Content.
1.Introduction ……… .3
2.The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development ..................... 4
3. Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their development ……………… 7
4. Sizes of production with distribution by main geographic regions ………………………. 10
5. Major electricity producing countries …… .. 11
6. Main regions and centers of power generation ……………. thirteen
7.Natural protection and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry ……………………… .. 14
8. The main countries (regions) of export of electricity products…. 15
9. Prospects for the development and placement of the industry ………. sixteen
10. Conclusion ……………………. 17
11.List of used literature ……………… ... 18
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Introduction.
The electric power industry is a constituent part of the energy sector, which ensures the electrification of the country's economy on the basis of rational production and distribution of electricity. It has a very important advantage over other types of energy - the relative ease of transmission over long distances, distribution between consumers, conversion into other types of energy (mechanical, chemical, thermal, light).
A specific feature of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for subsequent use, therefore, consumption corresponds to the production of electricity both in time and in quantity (taking into account losses).
Electricity has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry and agriculture, science and space. It is also impossible to imagine our life without electricity.
By the end of the twentieth century, modern society faced energy problems, which led to a certain extent even to crises. Humanity is trying to find new sources of energy that would be beneficial in all respects: ease of production, cheap transportation, environmental friendliness, replenishment. Coal and gas fade into the background: they are used only where it is impossible to use something else. Atomic energy is taking an increasing place in our life: it can be used both in nuclear reactors of space shuttles and in a passenger car.
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The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development.
The electric power industry is a part of the fuel and economic complex, forming in it, as they sometimes say, the "upper floor". We can say that it belongs to the so-called "basic" industries. This role is explained by the need to electrify the most diverse spheres of human activity. The development of the electric power industry is an unacceptable condition for the development of other industries and the entire economy of states.
Energy includes a set of industries that supply other industries with energy resources. It includes all fuel industries and the electric power industry, including exploration, development, production, processing and transportation of sources of thermal and electrical energy, as well as energy itself.
The dynamics of world production of the electric power industry is shown in Fig. 1, from which it follows that in the second half of the twentieth century. electricity generation increased almost 15 times. Throughout this time, the growth rate of demand for electricity exceeded the growth rate of demand for primary energy resources.
Throughout this time, the growth rate of demand for electricity exceeded the growth rate of demand for primary energy resources. In the first half of the 1990s. nor were respectively 2.5% and 1.55 per year.
According to forecasts, by 2010 world electricity consumption may rise to 18-19 trillion. kW / hour, and by 2020 - up to 26-27 trillion. kW / h Accordingly, the installed capacities of power plants in the world will also increase, which already in the mid-1990s exceeded the level of 3 billion kW.
The distribution of electricity generation among the three main groups of countries is as follows: economically developed countries account for 65%, developing countries - 33% and countries with economies in transition - 13%. It is assumed that the share of developing countries will increase in the future, and by 2020 they will already provide about of the world's electricity generation.
In the world economy, developing countries continue to act mainly as suppliers and developed countries as consumers of energy.
The development of the electric power industry is influenced by both
natural and socio-economic factors.
Electrical energy - versatile, efficient
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technically and economically type of energy used. The environmental safety of use and transmission is also important in comparison with all types of fuel (taking into account the difficulties and environmental component during their transportation).
Electric energy is generated at power plants of various types - thermal (TPP), hydraulic (HPP), nuclear (NPP), which together account for 99% of production, as well as at power plants that use the energy of the sun, wind, tides, etc. (Table 1) ...
Table 1
Electricity production in the world and in some countries
at power plants of various types (2001)
| Countries of the world |
Power generation (million kWh) |
Share of electricity generation (%) | |||
| TPP | Hydroelectric power station | nuclear power station | other | ||
| USA | 3980 | 69,6 | 8,3 | 19,8 | 2,3 |
| Japan | 1084 | 58,9 | 8,4 | 30,3 | 0,4 |
| China | 1326 | 79,8 | 19,0 | 1,2 | - |
| Russia | 876 | 66,3 | 19,8 | 13,9 | - |
| Canada | 584 | 26,4 | 60,0 | 12,3 | 1,3 |
| Germany | 564 | 63,3 | 3,6 | 30,3 | 2,8 |
| France | 548 | 79,7 | 17,8 | 2,5 | - |
| India | 541 | 7,9 | 15,3 | 76,7 | 0,1 |
| Great Britain | 373 | 69,0 | 1,7 | 29,3 | 0,1 |
| Brazil | 348 | 5,3 | 90,7 | 1,1 | 2,6 |
| The world as a whole | 15340 | 62,3 | 19,5 | 17,3 | 0,9 |
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At the same time, it is the growth in electricity consumption that is associated with the shifts that are formed in industrial production under the influence of scientific and technological progress: automation and mechanization of production processes, the widespread use of electricity in technological processes, and an increase in the degree of electrification of all sectors of the economy. Also, the consumption of electricity by the population has grown significantly due to the improvement of the conditions and quality of life of the population, the widespread use of radio and television equipment, household electrical appliances, computers (including the use of the world computer network Internet). Global electrification is associated with a steady increase in the production of electricity per capita of the planet (from 381 kWh in 1950 to 2400 kWh in 2001). The leaders in this indicator include Norway, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, Kuwait, USA, Finland, Qatar, New Zealand, Australia (i.e. countries with a small population and mainly economically developed countries stand out especially)
The increase in R&D expenditures in the field of energy has significantly improved the performance of thermal power plants, coal preparation, improvement of thermal power plant equipment, and an increase in the capacity of units (boilers, turbines, generators). Active scientific research is underway in the field of nuclear energy, the use of geothermal and solar energy, etc.
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Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their development.
To generate electricity in the world, 15 billion tons of standard fuel are consumed annually and the volume of generated electricity is growing. What is clearly shown in Fig. 2
Rice. 2. Growth in world consumption of primary energy resources in the 20th century, billion tons of fuel equivalent.
The total capacity of power plants around the world at the end of the 90s exceeded 2.8 billion kWh, and the power generation reached the level of 14 trillion kWh per year.
The main role in the power supply of the world economy is played by thermal power plants (TPPs) operating on mineral fuel, mainly on fuel oil or gas. The largest share in the thermal power industry of such countries as South Africa (almost 100%), Australia, China, Russia, Germany and the USA, etc., have their own reserves of this resource.
The theoretical hydropower potential of our planet is estimated at 33-49 trillion kWh, and the economic one (which can be used with modern technology development) at 15 trillion kWh. However, the degree of development of hydropower resources in different regions of the world is different (in the whole world, only 14%). In Japan, water resources are used by 2/3, in the USA and Canada - by 3/5, in Latin America - by 1/10, and in Africa by 1/20 of the water resource potential. (Table 2)
table 2
The largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.
| Name | Power (million kW) | River | The country |
| Itaipu | 12,6 | Parana | Brazil / Paraguay |
| Guri | 10,3 | Caroni | Venezuela |
| Grand Cooley | 9,8 | Colombia | USA |
| Sayano-Shushenskaya | 6,4 | Yenisei | Russia |
| Krasnoyarsk | 6,0 | Yenisei | Russia |
| La Grande-2 | 5,3 | La Grande | Canada |
| Churchill Falls | 5,2 | Churchill | Canada |
| Bratsk | 4,5 | Angara | Russia |
| Ust-Ilimsk | 4,3 | Angara | Russia |
| Tukurui | 4,0 | Takantins | Brazil |
However, the general structure of electricity production has seriously changed since 1950. If earlier, only
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thermal (64.2%) and hydraulic stations (35.8%), now the share of hydroelectric power plants has decreased to 19% due to the use of nuclear energy and other alternative sources of energy.
