In the era of chronic stress, the human body is regularly overloaded, which leads to a disruption in the production of vital enzymes, hormones, etc. The lack of active substances can be corrected by taking medications. Today we will talk about how to increase the level of serotonin in the body with the help of dietary supplements containing the precursor of the happy hormone 5-hydroxytryptophan.

5-htp, also known as 5-hydroxytryptophan, is extracted from the seeds of the woody shrub Griffonia Simplicifolia native to West Africa.

5-htp or "L-tryptophan" (5-Hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan) is a natural amino acid that is an intermediate, so to speak, a precursor in the biosynthesis of such neurotransmitters as serotonin and melatonin.

5-htp is converted to the neurotransmitter serotonin by vitamin B6. This occurs both in the nervous tissue and in the liver. Once in the bloodstream, 5-htp is transported by the blood to the brain, where it crosses the blood-brain barrier and promotes the release of hormones. Thus, 5-ntr helps to increase the level of serotonin in the body.

You can increase the concentration of hydroxytryptophan in the blood with the help of dietary supplements containing it. Additional use of tablets and capsules with 5-htp helps to increase serotonin when needed.

How to increase the level of the hormone of happiness

Regularly taking preparations containing the precursor of serotonin 5-htp can maintain the concentration of the hormone at the proper level. 5-hydroxytryptophan preparations are widely used in the fight against obesity, relieving symptoms of PMS, migraine, depression, anxiety, insomnia and addictive behavior.

All these ailments are closely related to low levels of serotonin in the body. This hormone is responsible for feelings of well-being, contentment, and quality of sleep. Serotonin plays an important role in controlling mood and emotional responses such as anger and aggression. Also, its level affects the body temperature and sexuality of a person, appetite and metabolism depend on it.

Which Foods Contain the Precursor of Serotonin

Hectic modern lifestyle in constant stress and bad eating habits reduce the concentration of the hormone of joy in the blood. Therefore, its deficiency must be replenished with food. Yes, it is possible to increase the level of serotonin in the body through food. To compensate for the deficiency, the body synthesizes the hormone from products containing L-tryptophan:

• chocolate;
• cereals - peas, oats;
• fruits - bananas, dried dates;
• seeds - sesame, peanuts;
• milk, yogurt, cottage cheese,
• meat, turkey and chicken;
• a fish.

Many people experience irresistible cravings for these products precisely because of an unconscious need to make up for the lack of a hormone of happiness and joy. Those. the smart body itself is trying to increase the level of serotonin.

5-htp = serotonin

Hydroxytreptophan for depression and anxiety

Studies have shown that 5-ntr helps manage depression and anxiety, reduces symptoms of panic attacks, and improves sleep quality. The substance has the same effect as SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) antidepressants.

Usually, people suffering from all of the above problems are prescribed long-term treatment with antidepressants to increase their serotonin levels. However, it has been observed that regular intake of 5-ntr tablets and capsules copes with the increase in the concentration of the hormone of pleasure without additional help. The advantage of using hydroxytryptophan supplements is that there are no side effects.

5-htp for weight loss

Clinical studies have shown that 5-ntr supplementation has positive results during weight loss, as it reduces levels of anxiety and depression. It improves sleep and reduces carbohydrate cravings for those on low-carbohydrate diets (Atkins, Dukan, Kremlevskaya). Any nutritional system, such as Dukan, can lead to a decrease in serotonin levels due to a lack of carbohydrates that stimulate its production in the human body.

The production of the hormone is triggered by the consumption of carbohydrates (sugar, etc.), this is the reason why sugar cravings skyrocket during times of stress. Thus, our smart body wants to increase the level of serotonin in order to most painlessly cope with a stressful situation. After the synthesis of serotonin by the brain, tension usually subsides.

Taking 5-htp supplements can reduce cravings for fatty and sweet foods, help you be more emotionally stable, and improve sleep and appetite.

Instructions for use 5-ntr

Take 5-HTP as directed by the manufacturer or as recommended by your doctor.

Some sources say that to increase the level of the hormone serotonin, it is necessary to take a dose of 50 mg 1 to 3 times a day, half an hour before meals. In some cases, it will be more effective to use higher doses in the range of 100 - 200 mg at a time, also use -1-3 times a day.

Always start with the lowest dosage (50-100 mg) to determine your individual sensitivity to the drug. Do not take high doses of dietary supplements without first consulting your doctor. High doses (300mg above) of 5-ntr can cause negative side effects and should be avoided.

How to take 5-ntr: dosages for different occasions

• To improve sleep, it is recommended to take 5-htp at a dose of 100-200 mg 60-30 minutes before bedtime. In addition to producing serotonin, hydroxytryptophan stimulates the production of melatonin, which is the sleep hormone. The effects of 5-htp begin to be felt 10 to 30 minutes after ingestion.
• On sale you can find preparations containing both 5-htp and vitamin B6. This is a very good option for tablets, since it is vitamin B6 that is needed to convert 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan into serotonin.
• For weight loss and reduction of migraine, higher doses of the drug are needed than those recommended above 100 mg.
• 5-ntr is generally much better tolerated than traditional antidepressants. It is believed that with a small overdose, excess 5-HTP is metabolized and excreted from the body.
• If you suffer from mood swings, constant constipation and sleep disturbances, then 5-htp is what you need.

