor market (development of employment centers and resource centers in the North Caucasian Federal District, better coordination with employment centers in other regions of the Russian Federation).
In order to maximally meet the needs of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District in personnel, it is necessary to develop short-term, medium-term and long-term forecasts of the needs of labor markets in professional personnel (jobs), as well as to take the necessary measures to use the potential and experience of specialized leading higher educational institutions and educational institutions secondary vocational education of the Russian Federation in priority sectors for the indicated federal district - tourism and services, construction and agriculture.
CONCLUSION
According to the level of social development, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks last with only 47% of GDP per capita of the national average. The standard of living of the population is low, all branches of the social sphere are in decline. The difficult socio-economic situation is delaying economic reform, although it should push for acceleration.
According to the level of development of the market infrastructure, the region is classified as a prosperous one. Almost 1/8 of Russian commercial banks are located here. There are good conditions here for highly profitable state entrepreneurship.
The main directions and problems of the future development of the North Caucasus are:
Preferential development of sectors of the consumer market - agro-industrial and resort and recreational complexes;
Recovery, reconstruction and growth of mechanical engineering and chemical industries of chemical importance;
- the rise of the oil and oil refining industry and infrastructure;
- intensive deployment of a particularly efficient agro-industrial complex;
-expansion and strengthening of the infrastructure of the unique resort and recreational complex;
- reconstruction and development of the transport complex as the "southern gate" of Russia to the West;
- strengthening the fuel and energy economy.
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
I. Sources
1. The strategy of socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025 (approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2010 N 1485-r).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 "On amendments to the list of federal districts approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724" Questions of the system and structure of federal executive bodies "
II. Special literature
1. Glushkova VG, Simagin YA .. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009 .-- 352 p.
2. Regional Studies: Textbook. for universities / Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. -
M.: Gardariki, 2002 .-- 385 p.
3. Regional studies: Textbook. A manual for university students studying in the specialties 350300 "Regional studies", 350200 "International relations" / Dergachev VA, Vardomsky LB .. - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2004. - 463p.
III... Web sites
1.http: //www.perepis-2010.ru/ (Results of the All-Russian Population Census)
2.http: //skfo.gov.ru/
3.http: //www.adm-kmv.ru/ (Administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters)
4.http: //www.garant.ru (Information and business portal)
5.http: //www.skfo.ru/ (Official site of the North Caucasus Federal District)
|
Resident population, thousand people |
In the total resident population, percent |
||||
|
whole population |
including |
urban population |
rural population |
||
|
urban population |
rural population |
||||
|
The Republic of Dagestan |
|||||
|
The Republic of Ingushetia |
|||||
|
Kabardino-Balkar Republic |
|||||
|
Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
|||||
|
Republic of North Ossetia-Alania |
|||||
|
Chechen Republic |
|||||
|
Stavropol region |
Annex 1
The size of the urban and rural population in the North Caucasian Federal District e
Appendix 2
North Caucasus Federal District Map
Regional studies: Textbook for universities / SmoothYu. N., Chistobaev A. And .. - M.: Gardariki, 2002, p. 385.
Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009.S. 352.
(Information and business portal)
http://skfo.gov.ru/ (Official website of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District)
The North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD) was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010 into an independent administrative unit. The region's territory occupies the eastern and central part of the North Caucasus and the southern European part of the country.
The formation of the North Caucasus Federal District is the first stage of the program to change the federal districts, which began in 2000. That year, the North Caucasus Federal District was called
General characteristics of the region
The occupied area of the district is about 1% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The central city of the North Caucasus Federal District is Pyatigorsk. This is the only settlement in the Russian Federation that has not been assigned the status of an administrative center. Its area is not even the largest in comparison with other cities in the district.
The administrative unit borders the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan and Georgia are visible in the south of the district. Also, the borders run along the Rostov region, Kalmykia and Krasnodar Territory.
The composition of the North Caucasian Federal District consists of 7 republics.
Dagestan
This is the southernmost part of Russia and is located in the east of the North Caucasus, and on the east side it is washed by the Caspian Sea. In the west, the territory borders on the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya. In the north with Kalmykia, and in the south-west with Georgia. The southern part is in contact with Azerbaijan. Makhachkala is recognized as the capital of the administrative unit. The republic occupies about 50.27 thousand m 2. The date of formation is 1921. The population of the region is about 3 million inhabitants.