In recent decades, the practical application in the world has received the use of nuclear energy. Electricity production at nuclear power plants has increased 10 times over the past 20 years. Since the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant (1954, USSR - Obninsk, capacity 5 MW), the total capacity of nuclear power plants in the world has exceeded 350 thousand MW (Table 3) Until the end of the 80s, nuclear power developed at a faster pace than the entire electric power industry, especially in economically highly developed countries that are deficient in other energy resources. The share of nuclear power plants in the total production of electricity in the world in 1970 was 1.4%, in 1980 - 8.4%, and in 1993. already 17.7%, although in subsequent years the share slightly decreased and stabilized in 2001. - about 17%). Many thousands of times less demand for fuel (1 kg of uranium is equivalent, in terms of the energy contained in it, 3 thousand tons of coal) almost frees the placement of nuclear power plants from the influence of the Transport factor.
Table 3
Nuclear potential of individual countries of the world, as of January 1, 2002
| The country | Operating reactors | Reactors under construction | Share of nuclear power plants in total production
electricity,% |
||
| Number of blocks | Power, MW | Number of blocks | Power, MW | ||
| Peace | 438 | 352110 | 36 | 31684 | 17 |
| USA | 104 | 97336 | - | - | 21 |
| France | 59 | 63183 | - | - | 77 |
| Japan | 53 | 43533 | 4 | 4229 | 36 |
| Great Britain | 35 | 13102 | - | - | 24 |
| Russia | 29 | 19856 | 5 | 4737 | 17 |
| FRG | 19 | 21283 | - | - | 31 |
| The Republic of Korea | 16 | 12969 | 4 | 3800 | 46 |
| Canada | 14 | 10007 | 8 | 5452 | 13 |
| India | 14 | 2994 | 2 | 900 | 4 |
| Ukraine | 13 | 12115 | 4 | 3800 | 45 |
| Sweden | 11 | 9440 | - | - | 42 |
The category of unconventional renewable energy sources (NRES), which are also often called alternative, is customary to include several sources that have not yet become widespread, providing constant renewable energy due to natural processes. These are sources associated with natural processes in the lithosphere (geothermal energy), in the hydrosphere ( different types ocean energy), in the atmosphere (wind energy), in the biosphere (biomass energy) and in outer space (solar energy).
Among the undoubted advantages of all types of alternative energy sources, their practical inexhaustibility and the absence of any harmful effects on the environment are usually noted.
Sources of geothermal energy are not only inexhaustible, but also quite widespread: now they are known in more than 60 countries of the world. But the very nature of the use of these sources largely depends on natural features. The first industrial Geothermal power plant was built in the Italian province of Tuscany in 1913. The number of countries with Geothermal power plants already exceeds 20.
The use of wind energy began, one might say, at the earliest stage of human history.
Wind turbines in Western Europe provided the household electricity needs of about 3 million people. Within the EU, the task has been set to increase the share of wind energy in electricity production to 2% by 2005 (this will close coal-fired TPPs with a capacity of 7 million kW), and by 2030. - up to 30%
Although solar energy was used to heat houses in ancient Greece, the emergence of modern solar energy took place only in the 19th century, and the formation in the 20th century.
At the world "solar summit" held in the mid-1990s. the World Solar Program for 1996 - 2005 was developed, which has global, regional and national sections.
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The size of the production of products with distribution by major geographic regions.
World production and consumption of fuel and energy also have pronounced geographic aspects and regional differences. The first line of such differences runs between economically developed and developing countries, the second - between large regions, and the third - between individual states of the world.
Table 4
Share of large regions of the world in world electricity production (1950-2000),%
| Regions | 1950 | 1970 | 1990 | 2000 |
| Western Europe | 26,4 | 22,7 | 19,2 | 19,5 |
| Eastern Europe | 14,0 | 20,3 | 19,9 | 10,9 |
| North America | 47,7 | 39,7 | 31,0 | 31,0 |
| Central and South America | 2,2 | 2,6 | 4,0 | 5,3 |
| Asia | 6,9 | 11,6 | 21,7 | 28,8 |
| Africa | 1,6 | 1,7 | 2,7 | 2,9 |
| Australia and Oceania | 1,3 | 1,4 | 1,6 | 1,7 |
Global electrification is associated with a steady increase in the production of electricity per capita of the planet (from 381 kWh in 1950 to 2400 kWh in 2001). The leaders in this indicator include Norway, Canada, Iceland, Sweden, Kuwait, USA, Finland, Qatar, New Zealand, Australia (i.e. countries with a small population and mainly economically developed countries stand out especially)
The indicator of the growth of production and consumption of electricity accurately reflects all the features of the development of the economy of states and regions of the world. So, more than 3/5 of all electricity is generated in industrially developed countries, among which the USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, and also China stand out in terms of its total generation.
Top ten countries in the world for electricity production per capita (thousand kWh, 1997)
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The main country of the electricity producer.
Growth in electricity production was recorded in all major regions and countries of the world. However, the process took place in them rather unevenly. Already in 1965, the United States surpassed the total world level of electricity production in the 50th year (the USSR - only in 1975 overcame the same milestone). And now the United States, while remaining the world leader, produces electricity at the level of almost 4 trillion. kWh (tab. 5)
Table 5
The first ten countries in the world for the production of electricity (1950-2001), billion kWh
In terms of the total capacity of power plants and the production of electricity, the United States ranks first in the world. In the structure of electricity generation, its production is dominated by thermal power plants operating on coal, gas, fuel oil (about 70%), the rest is produced by hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants (28%). The share of alternative energy sources accounts for about 2% (there are geothermal power plants, solar and wind stations).
In terms of the number of operating nuclear power units (110), the United States ranks first in the world. Nuclear power plants are located mainly in the east of the country and are focused on large consumers of electricity (most within 3 megalopolises).
In total, there are more than a thousand hydroelectric power plants in the country, but the importance of hydropower is especially great in Washington state (in the Columbia river basin), as well as in the. Tennessee. In addition, large hydroelectric power plants have been built on the Colorado and Niagara rivers.
The second place in terms of total electricity generation is
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China, overtaking Japan and Russia.
Most of it is produced at thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. The largest hydroelectric power station, Gezhouba, was built on the Yangtze River. There are many small and smallest hydroelectric power plants. Further development of hydropower in the country is envisaged. There are also over 10 tidal power plants (including the second largest in the world). A geothermal station has been built in Lhasa (Tibet).