Side effects

If you are taking MAO inhibitors, antidepressants, or treating Parkinson's disease, seek medical advice. There are concerns about the safety of taking 5-htp and Carbidopa, which is used to treat Parkinson's disease. There is a possibility that the combined use of 5-ntr and Carbidopa may lead to skin changes similar to scleroderma.

Which 5-hydroxytryptophan to buy on iherb

You can purchase hydroxytryptophan products from the iHerb online store. The site has a large selection of tablets and capsules, so it will not be difficult to buy the 5-htp that is right for you. Manufacturers produce supplements in the form of tablets and capsules (gelatin and vegetarian), with different amounts of active ingredient - 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg each.

There are also enhanced formulas of dietary supplements, which, in addition to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, include vitamin B6. Preparations from different brands are grouped by the amount of active ingredient, you just have to decide on the manufacturer.

5-htp at 50mg:

• Source Naturals, 120 Capsules
• Now Foods, 5-HTP, 50 mg, 180 Capsules

Preparations with a dosage of the active substance 100 mg

The 5-hydroxytryptophan supplement has recently become more in demand. But what kind of drug is it, how does it affect the body, how to take it correctly, and is there a warning on its use?

What it is?

This additive is abbreviated as 5-htp. This is the chemical form of tryptophan, a natural amino acid used as a dietary supplement. The raw material for its production are the seeds of the plant Griffonia simplicifolia.

The amino acid 5-htp helps our body produce serotonin, it is called the calming hormone because it has a positive effect on the emotional state. At the same time, a lack of serotonin adversely affects sleep, mood and leads to an appetite disorder (there is a desire to constantly chew something). Therefore, today the 5-htp supplement is used to improve sleep, improve mood, reduce migraines and even lose extra pounds.

Useful action

First of all, 5-hydroxytryptophan is a sedative that can be taken during depression, panic attacks and neurosis. In addition, doctors recommend it for insomnia. It can have a more tangible result than antidepressant drugs.

Also, this tool can give relief from migraines, premenstrual syndrome (if you feel irritability, aggression and mood swings). But if you are being treated with antidepressants, you can start taking this supplement only after the approval of the doctor, since unexpected reactions of the body are possible.

5-hydroxytryptophan: instructions for use

To feel the effect of taking this dietary supplement, the daily dose should be 100-300 mg. It is best if at first the daily allowance is less, for example 70-150 mg. With insomnia, the main dose of the drug should be at bedtime. If you want to get rid of depression, anxiety or passion for food, then daily allowance should be divided to take during the day.

But you can drink this drug not systematically, but only in those moments when there are problems with mood. If you are taking 5-hydroxytryptophan in order to get rid of binge eating, you can drink the capsule before work. This will help in the evening, when you return home, not to overeat, but to get by with just a snack.

It is best to take the supplement on an empty stomach, before meals. This will allow the drug to get to the brain faster. Therefore, it will be good to drink a capsule immediately after waking up, and another one in the evening before dinner.

When will the result appear

You can feel the effect of taking a bioadditive immediately. 15 minutes after you have drunk the capsule, you will feel a surge of good mood, which will not be spoiled by minor troubles. In addition, 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulates in the body, so after the drug is over, the effect will continue. So, if you are on a diet and the supplement has already ended, you will still control the desire to “chew”, because the brutal appetite will not return soon.

Cautions

Although the drug has vegetable origin and in comparison with pharmaceutical drugs is practically harmless, yet it has a number of side effects. In order not to harm the body, it is important not to exceed the permissible dosage. Side effects may include flatulence, constipation, colic, heartburn, feeling too full, nausea, fluid retention, and vomiting. Also sometimes there are headaches, rashes and delusional dreams.

But in addition to side effects, 5-hydroxytryptophan can worsen the condition in the following diseases: hypertension, anorexia, irritable bowel syndrome, peripheral neuralgia, peptic ulcer, hemophilia, and myalgia. About whether to take the drug or not, you need to think about those who have diseases of the hepatobiliary and respiratory systems, as well as Crohn's disease.

Are you experiencing stress? bad dream? Zero mood? Quite common stamps of our time. It is with them that 5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-HTP is designed to fight. Let's try to look at it more carefully, look at the instructions for use, look at prices and points of sale, and also share the reviews that we managed to find on the Web, as well as from our readers.

5-HTP 5-hydroxytryptophan instructions for use

5-HTP is widely available in the Depressed West and is available over the counter in the UK, US and Canada. This drug is available as a dietary supplement, and is most often used as an antidepressant, an appetite suppressant, as well as a substance that helps fight insomnia. It must be remembered that in different countries the product may be produced under different brands: Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH and Triptum.

The drug may be prescribed by a doctor for some depressive disorder. The main indication for the use of 5-hydroxytryptophan is a low level of serotonin, as it is a precursor of its neurotransmitter. It is prescribed in the presence of symptoms: insomnia, chronic headache, fibromyalgia. 5-HTP is quite successful in helping to maintain mental and emotional health if the diagnosis of the disorder is correct.

It is best to use 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) on the advice of a physician. For the rest - according to the instructions, it is only necessary to remember that each manufacturer has its own, because. depends on the content of the drug in the capsule, as well as on the size of the capsules themselves. Generally, adults are advised to take 1 capsule one to two or three times daily, with or without food.

5-hydroxytryptophan 5-HTP where to buy

5-hydroxytryptophan is not the most expensive of the drugs. Nevertheless, the drug costs some money, which means that the temptation to make money on it by supplying an imitation and a fake instead of the original to the market still remains. Therefore, it makes sense to buy this drug only in a trusted place that is trusted by both manufacturers and buyers.