The composition of the citizens of the North Caucasus Federal District is multinational. The same can be said about Dagestan. There are few Russians in the republic - 3.6%, this is about 104 thousand Avars most of all - 850 thousand, which is 29.4 percent. Next come the Dargins, of whom 17%, the Kumyks - 14.9%, the Lezgins - 13.3%, the Laks - 5.6%, and so on. The least of all in the republic are Archins and Armenians, there are only 5 thousand people each.
Ingushetia
The youngest republic in the North Caucasian Federal District is Ingushetia. The year of creation is 1992.
The republic borders on North Ossetia, Georgia, the climate is continental, and in winter the temperature does not drop below -5 degrees.
The population is 480 thousand people. Ingush predominate in the republic, their number is about 94%. About 4.6% are Chechens, and only 0.8% of the population are Russians. The remaining percentages are accounted for by other ethnic groups.
Chechens live quite compactly, mainly in the Nazran region. The rest of the nationalities do not have a specific territory of residence.
Only 42.5% of all residents of the republic live in cities. The population predominantly lives in the Suzhenskaya and Alkhanchurskaya valleys, Achaluka, and this is only 25% of the entire territory. Only 5% of all residents live on the remaining 85% of the republic's lands.
Kabardino-Balkaria
The North Caucasian Federal District includes the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, founded in 1921, with the capital - the city of Nalchik.
The territory is located mainly in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria that the stratovolcano of Mount Elbrus is located, with the highest mountain peak in Europe and the Russian Federation. This figure is 5642 meters above sea level.
Despite the predominantly mountain range, 864 thousand people live on the territory of the administrative unit per 12.5 km 2.
The climate of the republic is quite diverse: in the plains there is a humid and continental climate, and higher in the mountains the climate is similar to the Alpine one.
National composition of the republic:
There are even Finno-Ugric and Kurds in the republic, although in a very small proportion in relation to the total population - no more than 0.03%.
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Since 1957, the territory has received the status of an autonomous region, and since 1992 - a republic with the capital Cherkessk. It borders on the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, Abkhazia and Georgia.
The republic is home to 466 thousand people. The Karachais (40.67%) and Russians (31.40%) are considered the titular nationalities. Circassians are only 11.82%, and Abazins are even less - 7.73%, Nogais are about 3.28%. The rest of the nationalities are represented by less than 1%.
The ethnic composition of the North Caucasian Federal District in the context of the cities of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic:
Nationality | City, district,% of the population |
|||
Cherkessk | Karachaevsk | Abazinsky district | Adyge-Khabl district |
|
Karachais | ||||
North Ossetia Alania
The territory of the republic is spread out on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus Range. The mountainous strip accounts for 48% of the entire territory. The capital is Vladikavkaz. The total area of the administrative unit is 8 thousand m 2. The area was recognized as a republic in 1936. North Ossetia occupies 4121 km 2. The climate is continental almost everywhere, and on the plains it is predominantly arid.
The republic has 1 urban district and 8 municipal districts. To get to Moscow, you will need to overcome 2 thousand km, and only 200 km to Pyatigorsk.
The climate of the republic is classified as subtropical. There are 130-140 summer days a year. These factors have a beneficial effect on the development of resorts and tourist routes.
According to rough estimates, 706 thousand people live on the territory of the republic. Most of the citizens are in the city. This is about 451 thousand, the rest - in the countryside.
Composition The North Caucasian Federal District in the part of North Ossetia is one of the most multinational territories. In terms of population density, the republic comes after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ingushetia.
About 100 national minorities live here, but Ossetians account for more than 65%. Russians are in second place. There are 21% of them. The third place in the list was taken by the Ingush - 4%.
List of national composition, the number of persons, which exceeds 1 thousand:
Stavropol region
When it comes to this region, one immediately remembers the balneological resorts with which the territory is saturated. There are many health resorts located in different cities: Yessentuki, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk.
Conditionally divided into two climatic zones:
- the northeast resembles semi-desert and desert;
- the northwest is a plain with fertile lands.
In general, the climate of the region can be characterized as temperate continental.
The administrative center of the region is Stavropol, and there are 19 cities in total.
The total area of the administrative unit is 40.9 thousand km 2. The total number of residents is 2.7 million people. The share of townspeople is 8.9%.
The territory is predominantly inhabited by Russians - there are about 2.2 million people. The second on the list are Armenians. There are 161.3 thousand of them on the territory of the Stavropol Territory, which is 5.9%. The third place is taken by the Dargins (as of 2015), previously this position was occupied by the Ukrainians. There are 49.3 thousand Dargins in the region. The fourth largest number of national minorities are Greeks. There are about 1.5% of them here.