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Main regions and centers of power generation.
Large thermal power plants are usually built in areas where fuel (coal) is mined, or in places convenient for its production (in port cities). Heating stations operating on fuel oil are located at the locations of oil refineries, operating on natural gas - along the routes of gas pipelines.
Currently, of the majority of operating hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kW, over 50% are located in industrialized countries.
The largest hydroelectric power plants operating abroad in terms of capacity: Brazilian - Paraguayan "Itaipu" on the river. Paranda - with a capacity of over 12 million kW; Venezuelan "Guri" on the river. Caroni. The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia are built on the river. Yenisei: Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya (each with a capacity of over 6 million kW).
In the energy supply of many countries, hydropower plants play a decisive role, for example, in Norway, Austria, New Zealand, Brazil, Honduras, Guatemala, Tanzania, Nepal, Sri Lanka (80-90% of total electricity generation), as well as in Canada, Switzerland and others. states.
etc.................
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"
Department of General and Regional Economics
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "Economic Geography of Russia"
Geography of the electric power industry in Russia.
Scientific adviser: Associate Professor Zemlyanskaya T.V.
Coursework was completed by a first-year student of group E-108
Kustova Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Kemerovo
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 3
1. The role and place of the electric power industry in the fuel and energy complex and the economy ……………………………………………………………… .4
2. The level of development of the electric power industry in Russia in comparison with other countries (the volume of production per wushu of the population) …………………… 6
3. Structure of electricity production, dynamics of its development
in comparison with other countries. ……………………………………...eight
4. The structure of electricity consumption by sectors of the national economy in comparison with other countries. Energy Saving Program …………………………………………………… 10
5. Types of power plants: their advantages and disadvantages, location factors …………………………………………………………… ..12
5.1. Thermal power plant
5.2. Hydraulic power station
5.3. Nuclear power plant
5.4. Alternative energy sources
6. Historical features of the formation of the electric power industry …… 17
6.1. GOELRO plan and geography of the power plant
6.2. Development of the electric power industry in the 50-70s
7. Prospects for the development of the industry. "Second plan of GOELRO".
8. Region-forming values of the largest power plants.
9. Description of the Unified System of Russia, reform of RAO UES.
10. Largest corporations in the industry
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Electric power industry - the leading and integral part of the energy sector. It ensures the production, transformation and consumption of electricity, in addition, the electric power industry plays a regional-forming role, is the core of the material and technical base of society, and also contributes to the optimization of the territorial organization of productive forces. The electric power industry, along with other sectors of the national economy, is considered as part of a single national economic economic system. At present, our life is unthinkable without electrical energy. Electricity has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry and agriculture, science and space. Without electricity, the operation of modern means of communication and the development of cybernetics, computing and space technology are impossible. It is impossible to imagine our life without electricity.
The main object of research is the energy industry, its specificity and importance.
The main objectives of the study is an:
Determining the importance of a given industry in the country's economic complex;
Study of energy resources and factors of location of the electric power industry in Russia;
Consideration of various types of power plants, their positive and negative factors;
Study of alternative energy sources, what role they play in modern energy;
Study of the goals of restructuring and the prospects for the Russian electricity industry.
The main purpose this course work is the study of the principles of functioning of the industry in question in modern conditions, identifying the main problems associated with economic, geographical, environmental factors and ways to overcome them.
1. The role and place of the electric power industry in the fuel and energy complex and the economy of Russia.
The totality of enterprises, installations and structures that ensure the extraction and processing of primary fuel and energy resources, their transformation and delivery to consumers in a form convenient for use, forms a fuel and energy complex (FEC). Russia's fuel and energy complex is a powerful economic and production system. It has a decisive influence on the state and development prospects of the national economy, providing 1/5 of gross domestic product production, 1/3 of industrial production and revenues of the consolidated budget of Russia, about half of federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings.
The electric power industry plays a special role not only in the fuel and energy complex, but also in the economy of any country, and especially Russia.
The electric power industry is the main backbone branch of any economy. The level and rates of the country's socio-economic development depend on its state and development. In the course of its functioning and development, the electric power industry cooperates with many sectors of the economy and competes with some of them. The power industry plays a huge role in ensuring the normal operation of all sectors of the economy, in improving the functioning of social structures and living conditions of the population. The stable development of the economy is impossible without the constantly developing energy sector. Electricity is the basis for the functioning of the economy and life support. Reliable and efficient functioning of the electric power industry, uninterrupted supply of consumers is the basis for the progressive development of the country's economy and an integral factor in ensuring the civilized living conditions of all its citizens.
Electric power engineering has a very important advantage over other types of energy - it is easy for transmission over long distances, distribution between consumers, conversion into other types of energy (mechanical, chemical, thermal, light).
A specific feature of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for subsequent use, therefore, consumption corresponds to the production of electricity both in time and in quantity (taking into account losses).
Over the past 50 years, the electric power industry has been one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the Russian national economy. The main consumption of electricity is currently accounted for by industry, in particular heavy industry (mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and forestry industries). In industry, electricity is used in the action of various mechanisms and the technological processes themselves: without it, the operation of modern means of communication and the development of cybernetics, computing and space technology are impossible. Electricity is of great importance in agriculture, transport and everyday life.
The power industry is of great regional importance. Providing scientific and technological progress, it strongly influences the development and territorial organization of the productive forces.
Power transmission over long distances contributes to the efficient development of fuel and energy resources, regardless of their distance and place of consumption.
The power industry contributes to an increase in the density of industrial enterprises. In places with large reserves of energy resources, energy-intensive (production of aluminum, magnesium, titanium) and heat-intensive (production of chemical fibers) industries are concentrated, in which the share of fuel and energy costs in the cost of finished products is much higher than in traditional industries.
2.The level of development of the industry in comparison with other countries (in terms of production and per capita)
The world's largest electricity producers in 2009 included the United States, China, Japan, Russia, Canada, Germany and France. The gap in electricity production between developed and developing countries is large: developed countries account for about 65% of all electricity generation, developing countries - 22%, countries with economies in transition - 13%.
In general, more than 60% of all electricity in the world is generated at thermal power plants, about 20% at hydroelectric power plants, about 17% at nuclear power plants and about 1% at geothermal, tidal, solar, and wind power plants. However, in this respect, there are large differences across the world. For example, in Norway, Brazil, Canada and New Zealand, almost all electricity is generated by hydropower plants. In Poland, the Netherlands and South Africa, on the contrary, almost all electricity generation is provided by thermal power plants, and in France, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, and the Republic of Korea, the electricity industry is mainly based on nuclear power plants.
There are many hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, and state district power stations in Russia that produce electricity.
Table 1: Electricity production by power plants in the Russian Federation
Compared to 1990, by 2000 there was a decrease in energy production. This is largely due to the aging of energy equipment. A sharp decrease in power causes a critical situation in the supply of electricity to a number of regions of Russia (the Far East, the North Caucasus, etc.).