In addition, 5-HTP can be overpriced by 50-80%, so our recommendation is iHerb's honest prices.

Price of 5-hydroxytryptophan

Below are the prices for the most popular 5-HTPs available in the public domain:

Doctor's Best, 5-HTP - 100 mg, 60 capsules, from 500 rubles
Now Foods, 5-HTP - 120 Capsules
Healthy Origins, 5-hydroxytryptophan - 50 mg, 120 capsules

5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan)

If you've been browsing through your local pharmacy or online store, you've probably come across the drug 5-hydroxytryptophan, better known as 5-HTP. Probably, the question arose: “What is it?”. It is an amino acid, a precursor of serotonin. It is known for several main useful properties:

• reduces anxiety;
• helps in the treatment of depression;
• used for weight loss
• improves sleep.

5-hydroxytryptophan has been compared to tryptophan, but 5-HTP has its advantages along with its disadvantages.

For the preparation of dietary supplements, an African plant is used - Griffonia (Griffic simplicifolia).

V human body 5-HTP is converted in the brain to serotonin (one of the main neurotransmitters, the "hormone of happiness"). This means that it is involved in the biosynthesis of melatonin and serotonin from the amino acid tryptophan. While scientists are still investigating the causes of depression, it appears that low serotonin levels are the culprit.

Health Benefits of 5-HTP

1. Reduces Anxiety and Helps with Panic Attacks

A well-studied beneficial effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan is the ability to reduce the severity and frequency of panic attacks (bouts of severe anxiety).

Scientists have found that in panic disorder, serotonin levels are low. According to the results of the study, the daily supplementation of 200 mg of 5-HTP in some patients significantly improved the condition.

According to the results of another scientific project, young people in distress (negative stress that depletes the body's adaptive capabilities) took 5-hydroxytryptophan for 6 weeks. Levels of serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (stimulates the formation of new nerve cells) have increased significantly.

A series of human clinical trials have shown that 5-HTP increases the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid - the main neurotransmitter involved in the processes of central inhibition.

The overall result is a significant reduction in anxiety and the promotion of deeper relaxation.

2. Improves mood

For depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often prescribed to block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter in the brain. This keeps more of it inside the organ and is used for critical functions in the central nervous system.

Another healing effect of 5-HTP is to help treat depression.

According to test results, 5-hydroxytryptophan works in the same way as antidepressants prescribed by a doctor. .

However, according to one review of several studies investigating the effects of 5-HTP and tryptophan, not enough large-scale studies have been conducted to date.

A number of scientific projects demonstrate the effectiveness of the complex use of 5-hydroxytryptophan with prescribed SSRIs. The use of this combination is possible only under the guidance of a doctor, because. it has not yet been established how safe it is.

Another noteworthy clinical study showed that the combination of antidepressants and 5-HTP showed the greatest results. The use of one of the funds increased the level of serotonin by 35-100%, while the combination led to amazing results - by 500%.

However, more trials are needed, but those that exist show great promise.

3. Helps eliminate night terrors in children

1-6% of children have night terrors. This is a strong feeling of fear, anxiety, experienced by the child between the 3rd and 4th stages of the Non-REM sleep cycle. The causes of the disorder may be:

• stress;
• lack of sleep;
• major changes in sleep schedule;
• breathing problems during sleep;
• medicines;
• mood disorders;
• restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Most night terrors go away in adolescence. In adults, alcohol can cause them.

There is currently an ongoing debate about whether parents should give 5-HTP to children to correct the disorder.

In one 2004 study, 5-hydroxytryptophan taken at bedtime at 2mg/kg was found to reduce night terrors in children 3-10 years of age by 93.5%. At the end of the six months during which the children were studied, 83.9% had the disorder resolved.

4. Improves sleep quality

5-HTP helps both children and adults by providing a night's rest.

Any person with a disrupted circadian cycle (internal body clock with a period of 24 hours) is likely to have a serotonin deficiency caused by a genetic mutation.

For those who experience sleep problems, it is recommended to take 200 to 400 mg of 5-HTP before bed.

According to the results of a number of studies, long-term use of 5-hydroxytryptophan increases the content of GABA, which indicates an improvement in sleep. The drug helps to regulate the sleep cycle, leaving a feeling of cheerfulness after waking up.

The combination of 5-HTP and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) allows you to fall asleep faster and improves overall sleep quality.

5. Effective in weight loss

Studies have shown that food cravings, weight and emotional distress are interrelated. There is a neurobiological basis for craving unhealthy carbohydrates like sugar.

The amount of neurotransmitter released - serotonin - is controlled, including food intake. Consumption of carbohydrates increases its secretion, protein does not have such an effect. Therefore, many people eat in large numbers fast carbohydrates to feel better. This tendency to use certain foods as if they were drugs is often the cause of weight gain. It occurs:

• under stress;
• PMS (in women);
• during the "winter depression";
• when trying to quit smoking (nicotine increases the secretion of serotonin in the brain).

Bodybuilders, weight loss women and athletes use 5-HTP to reduce sugar cravings and lose weight while building muscle mass.

Because the drug is able to increase serotonin levels and reduce depression, it has been found to help curb unhealthy cravings and is effective in weight loss.

In a double-blind crossover study of 19 obese women in the 1980s, researchers found that those who took 5-hydroxytryptophan (8 mg/kg per day) experienced no mood-related changes. Administration of the drug reduced food intake and promoted weight loss during the observation period.