Chechnya
The composition of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia is hard to imagine without It several times seceded from the Russian Federation and the last time it signed an agreement on joining Russia in 2003.
Mostly Chechens live in the republic. There are 1.2 million of them, which is 95.3 percent of the total population. According to Rosstat, the total population of the republic in 2017 is 1,414,865 people.
The rest of the nationalities are represented in rather small numbers:
South and North Caucasian Federal District
Until 2010, these districts were a single territorial unit. According to the government, the allocation of the North Caucasus will allow the new federal district to accelerate the development of the southern regions. This makes it possible to solve economic and ethnopolitical problematic issues.
If we consider the ethnic composition of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, then it is quite variegated. In Dagestan alone, there are about 130 nationalities. In the region, you can find the most unique nationalities and quite small numbers, even within Russia. These are Avars, Dargins, Kabardians and Lezgins, Circassians and Adygs, that is, representatives of the North Caucasian language group. In the republics of these federal districts there are representatives of the Altai people. These are Nogays, Karachais and Balkars. But if we take the general data, then in the two regions Russians still prevail. There are about 62% of them here. This number also includes Ukrainians.
- was formed on January 19, 2010 in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev No. 82 "On amendments to the list of federal districts approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. May 12, 2008 № 724 "Questions of the system and structure of federal executive bodies" by separating from the Southern Federal District The center of the North Caucasian Federal District is the city of Pyatigorsk.
From May 13 to June 21, 2000, the name of the North Caucasian Federal District was the Southern Federal District.
North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD)- includes 7 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is located in the southern part of the European part of Russia, in the lower reaches of the Volga River, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus, from the east the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is washed by the Caspian Sea. In the west and north, the North Caucasian Federal District borders on the Southern Federal District, in the east - with Kazakhstan, in the south - with Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia. The regions of the North Caucasian Federal District are included in the North Caucasian Economic Region.
Significant oil reserves are concentrated on the territory of the North Caucasian Federal District on the shelf of the Caspian Sea. The main sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District: extraction and processing of thermal and mineral waters, tourism, agriculture, production of building materials.
The North Caucasus remains the most contested region in Russia.
NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT... Area 172,360 sq. Km.
The administrative center of the North Caucasian Federal District - Pyatigorsk
Administrative center of Makhachkala
- Administrative center of Magas
- Administrative center of Vladikavkaz
- Administrative center of Nalchik
- Administrative center of Cherkessk
- Administrative center of Grozny
- The administrative center of Stavropol
Cities of the North Caucasian Federal District
Cities in the Republic of Dagestan: Buinaksk, Dagestan Lights, Derbent, Izberbash, Kaspiysk, Kizilyurt, Kizlyar, Khasavyurt, Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Makhachkala.
Cities in the Republic of Ingushetia: Karabulak, Malgobek, Nazran. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Magas.
Cities in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania: Alagir, Ardon, Beslan, Digora, Mozdok. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Vladikavkaz.
Cities in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic: Baksan, Maisky, Nartkala, Cool, Terek, Tyrnyauz, Chegem. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Nalchik.
Cities in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic: Karachaevsk, Teberda, Ust-Dzheguta. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Cherkessk.
Cities in the Chechen Republic: Argun, Gudermes, Urus-Martan, Shali. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Grozny.
Cities in the Stavropol Territory: Grateful, Budennovsk, Georgievsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Zelenokumsk, Izobilny, Ipatovo, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, Mineralnye Vody, Mikhailovsk, Nevinnomyssk, Neftekumsk, Novoaleksandrovsk, Novopavlovsk, Pyatigorsk, Svetlograd. The administrative center of the federal district is the city Stavropol.
separated from the Southern Federal District by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev on January 19, 2010 and includes 6 republics: Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic and one edge- Stavropol region. This is the only district in Russia in which Russians make up less than a third of the population (32.8%, 2,938,070 people).
Center of the Federal District - Pyatigorsk.