If electricity production in 1990 is taken as 100%, then in 2000 only 78% was generated, i.e. 22% less. And in 2000 in 2008 there is an increase in electricity production. Now Russia ranks fourth in the world in terms of electricity generation, leaving ahead of the United States, China, and Japan. Russia accounts for a tenth of the world's electricity, but in terms of per capita electricity production, Russia is in the third ten countries.
Table 2: Electricity produced in 2009
Russia's leadership in the world energy market, on the one hand, provides many political and economic advantages, and on the other, imposes a number of obligations and serious responsibilities. Moreover, not only in the external market, but also within the country. The increasing consumption of electricity around the world and in the actively developing economy of Russia is a stable trend that requires a constant increase in the volume of both export supplies of energy carriers, and, of course, a stable supply of the growing needs of the domestic market. This gives priority importance to such issues as attracting investments in the industry, technical re-equipment and improvement of energy facilities. Meanwhile, the lag in the development of the electric power industry from the economy as a whole is becoming more and more obvious.
3. The structure of electricity production, its dynamics in comparison with foreign countries over the past 10 years.
The energy economy includes how many elements:
· Fuel and energy complex (FEC) - part of the energy economy from the extraction (production) of energy resources, their enrichment, transformation and distribution to the receipt of energy carriers by consumers. The unification of dissimilar parts into a single economic complex is explained by their technological unity, organizational relationships and economic interdependence;
· Electricity - part of the fuel and energy complex, providing production and distribution of electricity;
· District heating - part of the fuel and energy complex that produces and distributes steam and hot water from public sources;
· Heating - part of the electric power industry and district heating, providing a combination (joint) production of electricity, steam and hot water at thermal power plants (CHP) and the main heat transport.
Electric power production (generation, transmission, distribution, sale of electrical and household energy), like any other production, consists of those stages: preparation of production, production itself, delivery of products.
Preparation of production is carried out in technical, economic and technological aspects. The first group includes the training of personnel, resources (financial and material) and equipment of power plants and networks (electrical and thermal). Among these activities, typical of most industrial sectors, specific to the electric power industry are:
Preparation of energy resources (stockpiling of energy fuel in TPP warehouses, accumulation of water in reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants, recharging of NPP reactors) and repairs of the main equipment of power plants and networks, as well as verification, reconstruction and improvement of operational-technological (dispatch) and automatic control means. Such work related to the modes of power plants and power interconnections is carried out in agreement with the relevant dispatching services. The second group includes the technological preparation of production, closely related to commercial activities. At the same time, the operating modes of power plants are planned to ensure reliable energy saving for consumers and the effective functioning of the relevant economic entity.
4. The structure of electricity consumption by branches of the national economy in comparison with other countries. Energy saving program.
In the course of the reform, the structure of the industry is changing: there is a separation of natural monopoly functions (transmission of electricity through main transmission lines, distribution of electricity through low-voltage transmission lines and operational dispatch management) and potentially competitive (production and sale of electricity, repair and service), and instead of the previous vertical -integrated companies ("AO-Energo"), performing all these functions, are creating structures specializing in certain types of activities.
Generation, sales and repair companies become private and compete with each other. In natural monopoly areas, there is
5. Types of power plants, their advantages and disadvantages, location factors.
Over the past decades, the structure of electricity production in Russia has been gradually changing. At the present stage of development of the fuel and energy complex, the main share in the production of electricity is occupied by thermal power plants - 66.34%, followed by hydroelectric power plants - 17.16% and the smallest share in electricity production is taken by nuclear power plants - 16.5%.
Table # 3: Production dynamics by type of power plant.
5.1 Thermal power plant Is a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels.
Thermal power plants dominate in Russia. Thermal power plants run on fossil fuels (coal, gas, fuel oil, oil shale and peat). They account for about 67% of electricity production. The main role is played by powerful (more than 2 million kW) GRES (state regional power plants), which meet the needs of the economic region and operate in the energy systems.
Thermal power plants are distinguished by their reliability, elaboration of the process. The most relevant are power plants using high-calorific fuel, because it is economically profitable to transport it.
The main factors of placement are fuel and consumer. Powerful power plants, as a rule, are located at the sources of fuel extraction: the larger the power plant, the further it can transmit electricity. Those power plants that run on fuel oil are mainly located in the centers of the oil refining industry.
Table # 4: Placement of GRES with a capacity of more than 2 million kW
| GRES |
Installed capacity, million kW |
Fuel |
|
| Central |
Kostroma |
||
| Ryazan |
|||
| Konakovskaya |
Fuel oil, gas |
||
| Ural |
Surgutskaya 1 |
||
| Surgutskaya 2 |
|||
| Reftinskaya |
|||
| Troitskaya |
|||
| Iriklinskaya |
|||
| Privolzhsky |
Zainskaya |
||
| Siberian |
Nazarovskaya |
||
| Stavropol |
Fuel oil, gas |
||
| Northwestern |
Kirishskaya |
The advantages of thermal power plants are that they are relatively freely located, due to the widespread use of fuel resources in Russia; in addition, they are able to generate electricity without seasonal fluctuations (unlike hydroelectric power plants). The disadvantages of thermal power plants include: the use of non-renewable fuel resources, low efficiency and extremely adverse impact on the environment (the efficiency of a conventional thermal power plant is 37-39%). CHPs - combined heat and power plants that provide heat to enterprises and housing with simultaneous generation of electricity - have a somewhat high efficiency. The fuel balance of thermal power plants in Russia is characterized by the predominance of gas and fuel oil.
Thermal power plants around the world emit 200-250 million tons of ash and about 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere annually, and they also absorb a huge amount of oxygen.
5.2 Hydraulic power plant (HPP) Is a power plant that converts the mechanical energy of the flow of water into electrical energy by means of hydraulic turbines that drive electric generators.
HPPs are an efficient source of energy because they use renewable resources, besides, they are easy to manage (the number of personnel at HPPs is 15-20 times less than at GRES) and have a high efficiency - more than 80%. As a result, the energy produced at the hydroelectric power station is the cheapest. The biggest advantage of the hydroelectric power station is its high maneuverability, i.e. the possibility of almost instantaneous automatic start-up and shutdown of the required number of units. This allows the use of powerful hydroelectric power plants either as the most maneuverable "peak" power plants that ensure the stable operation of large power systems, or "cover" the planned peaks of the daily load schedule of the power system when the available capacity of TPPs is not enough.
More powerful hydroelectric power plants were built in Siberia, because there, the development of water resources is most effective: specific capital investments are 2-3 times lower and the cost of electricity is 4-5 times less than in the European part of the country.
Table # 5: HPP with a capacity of more than 2 million kW
Hydroelectric construction in our country is characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power plants on rivers. A cascade is a group of hydroelectric power plants located in steps along the flow of a water stream for the consistent use of its energy. In addition to generating electricity, the cascades solve the problems of supplying the population and producing water, eliminating downturns, and improving transport conditions. The largest hydroelectric power plants in the country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarskaya - on the Yenisei; Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk - on the Angara; the Boguchanskaya HPP is under construction (4 million kW).