6. Helps Treat Type 2 Diabetes

Type II diabetes and weight problems tend to go hand in hand. The disease causes problems with insulin resistance (the ability of body cells to respond to the action of the hormone insulin decreases).

Overweight and obesity (especially deposits in the intestinal area) are known to cause insulin resistance. Other possible causes: genetics, metabolic syndrome, etc.

In 1998, a group of scientists conducted a 2-week clinical trial on 25 obese patients with type 2 diabetes. One group received a placebo, the other received 750 mg of 5-HTP daily. Patients did not follow dietary restrictions. In the group receiving the drug:

• the consumption of fats, carbohydrates has noticeably decreased, the calorie content has decreased;
• decreased weight;
• decreased blood sugar levels, HbA1C and insulin levels.

7. Increases serotonin levels

Damage to the spinal cord can affect the organ itself or its nerves. This leads to a significant loss of physical strength in the upper body, changes in sensations, in the work of the parts of the body located below the injury site.

It also reduces serotonin levels, which provokes depressive moods. With spinal cord injury, the monoamine fibers in the brainstem disappear. They are involved in the synthesis of 5-HTP from tryptophan.

In order to study the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on such injuries, the researchers examined the effects of 5-HTP in laboratory rats with simulated spinal cord injury. The supplement caused a sufficient stimulation of serotonin, which returned to normal.

8. Combats Symptoms of PKU

5-HTP is useful in reducing some of the neurological symptoms of the disease.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disease in which the metabolism of the essential amino acid phenylalanine is impaired. This causes its excess accumulation in the body when eating foods high in protein.

In many countries, babies are tested for PKU because the disease can be detected after birth. If screening is not done, symptoms appear in the first few months of life. Manifestations of PKU may include:

• mental retardation;
• hyperactivity;
• fragile bone tissue.

A study in mice found that rodents treated with 5-HTP experienced an improvement in neurological symptoms. The introduction of the drug increased the synthesis of serotonin, reducing the severity of neurological signs.

Benefits of 5-hydroxytryptophan over tryptophan

1. Converts quickly to serotonin

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is converted to 5-HTP and then to serotonin. It can only be obtained with food, because. not produced in the body.

Two tryptophan enzymes, TPH1 and TPH2, are responsible for its conversion to 5-hydroxytryptophan. However, they are the slowest enzymes in the production of serotonin.

Unlike tryptophan supplements, 5-HTP is converted directly into serotonin. The transformation only includes 1 step, not 2.

2. Converts directly to serotonin

5-HTP is only converted to serotonin.

Tryptophan is involved in many processes, including protein synthesis and the production of niacin (vitamin B3).

If tryptophan is needed to increase serotonin, then 5-hydroxytryptophan should be chosen.

3. Passes through the blood-brain barrier with ease

Unlike tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan easily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This structure consists of endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries. It limits and controls the penetration of substances from the general circulation into the brain tissue. Various diseases often create disturbances in the work of the BBB.

When transported through the barrier, tryptophan competes with other amino acids, among them:

• valine;
• tyrosine;
• leucine;
• isoleucine.

All of them cross the BBB through LNAA receptors.

5-HTP does not require receptors or any other type of channel, and it easily enters the brain tissue.

4. Does not convert to neurotoxic metabolites

5-HTP, unlike tryptophan, is not converted into metabolites - quinoline and kynurenic acids. Because of these metabolic end products, tryptophan has been linked to serious psychological disorders:

• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD);
• anxiety;
• depression
• schizophrenia.

With a large number of inflammatory processes in the body, the conversion of tryptophan to kinuren and quinoline acids occurs more often. Scientists have linked inflammatory diseases to mood disorders and anxiety, which are likely the result of this tryptophan conversion.

Often with depression and an aggressive state in the human body - extremely high inflammatory markers. This may lead to:

• infectious diseases;
• stress disorders;
• autoimmune diseases.

However, although 5-hydroxytryptophan is not converted to neurotoxic metabolites, its excess can increase serotonin levels. This amount has the potential to induce serotonin reuptake, generating more neurotoxic metabolites. Which, in turn, can provoke schizophrenia.

Side effects of 5-HTP

Aspects worth paying attention to.

1. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

This is a disease characterized by:

• chronic muscle pain;
• flu symptoms;
• increased levels of eosinophils (white blood cells found in the immune system).

In the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, tryptophan-related substances, including 5-HTP, should be used with particular caution.

2. Serotonin syndrome

When taking certain medications, especially SSRIs and MAOIs, serotonin builds up in the body. The condition is called serotonin syndrome. May cause mild to severe symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea. Moderate symptoms usually disappear within a few days after stopping the medication/supplement. However, long-term use can lead to serious side effects including hallucinations, ataxia, and hypertension.

Studies have shown that 5-HTP, or a combination of 5-HTP and SSRI, does not cause serotonin syndrome. However, those who have previously experienced symptoms of this disorder should be careful.

3. Reducing the number of neurotransmitters

Taking 5-hydroxytryptophan for a long time can reduce the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine), as they separate enzymes from each other.

Because it can exacerbate psychological and neurological illnesses, it is recommended to take 5-HTP under the guidance of a physician.

4. Vomiting and nausea

Rare side effects of 5-HTP dietary supplements include:

• migraine;
• cardiopalmus;
• hypomania.

In addition to these, 5-HTP has been known to cause nausea and vomiting. Serotonin interacts with the gut. Intolerance to a dietary supplement can manifest itself as these symptoms.