The Caucasus is one of the most favorite destinations for Russian travelers. By the totality of all natural factors, the resort area of the Caucasian Mineral Waters ( Stavropol region) has no analogues on the Eurasian continent! ... This is the land of mountain peaks, amazingly beautiful valleys with unique vegetation, azure-blue waterfalls, transparent rivers, numerous mineral springs, ancient monuments of exceptionally clean air, with a tart smell of resin and pine needles. For several tens of kilometers from north to south, the steppe plain smoothly passes into the mountainous landscape here. Feathery steppes give way to luxurious deciduous, pine forests, above which there are alpine meadows. Kavkazskie Mineralnye Vody is located in the middle of the seven-hundred-kilometer isthmus between the Black and Caspian Seas on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just 90 kilometers from the highest mountain in Europe, Elbrus. Caucasian Mineral Waters- one of the oldest resort areas in Russia. The first historical information about the "hot waters" of Pyatigorye dates back to the XIV century and belongs to the Arab traveler Ibn Batut. Peter I showed scientific interest in the healing waters. The beauty of the Caucasian Mineral Waters was highly appreciated by many great Russians - from members of the imperial family to the Russian creative elite, spoiled by success. Resort Caucasian Mineral Waters everyone is able to convince of their unique exclusivity! The main wealth of the region is mineral waters. This is a unique, the only place in the world where about 130 mineral springs of 12 types of complex chemical composition have been discovered in a relatively small area. Lake Tambukan is of great balneological importance; it produces curative mud, which is rated as one of the best. The climate of the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters has long been highly appreciated by balneologists and is successfully used as a therapeutic factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days (in Kislovodsk there are only 40 days a year without the sun) and clean mountain air.
Resorts of Mineralnye Vody
The Kislovodsk resort is famous for its narzan, mild climate, sunny weather (up to 300 sunny days a year) and, of course, for its sanatoriums. Narzan owes its world fame to its unique taste and medicinal properties, as well as the unique set of mineral salts and trace elements contained in it, which are so necessary for humans. In Kislovodsk, there is one of the largest parks in Europe, along which many tourist paths have been laid, forming special routes - terrenkurs. The main profile of Kislovodsk sanatoriums is cardiological. The resort area Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvody) is located in the Stavropol Territory. It includes such resort towns as Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk, and is the largest balneo-climatic resort in Russia. Caucasian Mineral Waters has about 130 mineral springs and reserves of silt mud, which is mined in the Tambukan Lake. Each of the resort towns, depending on the composition of the springs and microclimate, specializes in the treatment of various diseases. Today the Kavminvod sanatoriums have a modern diagnostic base and are equipped with the latest technology. The regional center of the resort area is the city of Essentuki, and its main transport hub is the city of Mineralnye Vody (there is an international airport and a junction railway station of the North Caucasian railway). Caucasian Mineral Waters are located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, within which the highest point in Europe is located - Mount Elbrus (5642 m). The resort area can be divided into two zones: the northern one, which includes cities Pyatigorsk, Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk , and southern, where the city of Kislovodsk is located. The resorts of the northern zone are located at an altitude of 500-600 m, and the city of Kislovodsk - at an altitude of 800 to 1069 m. Kavminvody are known for their healing microclimate with a lot of heat and moderate rainfall. The air here is clean and oxygenated. The city of Kislovodsk has the most favorable climate for treatment. This is the "sunniest" resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (there are about 300 clear days a year), from all sides it is surrounded by mountains that protect it from cold winds. The healing properties of the Caucasian springs have been known to the locals since ancient times. Their study at the state level began with Peter I, and by the end of the 18th century people from different parts of the country began to come here for treatment. On April 24, 1803, Alexander I issued a decree on the improvement of balneological zones in the Stavropol Territory. This year is considered the year of the Kavminvod formation. The richest people of the country, as well as cultural figures, came here. M.Yu. Lermontov has been here more than once, and his novel "A Hero of Our Time" describes these places. The main method of treatment at the Kavminvod resorts is the use of local mineral waters of various chemical and gas composition. They are used for