In the European part of the country, a large cascade of hydroelectric power plants has been created on the Volga. It includes Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Gorodetskaya, Cheboksarskaya, Volzhskaya (near Samara), Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya (near Volgograd). The construction of pumped storage power plants (PSPP) is very promising. Their action is based on the cyclical movement of the same volume of water between two basins - upper and lower. Pumped storage power plants make it possible to solve the problems of peak loads, maneuverability of using the capacities of power grids. In Russia, there is an acute problem of creating the maneuverability of power plants, including pumped storage power plants. The Zagorskaya PSPP (1.2 million kW) has been built, the Central PSPP (3.6 million kW) is under construction.
5.3 Nuclear power plant (NPP) - This is a nuclear installation for the production of energy in specified modes and conditions of use, located within a project-defined territory, in which a nuclear reactor and a set of necessary systems, devices, equipment and structures with the necessary personnel are used for this purpose.
After the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the nuclear construction program was curtailed; since 1986, only four power units have been commissioned. Now the situation is changing: the government of the Russian Federation adopted a special decree that approved the program for the construction of new nuclear power plants until 2010. Its initial stage is the modernization of existing power units and the commissioning of new ones, which are to replace the units of the Bilibino, Novovoronezh and Kola nuclear power plants that are retired after 2000.
On the this moment there are nine nuclear power plants operating in Russia. Another fourteen NPPs and ASTs (nuclear power plants for heat supply) are at the design stage, construction, or are temporarily mothballed.
Table 6: Power of operating nuclear power plants
The principles of NPP siting were revised taking into account the district's need for electricity, natural conditions (in particular, sufficient water), population density, the possibility of ensuring the protection of people from unacceptable radiation exposure in certain situations. The likelihood of earthquakes, floods, and the presence of nearby groundwater is taken into account. NPPs should be located no closer than 25 km from cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants, AST - no closer than 5 km. The total capacity of power plants is limited: NPP - 8 million kW, AST - 2 million kW.
The advantages of nuclear power plants are that they can be built in any region, regardless of its energy resources; nuclear fuel has a high energy content (1 kg of the main nuclear fuel - uranium - contains the same energy as 2,500 tons of coal). In addition, nuclear power plants do not emit emissions into the atmosphere in trouble-free operation (unlike thermal power plants) and do not absorb oxygen.
The negative consequences of NPP operation include:
Difficulties in the disposal of radioactive waste. For their removal from the station, containers are constructed with powerful protection and a cooling system. Burial is carried out in the ground at great depths in geologically stable formations;
The catastrophic consequences of accidents at our nuclear power plants due to an imperfect protection system;
Thermal pollution of water bodies used by the NPP.
The functioning of nuclear power plants as objects of increased danger requires the participation of state authorities and management in the formation of directions of development, the allocation of the necessary funds.
5.4 Alternative energy sources
In recent years, interest in the use of alternative energy sources - the sun, wind, internal heat of the Earth, sea straits - has increased in Russia. Power plants on non-traditional energy sources have already been built. For example, the Kislogubskaya and Mezenskaya power plants on the Kola Peninsula operate on the energy of tides.
Thermal hot waters are used for hot water supply to civil buildings and greenhouse facilities. In Kamchatka on the river. A geothermal power plant (power 5 MW) was built in Pauzhetka.
Large objects of geothermal heat supply are greenhouse and greenhouse complexes - Paratunsky in Kamchatka and Ternaprsky in Dagestan. Wind turbines in residential settlements of the Far North are used for corrosion protection of main gas and oil pipelines, in offshore fields.
A program has been developed according to which it is planned to build wind power plants - Kolmytskaya, Tuvinskaya, Magadanskaya, Primorskaya and geothermal power plants - Verkhne-Mugimovskaya, Okeanskaya. In the south of Russia, in Kislovodsk, it is planned to build the country's first experimental power plant operating on solar energy. Work is underway to involve such an energy source as biomass in the economic turnover. According to experts, the commissioning of such power plants will allow by 2010 to bring the share of non-traditional and small-scale power generation in the energy balance of Russia to 2%.
6. Historical and geographical features of the development of the electric power industry in Russia.
6.1. GOELRO plan and geography of power plants.
The development of the electric power industry in Russia is associated with the GOELRO plan (1920), calculated for 10-15 years, providing for the construction of 30 regional power plants (20 thermal power plants and 10 hydroelectric power plants) with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW. Among others, it was planned to build Shterovskaya, Kashirskaya, Gorkovskaya, Shaturskaya and Chelyabinsk regional thermal power plants, as well as hydroelectric power plants - Nizhegorodskaya, Volkhovskaya (1926), Dneprovskaya, two stations on the Svir River, etc. Within the framework of this project, economic zoning was carried out, the transport and energy frame of the country's territory was allocated. The project covered eight main economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan). At the same time, the development of the country's transport system was carried out (trunk lines of old and construction of new railway lines, construction of the Volga-Don Canal).
In addition to the construction of power plants, the GOELRO plan provided for the construction of a network of high-voltage power lines. Already in 1922, the country's first 110 kV power transmission line was commissioned - Kashirskaya GRES, Moscow, and in 1933 an even more powerful line - 220 kV - Nizhnesvirskaya HPP, Leningrad was put into operation. In the same period, the unification of the power plants of Gorky and Ivanovo began, the creation of the energy system of the Urals.
The implementation of the GOELRO Plan required tremendous efforts, the exertion of all the forces and resources of the country. By 1926, program "A" of the power construction plan was completed, and by 1930, the main targets of the GOELRO Plan under program "B" were achieved. ”The GOELRO plan laid the foundation for industrialization in Russia. On the 15th anniversary of the GOELRO plan, instead of the 30 projected ones, 40 regional power plants with a total capacity of 4.5 million kW were built.Russia had a powerful ramified network of high-voltage transmission lines.In the country, there were 6 electrical systems with an annual capacity of over 1 billion kWh.
The general indicators of the country's industrialization also significantly exceeded the design targets and the USSR came out on the level of industrial production to the 1st place in Europe, and to the 2nd place in the world.
Table 7: Implementation of the GOELRO plan.
| Indicator |
GOELRO plan |
Year of implementation of the GOELRO plan |
||||
| Gross industrial output (1913-I) |
||||||
| District power plants capacity (million kW) |
||||||
| Electricity production (billion kWh) |
||||||
| Coal (million tons) |
||||||
| Oil (million tons) |
||||||
| Peat (million tons) |
||||||
| Iron ore (million tons) |
||||||
| Pig iron (million tons) |
||||||
| Steel (million tons) |
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| Paper (thousand tons) |
6.2. The development of the electric power industry in the 50-70s.
8. Region-forming importance of the largest power plants (specific examples).
9. Description of the Unified Energy System of Russia, reform of RAO UES.
An energy system is a group of power plants of different types, which are united by high-voltage power lines (PTL) and controlled from one center. Energy systems in the Russian electric power industry unite the production, transmission and distribution of electricity among consumers. In the power system for each power plant there is an opportunity to choose the most economical operating mode.