For such cases, it is better to choose slow-release 5-hydroxytryptophan.

How to take 5-HTP?

However, some weight loss studies with 5-HTP have shown the possibility of using a maximum of 900 mg per day for two weeks.

To take or not to take 5-hydroxytryptophan?

Arguments for":

• Consider a combination of 5-HTP and SSRI if dealing with depression and/or anxiety.
• If your child has night terrors, consult a doctor.
• Consider using 5-HTP for type 2 diabetes or weight loss.

Arguments against":

• Take 5-hydroxytryptophan for a long time.
• Contraindication - eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.
• Continue taking if severe side effects occur.
• Assume that 5-HTP will not decrease neurotransmitter levels.

According to materials:

Description

Instructions for use

5-HTP or 5-hydroxytryptophan is a direct precursor of serotonin in the brain. According to numerous studies, 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly increases the content of serotonin in the brain, which makes it a safe alternative to antidepressants in moderately depressive states. An increase in the level of serotonin in the brain when taking antidepressants leads to an increase in the levels of neurotrophic factors and melatonin, according to recent data, it is these two factors that are decisive for the cure for depression and not the increase in serotonin levels in itself.

How 5-HTP works

5-HTP is a safer and more physiologically natural alternative to antidepressants by directly increasing brain serotonin levels and helping to combat depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. A normal level of serotonin is necessary to maintain a normal signal-to-noise ratio in the brain, preventing the occurrence of obsessive states and mental noise in general. Also, an increase in serotonin levels leads to a decrease in overall pain sensitivity. An increase in the level of neurotrophic factors is an excellent bonus to the restoration of normal serotonin levels, which is achieved through the intake of 5-HTP, coupled with a decrease in the level of noise in the brain and a decrease in the level of anxiety, this leads to an improvement in the general condition of the brain, an increase in cognitive abilities, and as a result, an increase in the quality life.

5-HTP fit

• People who want to get rid of moderate anxiety-depressive states, without taking strong psychotropic drugs (antidepressants)
• People who want to normalize sleep, without the use of sleeping pills, to which addiction may develop.
• People who want to reduce their stress levels.

50-100mg 2-3 times a day, when used as a nootropic or to combat depression and anxiety.
200-250mg at night as a sleep aid.

Contraindications

Taking antidepressants, pregnancy, lactation.

Side effects

Drowsiness, nausea.

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

Pharmacological group: amino acids
IUPAC name: 2-amino-3-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
Molecular formula: C11H12N2O3
Molar mass: 220.23 g/mol
Density: 1.484 g/ml
Melting point: 298 to 300°C (568 to 572°F; 571,573 K)
Boiling point: 520.6 °C (969.1 °F; 793.8 K)

Five hydroxytryptophan molecule

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxytriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor and metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan. 5-HTP is available over the counter in the UK, Australia, US and Canada as food additive for use as an antidepressant, an appetite suppressant, and a sleep aid, and is also sold in many European countries as a treatment for depression under trademarks Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH and Triptum. Several double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, although a lack of high-quality studies has been noted. More research is needed to determine if 5-HTP is indeed an effective treatment for depression, but funding is insufficient due to the substance's off-patent status. 5-HTP is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter sometimes marketed as an antidepressant. 5-HTP is an easy way to quickly increase brain serotonin levels; its use can lead to a positive result, but there is also a danger of a sharp increase in the content of serotonin in the brain (the so-called "serotonin syndrome").

Summary (all main benefits/impacts/facts and information)

5-HTP is a compound that is converted to serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the main neurotransmitters with anti-depressant properties. 5-HTP has been successfully used to restore low serotonin levels in individuals suffering from depression and increased levels of inflammation (which is typical of metabolic syndrome).
5-HTP is a nerve activator. It increases serotonin levels and modulates the effect of "euphoria" or happiness, and is not a stimulant.

It is one of the following forms:

• Nootropics
• Stress relievers

Side effects:

• overexcitation
• Effects on appetite (suppression)

Although serotonin toxicity has not been observed when 5-HTP and antidepressants are taken together, it is still recommended to consult a physician about the possibility of such use.

Metabolism

5-hydroxytryptophan is decarboxylated to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme with the participation of vitamin B6. This reaction occurs in the nervous tissue and in the liver. 5-HTP crosses the blood-brain barrier while 5-HT does not. Excess 5-HTP, especially when administered with vitamin B6, is believed to be metabolized and excreted from the body.

Pharmacology 5-HTP

The psychoactive effect of 5-HTP is mediated by an increase in the production of serotonin in the tissues of the central nervous system. Studies show that co-administration of 5-HTP with carbidopa significantly increases plasma levels of 5-HTP. However, several studies have shown that 5-HTP works even without the involvement of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (such as carbidopa). Other studies have shown that the combination of 5-HTP and carbidopa may result in a risk of developing a disease similar to scleroderma.

oral intake

Studies using 5-HTP oral spray (derived from the plant source of Griffonia Simplicifolia) show that by taking 7.68 mg of 5-HTP, derived from 30.72 mg of Griffonia Simplicifolia, five times a day (total daily dose of about 40 mg), urinary 5-HIAA increased (from 3.71 +/- 1.27mg/24h to 8.80 +/- 4.02mg/24h; 137% increase from baseline 1) . This confirms that 5-HTP can be absorbed under the tongue. Similar results have been noted with this spray used elsewhere - although it should be noted that it has been mixed with other herbs. Sublingually absorbed when applied as a spray in the mouth.