internal use (drinking mineral water, gastric lavage, duodenal tubage (drainage), intraintestinal (rectal) procedures, inhalation with finely dispersed mineral water particles) or for external use (baths, underwater spinal traction, shower massage, underwater shower- massage, sitz baths, rising showers, local hand and foot baths, head irrigation, swimming in the pool). In Kislovodsk there are deposits of carbonic sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium waters "Narzanov"; in Essentuki - carbonate sodium bicarbonate-chloride waters "Essentuki"; in Pyatigorsk - carbonic waters of "Pyatigorsk narzans", carbonic-hydrogen sulfide waters of complex ionic-salt composition, radon waters, mineral waters of the Essentuk type, methane waters with an increased content of iodine and bromine and low-carbonic sodium chloride waters of the Arzni type; in Zheleznovodsk - the world's only hot calcium waters and carbonic sulphate-hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium waters. Also, in the Kavminvod sanatoriums, mud therapy is widely used in the form of wraps and applications. Black silt sulphide mud of Lake Tambukan is rich in salts, sulfuric iron, contains hydrogen sulphide, methane and carbon dioxide. In addition to these methods of treatment, hydrotherapy or hydropathy is practiced at the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters - external use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes of both fresh and mineral water; climatotherapy - the use of the healing properties of the climate, which include aerotherapy (long-term or round-the-clock stay in the open air), heliotherapy (use of sunbathing) and thalassotherapy (treatment by swimming in open water); diet therapy (about 40 diets) and health path - dosed walking (alternating walking on level ground and rough terrain with different angles of inclination in order to regulate blood circulation). A wide variety of terrainkour routes can be found in the Resort Park of Kislovodsk, the Medical Park and the Victory Park of Yessentuki, in the Beshtaugorsk forest park of Pyatigorsk and in the Zheleznovodsk forest park, which is the only park of natural origin in the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The main specialization of the Kislovodsk sanatoriums are diseases of the cardiovascular system; today Kislovodsk is considered the leading cardiological resort in Russia. In Essentuki, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism are treated, there is also a Center for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and one of the largest mud baths in Europe has been opened. Pyatigorsk is known for its success in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, digestive organs and skin diseases. Zheleznovodsk sanatoriums specialize in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, kidneys, urinary tract and metabolic disorders. In addition, gynecological and urological diseases, respiratory diseases and diseases of the ear, throat and nose are treated at the Kavminvod resorts. Thus, all resorts of Kavminvod are multidisciplinary.
Of the sights of Kavminvod, places associated with the name of M.Yu. Lermontov. He visited here in childhood and during his Caucasian exile, when the story "Princess Mary" was written. Lermontovskaya rock is located 3 km from Kislovodsk in the gorge of the Olkhovka river. It was these places that became the scenery for the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky from the above story. The State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov, where in 1841 the poet lived the last two months of his life, the literary department of the museum is the Verzilins House, Diana's Grotto (Lermontov's favorite resting place), the notorious Duel Place, where on July 15, 1841 the poet was mortally wounded by Major Martynov, Pyatigorsk necropolis with the original burial place of M.Yu. Lermontov, as well as the famous Proval, Aeolian Harp and Lermontov's Grotto mentioned in the story "Princess Mary". Pyatigorsk is one of the most versatile resorts in the country. Pyatigorsk is called the Natural Museum of Mineral Waters for the rare variety of mineral springs concentrated in a small area around Mount Mashuk. Mineral waters of Pyatigorsk are combined into the following groups: carbonic waters (hot, warm and cold), carbonic acid, radon, mineral waters of the Essentuki type - salt-alkaline springs "Essentuki-4", "Essentuki-17". The main balneological wealth of the resort is hot hydrogen sulphide and radon waters. A generous gift of nature to Pyatigorsk is the unique healing mud of Lake Tambukan. This mud has a tremendous healing effect and is used in the treatment of various diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Pyatigorsk is the cultural center of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. In the city there is the largest museum-reserve of M. Yu. Lermontov in Russia, which includes the house where the poet spent the last days of his life, the place of the duel. Zheleznovodsk is a picturesque resort town, its surroundings are called "little Switzerland". The climate here is mountainous and forest, which has a beneficial effect on humans.