For a more economical use of the potential of power plants in Russia, the Unified Energy System (UES) has been created, which includes more than 700 large power plants, which concentrate 84% of the capacity of all power plants in the country. United Energy Systems (UES) of the North-West, Center, Volga, South, North Caucasus, Urals are included in the UES of the European part. They are connected by such high-voltage lines as Samara - Moscow (500 kV), Samara - Chelyabinsk, Volgograd - Moscow (500 kV), Volgograd - Donbass (800 kV), Moscow - St. Petersburg (750 kV).
The main goal of the creation and development of the Unified Energy System of Russia is to ensure reliable and economical power supply to consumers in Russia with the maximum possible realization of the advantages of the parallel operation of power systems.
The Unified Energy System of Russia is part of a large energy association - the Unified Energy System (UES) of the former USSR, which also includes the energy systems of independent states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine and Estonia. The power systems of seven countries of Eastern Europe - Bulgaria, Hungary, Eastern Germany, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - continue to operate synchronously with the UES.
The power plants that are part of the UES generate more than 90% of the electricity that is produced in the independent states - the former republics of the USSR. The interconnection of power systems in the UES ensures a reduction in the required total installed capacity of power plants by combining the maximum load of power systems, which have a difference in zone time and differences in load schedules; it also reduces the required reserve capacity in power plants; makes the most rational use of available primary energy resources, taking into account the changing fuel situation; reduces the cost of energy construction and improves the environmental situation.
The system of the Russian electric power industry is characterized by rather strong regional fragmentation due to the current state of high-voltage transmission lines. At present, the power system of the Dalny District is not connected to the rest of Russia and operates independently. The connection of the energy systems of Siberia and the European part of Russia is also very limited. The power systems of five European regions of Russia (North-West, Central, Volga, Ural and North Caucasian) are interconnected, but the transmission capacity is, on average, much less than within the regions themselves. The power systems of these five regions, as well as Siberia and the Far East, are considered in Russia as separate regional unified power systems. They link 68 of the 77 existing regional power systems within the country. The other nine power systems are completely isolated.
The advantages of the UES system, which inherited the infrastructure from the UES of the USSR, are the alignment of the daily schedules of electricity consumption, including through its successive flows between time zones, the improvement of the economic performance of power plants, and the creation of conditions for the complete electrification of territories and the entire national economy.
11. The largest corporations in the industry.
Conclusion
Bibliography
(FEC) is one of the inter-industry complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interdependent branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry. It also includes specialized types of transport - pipeline and trunk high-voltage lines.
The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and distribution of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached over 60% in the country's export balance. The fuel and energy complex has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget and its regional structure. The sectors of the complex are closely connected with all sectors of the Russian economy, are of great regional-forming importance, create the preconditions for the development of fuel production and serve as the basis for the formation of industrial, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, gas-industrial complexes.
At the same time, the normal functioning of the fuel and energy complex restrains a shortage of investments, a high level of moral and physical deterioration of fixed assets (in the coal and oil industry, more than 50% of the equipment has been exhausted, in the gas industry - more than 35%, more than half of the main oil pipelines are operated without capital repairs 25-35 years), an increase in its negative impact on the environment (the share of the fuel and energy complex accounts for 1/2 of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 2/5 of wastewater, 1/3 of solid waste from all consumers).
The peculiarity of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia is the restructuring of its structure in the direction of increasing the share of natural gas (more than 2 times) over the past 20 years and reducing the share of oil (1.7 times) and coal (1.5 times). which is due to the continuing discrepancy in the distribution of productive forces and fuel and energy resources (FER), since up to 90% of the total reserves of fuel and energy resources are in the eastern regions.
Structure of production of primary energy resources in Russia * (in% of the total)
The needs of the national economy for fuel and energy depend on the dynamics of the economy and on the intensity of energy conservation. The high energy intensity of the Russian economy is due not only to the natural and geographical features of the country, but also to the high share of energy-intensive sectors of the heavy industry, the prevalence of old energy-wasting technologies, and direct energy losses in the networks. There is still no widespread practice of energy-saving technologies.
Fuel industry. Mineral fuels are the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world. Their regional structure is dominated by coal, but in Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals, oil and natural gas are of primary importance.
In 2007, in the country as a whole, oil production amounted to 491 million tons, gas - 651 billion cubic meters, coal - 314 million tons. XX century and up to the present day, a tendency is clearly traced - as the most efficient deposits of oil, natural gas and coal are developed in the western regions of the country, the main volumes of their production are shifted to the east. In 2007, the Asian part of Russia produced 93% of natural gas, more than 70% of oil and 92% of coal in Russia.
See more: See more: See more:Power engineering
Power engineering- a basic industry, the development of which is an indispensable condition for the development of the economy and other spheres of life. The world produces about 13,000 billion kWh, of which only the USA accounts for up to 25%. Over 60% of the world's electricity is produced at thermal power plants (in the USA, Russia and China - 70-80%), about 20% at hydroelectric power plants, 17% at nuclear power plants (in France and Belgium - 60%, Sweden and Switzerland - 40-45%).
The richest in electricity per capita are Norway (28 thousand kWh per year), Canada (19 thousand), Sweden (17 thousand).
The electric power industry, together with the fuel industries, including the exploration, production, processing and transportation of energy sources, as well as the electric energy itself, forms the most important for the economy of any country fuel and energy complex(Fuel and energy complex). About 40% of all primary energy resources in the world are spent on electricity generation. In a number of countries, the main part of the fuel and energy complex belongs to the state (France, Italy, etc.), but in many countries, mixed capital plays the main role in the fuel and energy complex.
The electric power industry is engaged in the production of electricity, its transportation and distribution.... The peculiarity of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for subsequent use: the production of electricity at each moment of time must correspond to the size of consumption, taking into account the needs of the power plants themselves and losses in the networks. Therefore, communications in the electric power industry have constancy, continuity and are carried out instantly.
The power industry has a great impact on the territorial organization of the economy: it allows the development of fuel and energy resources in remote eastern and northern regions; the development of main high-voltage lines contributes to a freer location of industrial enterprises; large hydroelectric power plants attract energy-intensive industries; in the eastern regions, the electric power industry is a branch of specialization and serves as the basis for the formation of territorial-production complexes.
It is believed that for the normal development of the economy, the growth in electricity production must outpace the growth in production in all other sectors. Most of the generated electricity is consumed by industry. In terms of electricity production (1,015.3 billion kWh in 2007), Russia ranks fourth after the United States, Japan and China.
In terms of the scale of electricity production, the Central Economic Region (17.8% of the total Russian production), Eastern Siberia (14.7%), the Urals (15.3%) and Western Siberia (14.3%) stand out. Moscow and the Moscow Region, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Irkutsk Region, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Sverdlovsk Region are the leaders among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of electricity generation. Moreover, the electric power industry of the Center and the Urals is based on imported fuel, while the Siberian regions operate on local energy resources and transmit electricity to other regions.