Serotonin

Used as a supplement (as opposed to tryptophan) to increase serotonin levels. tryptophan can be used to make niacin or protein, while 5-HTP is meant to make serotonin. Also, 5-HTP easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. 5-HTP supplementation has been shown to be more effective than tryptophan alone. An additional benefit of 5-HTP supplementation comes from the fact that 5-HTP bypasses the cellular self-regulation of L tryptophan on the IDO enzyme; in it, it regulates IDO activity by maintaining tryptophan homeostasis and bypasses the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, which is rate-limiting in serotonin biosynthesis. 5-HTP is known to increase serotonin levels and is used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs that affect serotonin levels. By combining an experimental drug with 5-HTP to create "serotonin syndrome," or serotonin toxicity, one can see how the drug enhances the biosynthesis or bioavailability of serotonin, it all depends on how much 5-HTP is required to cause the syndrome; lower doses indicate a higher potency of the drug. This test is known as the 5-HTP-induced syndrome test.

food sources

Although 5-HTP is only found in small amounts in food, this chemical is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan, an amino acid found in milk, meat, potatoes, pumpkins, and greens.

Therapeutic use

5-HTP is sold over the counter in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid. 5-HTP in supplement form is typically sold as 50mg or 100mg softgels or vegetarian capsules, however in early 2014 5-HTP became available in the UK as a transdermal patch. 5-HTP is usually extracted from the seeds of the Griffonia Simplicifolia plant. In 2001, a Cochrane review of the effect of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression was published. The authors included only high precision studies. Of 108 studies on the effect of 5-HTP and tryptophan on depression published between 1966 and 2000, only two met the quality standards set by the authors, and included a total of 64 participants. Substances demonstrated greater efficacy than placebo in the two included studies, however, the authors state that "the quality of the data is insufficient" and note that "because there are alternative antidepressants that are effective and safe, the clinical efficacy of 5-HTP and tryptophan is currently limited." 5-HTP is often taken at the end of MDMA to relieve symptoms of dysphoria. 5-HTP is a necessary precursor for the production of serotonin in the brain, and MDMA depletes the natural levels of serotonin in the human body. So taking 5-HTP after consuming MDMA also seems to help improve serotonin production. However, despite the widespread use of this practice and the physiological validity of the theory, there is still no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of this practice. The combined use of 5-HTP and monoamine oxidase inhibitors may increase the risk of developing serotonin syndrome. Due to the restrictive nature of the decarboxylase enzyme that converts 5-HTP to serotonin, the risk of developing serotonin syndrome is thought to be quite low, unless, of course, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and 5-HTP are taken in large amounts. There is no strong evidence that co-administration of 5-HTP and serotonin-releasing agents such as MDMA is associated with an increased risk of serotonin syndrome. According to anecdotal evidence, co-administration may reduce the production of some neurotoxic metabolites that are degradation products of MDMA.

A typical dose of 5-HTP ranges from 300-500mg and is taken once a day or in divided doses. Lower doses may also be effective, but usually when taken with other substances. In order to reduce food intake, 5-HTP should be taken with a meal - thus increasing satiety after a meal (instead of reducing appetite/hunger). 5-HTP should not be taken with any neurological medications that are prescribed as antidepressants without a doctor's approval. This is especially important when taking SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), because such a combination with 5-HTP is potentially deadly.

Sources and structure

Biosynthesis of 5-HTP

The neurotransmitter serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan with the help of 5-HTP. tryptophan is converted to 5-HTP via the tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme, and 5-HTP is converted to serotonin via the L-amine acid decarboxylase enzyme. Serotonin is later broken down to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) via monoamine oxidase.