Kabardino-Balkar Republic is located approximately halfway between the equator and the North Pole. From the Greenwich meridian, the distance in degrees and kilometers is the same as from the Equator, i.e. the republic is equidistant from both the Equator and the prime meridian. Kabardino-Balkaria borders in the north with the Stavropol Territory, in the east and southeast with the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Ingush Republic. The southern border of the republic is the border with Georgia, it is also the state border of Russia with Georgia with a length of 130.7 km. In the west, Kabardino-Balkaria borders on Karachay-Cherkessia. Kabardino-Balkaria and its capital Nalchik is an all-Russian and international center for tourism, mountaineering and skiing. An excellent feature of the republic is the high level of resort and recreational development. Due to the mild climatic conditions, the presence of various mineral waters and curative mud, the balneological resort of Nalchik received national and international recognition along with the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters - Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk. On a relatively small territory of Nalchik, there are 18 mineral springs of various physical and chemical composition. The city is widely known as one of the important centers of tourism and mountaineering in the North Caucasus. Kabardino-Balkaria ... It is a small republic in terms of area (12.5 thousand sq. Km.) And population (about 790 thousand people), and is one of the centers of concentration of the economic and scientific potential of the North Caucasian region of Russia. The Caucasian mountainous country stretches for more than a thousand kilometers from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. Kabardino-Balkaria is part of this country. Its territory is twelve and a half thousand square kilometers, half of them are mountains, as in Switzerland and Austria. This area was chosen for recreation by many generations of tourists and climbers, and now it is the Mecca of Russian skiers and snowboarders. Nature has generously endowed Kabardino-Balkaria with a wealth of unique sights that have been famous far beyond the borders of Russia since ancient times. First of all, these are the Caucasus Mountains, the two-headed Elbrus summit, as well as rare hot and cold mineral springs used for internal and external use, rejuvenating and prolonging life for decades, the Dzhily-Su (Warm Water) tract has been known since ancient times as a balneological resort. Currently, carbonic mineral springs are represented by two powerful outlets on the site of homemade swimming pools with a constant water temperature of +22.4 degrees. As the underground carbonic water moves to the surface of the earth, the pressure decreases, and as a result, a state occurs when part of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water begins to emit from it into the atmosphere in the form of numerous bubbles, giving the water the appearance of boiling. The springs are located on the northern slope of Mount Elbrus in the upper reaches of the Malka River at an altitude of 2380 m. The Malka River is a large left tributary of the Terek. Due to its natural conditions and geographical position, Kabardino-Balkaria is deservedly considered one of the largest mountain tourism bases, the largest mountaineering base, and the Nalchik resort bears the status of an All-Russian health resort. The most varied and exciting excursions and hiking trips in the Caucasus are held within Kabardino-Balkaria - along the highest mountainous part of the Central Caucasus, starting from Elbrus and further to the east. This part of the Caucasus is very popular with tourists and sightseers. In Kabardino-Balkaria there is the highest peak in Europe - Elbrus (5642 m), Oshkhamaho or "mountain of happiness". More than 100 sources of mineral water are concentrated in the republic. According to the content of certain chemical elements in them, mineral waters are divided into five groups: carbonic, sulfide, siliceous, radon, waters without specific components. In Lake Tambukan (70 km from the city of Nalchik), healing mud is mined, which is used to treat the musculoskeletal system and gynecological diseases. The Elbrus region is famous for its picturesque gorges located at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level and more. The largest of them is Baksanskoe. One of the oldest resort cities is the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria - Nalchik. The decoration of Nalchik is a park that merges with the surrounding woodlands. He is considered to be one of the best in Russia. Surrounded by shady alleys, there are 156 species of trees and shrubs, there is a whole system of flowing artificial reservoirs, a zoo, attractions, cafes and restaurants. Cable cars connect the park with the peaks of the surrounding hills - Malaya (600 m above sea level) and Bolshaya Kizilovka (750 m above sea level). Another resort town is Teberda. Dozens of tourist, mountaineering and excursion routes have been laid from the city to the natural and historical sights of Kabardino-Balkaria. Undoubtedly, the most important recreational resources of the resort are 18 mineral springs (bromoid, nitrogen-thermal, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and medicinal mud delivered here from the shores of Lake Tambukan, located on the border with Stavropol. The presence of a large amount of mineral waters, a favorable climate, hospitality of the inhabitants provide great opportunities for the further development of the existing resort, the creation of new resort areas and the industrial development of mineral springs for the purpose of trade.
There are many attractions in the Elbrus region, and here are some of them:
... Good Mountain. The top of the Good Mountain is an excellent place from which a stunning view of the Elbrus nature opens up.
... Sources of Jila-Su. There are two powerful outlets of mineral water and many small ones. Their mineral composition is slightly different from each other and therefore the healing effect is also somewhat different. Here they drink mineral water and take baths. The water of the springs has a pronounced healing effect and therefore many people visit these places during the season.
... Not far from the springs there is a valley of "castles" with moraine outliers of the most exotic forms.
... Above the springs on the Kyzyl-Kol River, there is a waterfall about 30 m high. Here you can clearly see how the water washed the passage for itself in the lava. There is another waterfall downstream of the Kyzyl-kol.