The electric power industry in modern Russia is mainly represented by thermal power plants (Fig. 2) operating on natural gas, coal and fuel oil; in recent years, the share of natural gas in the fuel balance of power plants has been increasing. About 1/5 of domestic electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants and 15% - by nuclear power plants.
Thermal power plants working on low-quality coal, as a rule, gravitate towards the places where it is mined. For power plants using fuel oil, it is optimal to locate them next to oil refineries. Gas-fired power plants, due to the relatively low cost of its transportation, mainly gravitate towards the consumer. Moreover, first of all, power plants of large and largest cities are converted to gas, since it is an environmentally cleaner fuel than coal and fuel oil. CHPPs (producing both heat and electricity) gravitate towards the consumer regardless of the fuel on which they operate (the coolant quickly cools down during transmission over a distance).
The largest thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 3.5 million kW each are Surgutskaya (in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), Reftinskaya (in the Sverdlovskaya Oblast) and Kostromskaya GRES. Kirishskaya (near St. Petersburg), Ryazanskaya (Central region), Novocherkasskaya and Stavropolskaya (North Caucasus), Zainskaya (Volga region), Reftinskaya and Troitskaya (Ural), Nizhnevartovskaya and Berezovskaya in Siberia have a capacity of more than 2 million kW.
Geothermal power plants that use the deep heat of the Earth are tied to an energy source. The Pauzhetskaya and Mutnovskaya GTPPs operate in Kamchatka in Russia.
Hydroelectric power plants- very efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, are easy to manage and have a very high efficiency (over 80%). Therefore, the cost of the electricity they produce is 5-6 times lower than that of thermal power plants.
It is most economical to build hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) on mountain rivers with a large difference in altitude, while on flat rivers, to maintain a constant water pressure and reduce the dependence on seasonal fluctuations in water volumes, the creation of large reservoirs is required. For a more complete use of the hydropower potential, cascades of hydroelectric power stations are being built. In Russia, hydropower cascades have been created on the Volga and Kama, Angara and Yenisei. The total capacity of the Volga-Kama cascade is 11.5 million kW. And it includes 11 power plants. The most powerful are Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgograd (2.3 million kW). There are also Saratov, Cheboksary, Votkinskaya, Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and others.
Even more powerful (22 million kW) is the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which includes the country's largest hydroelectric power plants: Sayan (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6 million kW), Bratsk (4.6 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW).
Tidal power plants use the energy of the high tides in a secluded bay. An experimental Kislogubskaya TPP operates in Russia off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula.
Nuclear power plants(NPP) use highly transportable fuel. Considering that 1 kg of uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal, it is more expedient to locate nuclear power plants near the consumer, primarily in areas devoid of other types of fuel. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in Obninsk (Kaluga region). Now in Russia there are 8 nuclear power plants, of which the most powerful are Kursk and Balakovskaya (Saratov region), 4 million kW each. Kola, Leningradskaya, Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Novovoronezhskaya, Rostovskaya, Beloyarskaya also operate in the western regions of the country. In Chukotka - Bilibinskaya NPP.
The most important trend in the development of the electric power industry is the unification of power plants in power systems that produce, transmit and distribute electricity between consumers. They are a territorial combination of different types of power plants operating for a common load. Combining power plants into power systems contributes to the ability to choose the most economical load mode for different types of power plants; in conditions of a long state, the existence of standard time and the mismatch of peak loads in certain parts of such power systems, it is possible to maneuver the production of electricity in time and space and toss it as needed in opposite directions.
Currently operating Unified energy system(EEC) of Russia. It includes numerous power plants in the European part and Siberia, which operate in parallel, in a single mode, concentrating more than 4/5 of the total power of the country's power plants. Small isolated power systems operate in the regions of Russia east of Lake Baikal.
The energy strategy of Russia for the next decade provides for the further development of electrification through the economically and environmentally sound use of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable types of energy, increasing the safety and reliability of operating nuclear power units.
The electric power industry is a basic infrastructure sector that meets the domestic needs of the national economy and the population for electricity, as well as exports to the countries of the near and far abroad. The state of life support systems and the development of the Russian economy depend on its functioning.
The power industry is of great importance, since it is the basic branch of the Russian economy, thanks to its significant contribution to the social stability of society and the competitiveness of industry, including energy-intensive industries. The construction of new capacities for smelting aluminum is mainly tied to hydroelectric power plants. The energy-intensive sector also includes ferrous metallurgy, petrochemicals, construction, etc.
Electric power industry is a branch of the economy of the Russian Federation, which includes a complex of economic relations arising in the process of production (including production in the mode of combined generation of electric and thermal energy), transmission of electric energy, operational dispatch control in the electric power industry, sales and consumption of electric energy from the use of industrial and other property objects (including those included in the Unified Energy System of Russia), owned or on other grounds stipulated by federal laws, to the subjects of the electric power industry. Electricity is the basis for the functioning of the economy and life support.
The production base of the electric power industry is represented by a complex of energy facilities: power plants, substations, boiler houses, electrical and heating networks, which, together with other enterprises, as well as construction and installation organizations, research institutes, design institutes, provide the functioning and development of the electric power industry.
Electrification of industrial and domestic processes means the use of electricity in all spheres of human activity. The priority of electricity as an energy carrier and the efficiency of electrification are explained by the following advantages of electricity in comparison with other types of energy carriers:
- · Possibility of concentrating electrical power and generating electricity at large blocks and power plants, which reduces capital costs for the construction of several small power plants;
- · The possibility of dividing the flow of power and energy into smaller quantities;
- · Easy transformation of electricity into other types of energy - light, mechanical, electrochemical, thermal;
- · Possibility of fast and low-loss power and energy transmission over long distances, which allows rational use of energy sources remote from energy consumption centers;
- · Ecological cleanliness of electricity as an energy carrier and, as a result, improvement of the environmental situation in the area where energy consumers are located;
- · Electrification contributes to an increase in the level of automation of production processes, an increase in labor productivity, an increase in product quality and a decrease in its cost.
Taking into account the listed advantages, electricity is an ideal energy carrier that ensures the improvement of technological processes, an increase in product quality, an increase in technical equipment and labor productivity in production processes, and an improvement in the living conditions of the population.
The electric power industry deals with the production and transmission of electricity and is one of the basic branches of heavy industry. In terms of electricity production, Russia is in second place in the world after the United States. The main part of the electricity produced in Russia is used by industry - 60%, and most of it is consumed by heavy industry - mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical, forestry.
A distinctive feature of the Russian economy (similar to that of the former USSR) is that the specific energy intensity of the national income produced is higher in comparison with developed countries (almost one and a half times higher than in the United States), in this regard, it is extremely important to widely introduce energy-saving technologies and equipment. ... It should be said that for some regions the electric power industry is a branch of specialization, for example, the Volga and East Siberian economic regions. On their basis, energy-intensive and heat-intensive industries arise. For example, the Sayan TPK (based on the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP) specializes in electrometallurgy: the Sayan aluminum plant, a non-ferrous metal processing plant and other enterprises are being built here.