5-HTP and Neurology

5-HTP: effect on appetite

At least one study where an extract of Griffonia Simplicifolia (10.24mg, of which 2.56mg was 5-HTP; mixed with Centella asiatica and Taraxacum officinale at 11.7mg, 4.55mg Paulina cupana and 9, 75 mg artichoke extract) taken in three doses five times daily (40 mg 5-HTP total) to 20 overweight or obese (but not depressed or eating disorder) women for 4 weeks showed an increase in satiety and reducing the tendency to overeat; it is reported that increased satiety led to improved weight loss outcomes in the experimental group, where all patients were on a course of diets and weight loss. Trials in a similar age group of women over 2 months showed that this spray can be used to increase satiety (and indirectly weight loss)6). In 19 obese women taking either placebo or 5-HTP at 8 mg/kg (weight not reported, body mass index in the range of 30-40 for women) per day for 5 weeks without concomitant dietary advice, treatment 5- HTP caused a decrease in appetite and food intake (resulting in weight loss), with no significant effect on emotional state. This study showed that food intake decreased from an average of 2,903 kcal to 1,819 kcal (62% of baseline), while the placebo reduced calorie intake by only 80%; The 0.5 kg weight loss with placebo was significantly lower than the nearly 1.5 kg weight loss with 5-HTP. This weight loss was observed in overweight diabetics with 750mg 5-HTP for 2 weeks, and in obese patients with 900mg 5-HTP for 12 weeks each day (58% of baseline intake); this study was first run for 6 weeks without a diet (and significant weight loss was observed only at week 6), and then in conjunction with a diet - and there was already a weight loss of an additional 3.3 kg over the next 6 weeks. Apparently, 5-HTP lowers food intake and increases satiety - although most of the research currently being done is in women. However, at least one study that was conducted among both sexes indicates the validity of these results for both women and men. At least one study has shown the difference between "increased satiety" (feeling full) and "decreased appetite" (reduced desire to eat) and noted that 5-HTP causes an increase in satiety without an accompanying decrease in appetite. Most of the studies relating to serotonin metabolism have been conducted exclusively in women; only one study involved men – but the results suggest positive effects for both sexes. It would be more correct to say that 5-HTP may increase satiety (feeling full) rather than decreased appetite (reduced desire to eat), although the end result is less food intake. Currently, only obese individuals are being studied. It should be noted that experience shows that 5-HTP reduces cravings, in particular for carbohydrates. The serotonergic (related to serotonin) system plays an important role in macronutrient selection in obese people with carbohydrate cravings – and increasing serotonergic transmission is known to reduce those cravings. In addition, decreased serotonergic transmission (in the hypothalamus) has also been implicated in increased food intake and decreased overall satiety. As far as studies looking at carbohydrates per se, a study in overweight women is worth noting. After taking 8mg/kg 5-HTP for 5 weeks, it was noted that while placebo did not reduce carbohydrate intake (calorie intake decreased, but carbohydrates continued to account for 38% of total calories), 5-HTP users retained 38% consumption of carbohydrates, but in total they began to consume fewer calories and carbohydrates. In diabetics (without dietary advice), there was a decrease in both carbohydrate intake and dietary fat intake when taking 750 mg of 5-HTP per day for 2 weeks. Only one study provides evidence in favor of special cases where a reduction in calorie intake was observed due to a reduction in carbohydrate intake (75% of the observed reduction) and fat (25%). 5-HTP supplementation has been reported to cause a selective reduction in carbohydrate cravings. V this moment this claim lacks strong evidence (two studies suggest that the drug reduces overall caloric intake), although at least one study suggests selective reduction in carbohydrate intake is possible.

5-HTP and depression

Deficiency of the amino acid tryptophan (precursor of 5-HTP) is thought to be associated with depression - as evidence point to decreased serum tryptophan levels in depressed individuals. Decreased levels of tryptophan in the body can be caused by various factors, but most likely the main cause is a lack of this amino acid in the diet as a substrate or increased activity of enzymes (especially indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase ( TDO)) that break down tryptophan or interfere with serotonin synthesis. The amount of these enzymes may increase in chronic inflammation; in depression and to increase the level of kynurenine, injections of certain anti-inflammatory cytokines are used: the level of tryptophan, which indicates IDO activity, increases. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity may also be further suppressed in cases of magnesium or vitamin B6 deficiency, stress, or excessive tryptophan levels. For tryptophan deficiency, tryptophan and 5-HTP supplementation can be used, although a meta-analysis showed that the results are not significant (odds ratio 1.3-13.2) with a statistically inconsistent study. The theoretical benefit of 5-HTP as a monotherapy for depression has not yet been confirmed. A study of treatment-resistant depressed individuals combining 5-HTP with cardidopa found that 43 of 99 (43.4%) patients improved with an average of 200mg (range 50-600mg) of 5-HTP. Since cardidopa is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor that can prevent the metabolism of monoamines (including serotonin), these results are unlikely to be indicative of 5-HTP monotherapy (despite a demonstrated 30-45% replicating placebo effect). Other compounds are typically used in studies with 5-HTP to improve efficacy.

Dream

The combination of GABA and 5-HTP (among other ingredients such as valerian officinalis and cocoa polyphenols) reduces the time it takes to fall asleep and improves sleep duration and quality11).

Stress

A "romantic" stress study examining young people without depression who experienced a recent separation by a partner found that after taking 60 mg Griffonica Simplicifonia (12.8 mg 5-HTP) twice daily for 6 weeks, there was a decrease in "romantic" stress when reaching the 3-week mark, no further improvement after 6 weeks; this study did not include control or placebo groups.

Menopause

The role of 5-HTP in hot flashes has also been investigated, as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce the occurrence of hot flashes and menopausal symptoms. In a menopausal study, women were given 150mg of 5-HTP per day (50mg three times a day) for one week - but failed to reduce hot flashes, as recorded using a Flashmark Pro recorder.

Addiction/Withdrawal

A study in which 20 people with withdrawal symptoms took 5-HTP (5mg) along with glutamine (150mg), D-phenylalanine (300mg) and certain minerals such as calcium and magnesium found that after 40 days medical nutrition(in a hospital setting) there was a reduction in withdrawal symptoms other than anxiety compared with the placebo group. Symptoms were recorded using SCL-90-R.

Panic / Anxiety

Serotonin probably also affects panic attacks. Although studies that have used tryptophan have not always included panic attacks, they do indicate that serotonin protects the body from neurovegetative panic symptoms and increased anxiety. A study in 24 patients with panic disorders and normal participants who were given 200mg of 5-HTP prior to a test using 35% CO2 (which was used to induce a panic attack as a response) showed that CO2 could induce a panic attack in both patients with panic disorders, and in normal people; and that 5-HTP at 200 mg served as a panic defense in both groups, but more so in patients suffering from panic disorders. The study was duplicated with panic attacks induced by cholecystokinin-4 and 200 mg 5-HTP in healthy subjects14). Individuals who suffer from panic disorders may be more at risk for serotonergic imbalances, while tryptophan depletion (which is considered a reliable model for lowering serotonin levels) causes greater susceptibility to panic attacks. In an extended study of the anti-panic effects of 5-HTP, children (3.2-10.6 years) were given 2 mg/kg 5-HTP at bedtime for 20 days, after which it was noted that 5-HTP was associated with a positive response (more than 50 % reduction in the frequency of nightmares) in 93.5% of children, compared to 28.6% in the placebo group. Surprisingly, 6 months after starting 5-HTP supplementation, the group still had fewer nightmares (83.9% improvement).