... There is a two-stage waterfall on the Balyk-Su river right before its confluence with the Kyzyl-Kol. Below the confluence, the river is called Malka.
... "German airfield". "German airfield" is a huge plane, located at an altitude of 2900 m, at least 800 m in length, at least 500 m in width. aircraft. Most likely, this is a myth, but the modern An-2 calmly lands on this plane and takes off from it.
... Stone "mushrooms". Stone "mushrooms" are a product of exotic erosion, which resulted in stone pillars with flat caps, similar to mushrooms. They are located at an altitude of 3200 m. Arriving at the foot of Elbrus, you find yourself in the kingdom of the volcano, where nature has created many sculptures of the most intricate forms from lava.
... If you have never sunbathed while standing in the snow, then here you can fulfill your dream.
... Great place for skiers. Snow cover appears in November and lasts until mid-spring. The pistes are very well equipped and are suitable for both experienced athletes and beginner skiers. These trails are considered one of the most beautiful in Europe. One of the most picturesque corners of the world, Azau, is not without reason the most popular place in the Elbrus region. Azau in the Elbrus region is a majestic glacier, a wonderful meadow, and a comfortable hotel located at the foot of Elbrus. Prielbrusye is a national park located in the depths of the Baksan valley at the foot of the greatest two-headed mountain in the world - Elbrus. Here, on a small territory, all the landscape and climatic zones characteristic of Russia are represented and, accordingly, various forms of flora and fauna, some of which - endemics - are not found anywhere else on the planet. The Elbrus region has more than 300 sunny days a year. The high transparency of the air and a significant number of hours of sunshine create excellent weather conditions in summer and winter. Snow cover is established in November, in the valley it lies until about mid-April, in the alpine zone - until May - June. It is in this region that six of the seven "five-thousanders" are located - the highest mountains of the Greater Caucasus.
Karachay-Cherkess Republic located in the northwest of the Caucasus. From the south it borders on Georgia and Abkhazia along the Main Caucasian ridge, from the west side there is a border with the Krasnodar Territory, from the north and north-east - with the Stavropol Territory and from the east - with Kabardino-Balkaria. The length of the territory of the KCR from west to east is 170 km, from north to south - 140 km. Rest in Karachay-Cherkessia is active tourism. Vacationers are attracted by the mountain slopes of the region. Here you can try your hand at both the most difficult types of extreme sports (mountaineering, mountain tourism, rock climbing, alpine skiing, hang-gliding), as well as the simplest ones that do not require complex preparation (excursions, walks on the slopes, just relaxing in the bosom of mountain nature, picking mushrooms, etc. berries, medicinal plants). One of the most popular and well-known domestic ski resorts, Dombay, is located in the KChR. This is an urban-type settlement located in the very center of the Teberda Nature Reserve. From mid-November to early April, there is a steady snow cover on the trails, and this is the best time of the year for active winter tourism in Dombai. The reliefs of the slope are varied here, so ski slopes for every taste and level of training are offered for tourists. The trails at the top are more suitable for beginners and for lovers of calm skiing. If you go down, then the trails are noticeably steeper, more bumpy, and in the forest zone, they are also narrow. You can also try your hand at skiing on the slopes of Arkhyz. There are several drag lifts in the vicinity of the village. These trails are more suitable for beginners and are short in length. In recent years, equestrian sports, rafting, cycling and other types of active recreation and tourism have also been developing in the republic. There is a deltadrome in Dombai. Blue glaciers and bright carpets of subalpine meadows, foamy waterfalls and turquoise lakes, bizarre rocks and sonorous streams create the unique look of this corner of our country. Dombay ski resort is the most famous of the Russian ski resorts, one of the modern recreation and sports centers, mountaineering, skiing and tourist Mecca of the Greater Caucasus. In terms of the number of sunny days and the properties of clean, healing air, Dombay surpasses many world-renowned ski resorts. The pistes here also compete with many European ski resorts. Mount Cheget (3700 m) is one of the most difficult tracks in the world. Cheget has 15 slopes with elevation differences from 2100 to 3550 m). Elbrus - 6 tracks with a vertical drop of 2280-3800 m. The total length of the tracks is about 35 km. Elbrus Elbrus is a ski resort, one of the three leaders in Russia in terms of the popularity of ski tours to this region. The Elbrus region is located in the depths of the Baksan Valley - the heart of the Caucasus. Rest in the Elbrus region gives an unusually strong healing effect due to the purest alpine air, saturated with ozone and phytoncides, exuded by pine forests and herbs of alpine meadows; and mineral water springs. Teberda is a resort town in the Krachay-Cherkess Republic, on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. The resort is surrounded on all sides by emerald mountains of bizarre outlines, there are many picturesque gorges here.