The electric power industry has firmly invaded all spheres of human activity: industry, agriculture, science and space. This is due to its specific properties:
- the ability to transform into practically all other types of energy (thermal, mechanical, sound, light, etc.);
- the ability to relatively easily be transmitted over long distances in large quantities;
- huge speeds of electromagnetic processes;
- the ability to split energy and transform its parameters (voltage, frequency, etc.).
The electric power industry is represented by thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
Thermal power plants (TPP). The main type of power plant in Russia
- thermal, operating on organic fuel (coal, fuel oil, gas, shale, peat). Among them, the main role is played by powerful (more than 2 million kW) state district power plants that meet the needs of the economic region and operate in power systems.
The most powerful thermal power plants are located, as a rule, in places of fuel extraction (peat, shale, low-calorie and high-ash coals). Thermal power plants operating on fuel oil are located mainly in the centers of the oil refining industry.
Benefits of thermal power plants compared to other types of power plants:
1) relatively free placement , associated with the widespread distribution of fuel resources in Russia;
2) the ability to generate electricity without seasonal fluctuations.
Disadvantages of thermal power plants:
1) the use of non-renewable fuel resources;
2) low efficiency;
3) extremely unfavorable impact on the environment.
Thermal power plants all over the world emit 200-250 million tons of ash and about 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide annually into the atmosphere; they absorb huge amounts of oxygen in the air. To date, it has been established that the radioactive background around thermal power plants operating on coal is, on average, 100 times higher than near a nuclear power plant of the same power, since ordinary coal almost always contains uranium-238, thorium-232 as trace impurities. and a radioactive isotope of carbon. TPPs of our country, unlike foreign ones, are still not equipped with sufficiently effective systems for cleaning exhaust gases from sulfur and nitrogen oxides. True, thermal power plants running on natural gas are ecologically cleaner than coal, oil and shale ones, but the laying of gas pipelines inflicts enormous environmental harm on nature, especially in the northern regions.
Despite the noted shortcomings, in the short term, the share of thermal power plants in the increase in electricity production may amount to 78 - 88%. The fuel balance of thermal power plants in Russia is characterized by the predominance of gas and fuel oil.
Hydraulic power plants (HPP). Hydraulic power plants rank second in terms of the amount of generated electricity, the share of which in the total production volume is 16.5%.
HPPs can be divided into two main groups: HPPs on large lowland rivers and HPPs on mountain rivers. In our country, most of the hydroelectric power station was built on flat rivers. Plain reservoirs are usually large in area and change natural conditions over large areas. The sanitary condition of water bodies is deteriorating. Sewage, which was previously carried out by rivers, accumulates in reservoirs; special measures have to be taken to flush river beds and reservoirs. The construction of hydroelectric power plants on flat rivers is less profitable than on mountain ones. But sometimes it is extremely important to create normal shipping and irrigation.
The most powerful hydroelectric power plants were built in Siberia, and the cost of electricity is 4 - 5 times less than in the European part of the country. Hydroelectric construction in our country was characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power plants on rivers. Cascade- ϶ᴛᴏ a group of hydroelectric power plants located in steps along the course of a water stream in order to consistently use its energy. The largest hydroelectric power plants in the country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarskaya on the Yenisei, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimskaya on the Angara. In the European part of the country, a large cascade of hydroelectric power plants has been created on the Volga, which includes the Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Gorkovskaya, Cheboksarskaya, Volzhskaya, Saratovskaya power plants. In the future, the electricity of the Angara-Yenisei cascade HPPs is planned to be used together with the electricity of the Kansk-Achinsk energy complex in areas of the European part of the country, Transbaikalia and the Far East, which are in dire need of fuel.
At the same time, it is planned to create energy bridges to the countries of Western Europe, the CIS, Mongolia, China, and Korea.
Unfortunately, the creation of cascades in the country led to extremely negative consequences: the loss of valuable agricultural land, especially floodplain lands, and a violation of the ecological balance.
Benefits of hydroelectric power plants:
1) the use of renewable resources;
2) ease of management (the number of personnel at the hydroelectric power station is 15 - 20 times
less than at the state district power station);
3) high efficiency (more than 80%).
4) high maneuverability, ᴛ.ᴇ. almost instantaneous
automatic start-up and shutdown of any required number of units.
For these reasons, the energy produced at the hydroelectric power station is the cheapest.
Disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants:
1) long terms for the construction of hydroelectric power plants;
2) large specific investments are required;
3) adverse impact on the environment, since
the construction of hydroelectric power plants leads to the loss of flat lands, damages the fish industry.
Nuclear power plants. The share of nuclear power plants in the total electricity generation in Russia is about 12%. Moreover, in the USA - 19.6%, in Germany - 34%, in Belgium - 65%, in France - over 76%. It was planned to increase the share of nuclear power plants in the production of electricity in the USSR in 1990 to 20%, but the Chernobyl disaster caused a reduction in the nuclear construction program.
Now in Russia there are 9 nuclear power plants, 14 more nuclear power plants are at the design stage, construction, or are temporarily mothballed. Today the practice of international examination of projects and operating NPPs has been introduced. After the accident, the principles of NPP siting were revised. First of all, the following factors are now taken into account: the district's need for electricity, natural conditions, population density, the possibility of protecting people from unacceptable radiation exposure in certain emergency situations. In this case, the likelihood of earthquakes, floods, and the presence of nearby groundwater is taken into account.
New in nuclear energy is the creation of nuclear power plants that produce both electrical and thermal energy, as well as plants that produce only thermal energy.
NPP advantages:
1) it is possible to build a nuclear power plant in any area, regardless of its
energy resources;
2) air oxygen is not required for work;
3) high concentration of energy in nuclear fuel;
4) absence of emissions into the atmosphere.
Disadvantages of NPP:
1) the operation of a nuclear power plant is accompanied by a number of negative consequences for
the environment: burial of radioactive waste occurs, thermal pollution of water bodies used by nuclear power plants occurs;
2) catastrophic consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are possible.
For a more economical, rational and comprehensive use of the total potential of power plants in our country, the Unified Energy System (UES) has been created, in which more than 700 large power plants operate. The UES is managed from a single center equipped with electronic computers. The creation of the Unified Energy System significantly increases the reliability of electricity supply to the national economy.
An energy strategy has been developed and adopted in the Russian Federation
for the period up to 2020. The highest priority of the energy strategy is to improve energy efficiency and save energy. In accordance with this, the main tasks of the development of the electric power industry in Russia in the near future are as follows:
1. Reducing the energy intensity of production through the introduction of new technologies;
2. Preservation of the unified energy system of Russia; 3. Increasing the utilized capacity factor of power plants;
4. Complete transition to market relations, liberation of energy prices, transition to world prices;
5. The fastest renewal of the power plant park;
6. Bringing the environmental parameters of power plants to the level of world standards.
Electricity - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Electricity" 2017, 2018.