Interactions with hormones

Cortisol

In individuals with panic disorder (compared to those without the disorder), when taking 200 mg of 5-HTP, there was an increase in salivary cortisol in both groups within 3 hours, but in individuals with panic attacks, there was a further increase after the 3 hour mark. ; this increase in cortisol levels is not associated with any side effects such as headache, fatigue, nausea, sweating, etc.

Nutrient Interactions

L-tyrosine

It has been noted that 5-HTP supplementation can deplete or decrease the bioavailability of catecholamines such as dopamine (and L tryptophan), and that this ratio also works in the opposite direction—i.e. taking L-tyrosine supplements can cause depletion of 5-HTP and serotonin itself. L-DOPA may decrease intermediate serotonin synthesis, although L-DOPA may also deplete L-tyrosine (because it is further down the same metabolic chain). Due to the excessive level of destruction of one element by the other, some authors believe that combination therapy of 5-HTP and L-tyrosine (at the very beginning of the metabolic chain, but passing through enzyme rate limiting) may be a potentially effective strategy to combat depressive effects.

L-amino acid aromatic decarboxylase inhibitors

The enzyme dopamine decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) is the link in the conversion of 5-HTP to serotonin, and this enzyme is expressed in gastric tissue. Inhibition of this enzyme in the stomach during 5-HTP administration is believed to increase the concentration of 5-HTP that reaches the nervous tissue. This theory is supported by studies using 100-200mg of carbidopa (a pharmaceutical inhibitor) along with 5-HTP to increase 5-HTP radioactivity (indicative of neuronal accumulation) in humans. Green tea catechins (epigallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate) irreversibly inhibit the enzyme with inactivation values ​​of 868M/min and 1511M/min, respectively, and this inhibition was noted at 100 μM. The combination of 5-HTP supplementation and a dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor is believed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, as excess serum (not neuronal) serotonin is associated with valvular heart disease in rats. Due to the accumulation of 5-HTP in the nervous tissue after combined treatment, it is logical to assume a decrease in systemic serotonin; however, this aspect has not yet been reflected in studies. Combining a 5-HTP supplement with a dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor promotes the accumulation of 5-HTP and, as a result, the accumulation of serotonin in the brain, as noted in human studies. This theoretically reduces the risk of heart valve complications (not yet proven).

Safety and toxicity

General

Some studies reporting appetite suppression with 5-HTP supplementation also report nausea, higher than placebo; however, it is noted that this is the only significant side effect. Short-term studies generally show that nausea persists throughout the study period, while studies lasting more than 3 weeks note a decrease in nausea after this period of time.

Clinical Significance

There have been no reports of toxicity at doses up to 50 mg/kg body weight. However, at a dose of 100-200 mg/kg of body weight, the development of serotonin syndrome is noted (studies were conducted with laboratory animals in isolation). At a normal dose of 5-HTP (usually about 300 mg per day), side effects and serotonin syndrome are not observed in humans, even when taken with antidepressants such as MAO inhibitors. Due to the limited sample size in these studies, it is suggested that these results can be considered preliminary. It should be noted that 5-HTP supplementation may lead to an increase in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which is the major metabolite of serotonin and is also excreted in the urine. An increase in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is sometimes a marker of carcinoid tumors due to increased conversion of tryptophan to serotonin in these tumors; in this case, serum chromogranin A should be measured (because 5-HTP supplementation does not increase chromogranin A).

Possible risks and side effects

Because 5-HTP has not been extensively studied in the clinical setting, there is no evidence of potential side effects or interactions with other drugs. However, it should be noted that there are no published reports of serious side effects of 5-HTP (uncontaminated), despite the fact that 5-HTP is readily available as a dietary supplement. This could mean that serious side effects are relatively rare with 5-HTP, at least when taken in moderate doses. On the other hand, acute mild gastrointestinal effects such as diarrhea and vomiting are quite common with 5-HTP, possibly due to the rapid formation of serotonin in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Oral ingestion of 5-HTP results in an increase in urinary 5-HIAA, a metabolite of serotonin, so 5-HTP is peripherally metabolized to serotonin, which is then also metabolized. This can lead to false positives in tests for carcinoid syndrome.

Known drug interactions

When combined with MAOI or SSRI antidepressants, high doses of 5-HTP may cause acute serotonin syndrome in rats. In humans, 5-HTP has not been clinically associated with serotonin syndrome. When combined with carbidopa (as used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease), 5-HTP causes nausea and vomiting; however, these symptoms may be reduced with Granisetron. As mentioned above, patients taking carbidopa and 5-HTP may develop symptoms similar to scleroderma. Pharmacists believe that 5-HTP may cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, a serious condition resulting in excessive muscle softness, myalgia, and blood disorders. However, there is evidence that the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome seen with 5-HTP was caused by contaminants in early batches of 5-HTP supplements prior to the introduction of current manufacturing practice controls by the United States FDA in 2007. Many countries around the world currently use similar regulation.

Availability

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as hydroxytriptan (INN), is a naturally occurring amino acid, particularly in the seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia. Available from pharmacies without a prescription as a dietary supplement.