Within the territory of Republic of North Ossetia-Alania all 6 balneological groups of the generally accepted classification of mineral waters are localized. It is safe to say that due to the variety of natural and climatic conditions and the presence of unique in terms of volume and variety of types of mineral water resources, the republic can serve as a basis for creating a large sanatorium-resort agglomeration, comparable to the well-known Sochi-Matsesta and Kavminvodsky regions. Water reserves - about 15 thousand cubic meters / day. explored and more than 18 thousand cubic meters / day. forward-looking. These data indicate the possibility of covering more than 80 thousand people with treatment at the same time.
The Republic of Dagestan- one of those territories on the world map that was inhabited by man in the most ancient times: the sites of ancient people on the territory of the modern republic date back to 1.4 million years. Naturally, the sights of the Republic of Dagestan are as ancient and amazing as the history of this land itself. One of the most interesting objects of the republic is Derbent, which is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on the planet. Founded in the 4th millennium BC, Derbent was an important center of civilization, a meeting point for roads from the south, north, west and east, one of the largest cities on the Great Silk Road. The architectural ensemble of Derbent is impressive, it is impossible to describe all of its monuments. Already Peter I drew attention to their value and ordered the first descriptions of the most significant objects of the city to be compiled. The Naryn-Kala fortress should be especially noted, the age of which today exceeds 2 thousand years, and the walls have survived almost completely. Derbent, which was of great strategic importance until the 20th century, was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 2003.
The Republic of Ingushetia- the region of the Russian Federation, which appeared on the map of the country later than all the others - only in 1992, on the border with Chechnya and Georgia, a new subject of the country was formed, the smallest in territory. The area of the region was inhabited three thousand years ago - this is the age of the oldest archaeological sites in Ingushetia. The Ingush retained their independence for a long time, although due to the aggressive activity of their neighbors, including Russia, they were forced to leave the plain into the mountains. The annexation of this part of the Caucasus to Russia was marked by the Caucasian War, which lasted almost 50 years, until 1864. To this day, it is restless in Ingushetia - XX and XXI centuries. here they are accompanied by armed conflicts, mass killings of civilians. Ingushetia is a hot spot on the country's map. The sights of the Republic of Ingushetia perfectly illustrate all the events that accompanied the difficult fate of the region. For example, a large memorial complex in Nazran is dedicated to the tragic days of 1944, when the Ingush forcibly moved to Kazakhstan. It is a structure of 9 city towers aligned together. As conceived by the author of the project, it reflects the entire troubled history of the Ingush people, filled with wars and suffering. Despite the fact that Islam is quite widespread in the Caucasus, among the sights of the Republic of Ingushetia there is also a Christian temple reminiscent of the long-standing influence of Georgia in the region - Tkhaba-Yerdy. The building was erected in the XII century. It combines the traditions of Ingush and Chechen architecture. The monument, restored during the USSR period, underwent new tests during the Chechen campaigns conducted by federal troops - the oldest church in our country was in the very center of military maneuvers. A large number of architectural and historical monuments are located on the territory of the region, which, after stabilization of the situation in the region, can become excellent tourist sites.
V Chechen Republic about fifty state natural monuments. Among them there are ten reserves for the protection of certain species of animals and plants. Picturesque mountain landscapes and lakes are of interest to travelers and tourists. And some natural resources, such as mineral and mud springs, have medicinal value. In some reserves of the Chechen Republic, hunting, fishing and grazing are prohibited.
Tourist routes are carried out in the natural reserves of the Chechen Republic:
Argun state museum-reserve
Argun hunting reserve
Vedensky hunting reserve
Galanchozhskoe lake
General lake
Dzhalka lake
Lake Kazenoy-Am
Ice Age Monuments
Parabochevsky hunting reserve
Steppe hunting reserve
Three springs
Urus-Martan hunting reserve
Shali hunting reserve
Shatoy hunting reserve
One of the special sights of the mountainous part of the Chechen Republic is the stone towers towering over the terraces of mountain villages. They are recognized as the highest achievement of stone architecture in the Chechen Republic and have become a kind of stone chronicle for researchers. The time of the construction of the towers is mainly in the 14-18 centuries. Each era left its mark on their architecture.