Development of children from 0. Child from birth to one year: stages of development by months

Features of the development of a child from 0 to 1 year old

The leap in the development of the child in the first year of life is huge, the pace of development is very intense: intellect, psyche, emotional sphere, physical capabilities are developing like an avalanche. Maria Montessori wrote about this a century ago, and modern science proved that, indeed, the infant brain performs an extraordinary feat of self-construction, and the external environment largely determines what this process will be.

That is why parents need to be aware of the importance of this period and be able to timely give the baby what he needs for development. After all, their role is not only important - it is a decisive factor for the future of their child.

A child wants to develop from birth, his consciousness is ready to absorb information from the world around him. It is also important for him, for example, to eat well at this age.As far as parents are aware, competent in the peculiarities of their child's age, so they can contribute to the all-round development of the baby, providing him with everything he needs to meet all his developmental needs.

Understanding the peculiarities of the development of higher mental functions at this age (attention, thinking, memory, imagination, etc.), parents can organize a full-fledged subject environment for the development of their child without diminishing the importance of emotional contact.

Development of visual-motor coordination

In the period from 3 to 6 months, the child is actively development of visual-motor coordination... Grasping is a complex action that requires the infant to be able to coordinate the movements of the shoulder, elbow and carpal muscles, turn his head, and focus his gaze on an object.

The first thing a baby starts to play is his own hands. ... Already a month old, the child pulls his hands to his eyes, examines them, n

he knows that this is a part of himself. It helps to master the coordination of eye and hand movements. Playing with his hands, the child gradually understands how they work and what actions they are capable of. The position of the child's body helps to stimulate play with handles. Until the baby has learned to sit, the optimal semi-vertical position is in the mother's arms or in the baby chaise lounge, or lying on her stomach on a hard surface, for example, on the floor (since the baby has learned to hold his head).

The process of development of game action with objects, up to about 8 months of age, occurs in stages. Knowing this, mom can organize special games that develop the coordination of eye and hand movements, the ability to grasp objects of different sizes and shapes, etc. And again, the age of the baby dictates its own specifics:the color of the toy, its size, texture - everything matters.

Development of touch

Also at this age is intensively development of touch, that is, the sensation of touch (tactile sensation). A well-organized environment will stimulate development this channel of perception. To do this, you need to pay attention to the selection of materials, options for tasks for the baby.Interaction with objects and perception of one's body contribute to the development of thinking, and in the future - the formation of self-awareness.

Tactile sensations directly affect development nervous system human, and especially the brain. In other words, the child needs to touch, not just see or hear, touch everything that surrounds him not only with pens, but taste, feel with the whole body, so that, first on a sensual, and then on a conscious level, to capture the new that he encountered. At least until the child begins to confidently move independently, touch is the main way of perception.

There are more than 5 million receptors on the human skin, signals from which go to the brain. The more information the brain receives, the more the brain has to work to process it. And what trains, develops!

Until about 6-8 months, the child constantly looks, touches, tastes, listens, manipulates (shakes, crumples, knocks, etc.), that is, explores physical properties items.The more diverse the environment available to children's cognition, the more harmoniously the child's development takes place.

What properties of objects are interesting and necessary for a baby? All this can be learned in Montessori classes.

Development of cognitive activity

The development of cognitive activity in a young child can be stimulated rational selection of toys... Interacting with a toy, exploring it, the child learns its properties, and on the basis of the properties of toys - play actions with it.The Montessori teacher advises the mother on the choice of the “right” toys and how to play with them.

Social adaptation

Mom takes the lead in communicating with the baby. However, when a child is surrounded by other people and, especially, children, social adaptation is more successful, communication processes are more active. This is due, first of all, to the fact that the infant perceives children's voices, similar to his own, much better. (By the way, this is precisely why adults instinctively speak with children in thin voices.) After all, what is interesting and attractive is the most conducive to development.That is why it is important that children under one year old are integrated into a common group with children under 3 years old.

In the first year of life much more important than what she says.

And the child is also it is necessary to listen to the singing... Singing, in addition to many other positive influences on the human body and psyche,activates more speech centers in the brain than speech itself.

In the process of emotional communication with a child visual and auditory concentration develops, what is the basis for the development of a child's speech. The hearing aid of a healthy child is ready from birth to hear sounds, but it needs to be exercised.

Knowing the peculiarities of the development of the baby's speech, the mother can deal with her child as efficiently as possible.

By developing in a child from infancy the ability to see, hear, touch, move and act, you expand his ability to cognize the world around him and himself.

This is where our classes are for you!

A baby in the house is an immense joy for parents, sleepless nights and a burden of responsibility for the safety and development of the baby. How quickly and actively the child will develop depends, first of all, on the efforts of the parents, who give him a lot of attention and care. Educational games, fun ventures under the age of one year (from 1 to 12 months) are an expression of love for the little sun who has settled in the house.

The development of a child up to a year is entirely on the shoulders of parents, who should devote a lot of time to the child, select activities suitable for him by age and interests

Up to 3 months

1 month

Communication with the child. Talk to your baby all the time from 0 to 3 months old when walking, changing clothes, bathing and doing household chores. Use different variations of your voice. Calm your baby down in a low voice and grab his attention with a louder one.
The face of a beloved mother. Focusing on the mother's face, the 1-month-old baby turns his head or looks in the direction that the mother is moving.
Mom's voice. Call your baby often by name when you are in the room with him. As you move around the room, call him again so that the child listens to your movements by hearing.

The benefits of massage for children 1 month of age can hardly be overestimated. Use it as often as you use developing games - frequent touching throughout the day (dressing outside, bathing) helps to develop confidence and calmness in the baby.

2 months

Bell. The kid increasingly loves to lie on his tummy and from this position turn his head towards the sounds emitted. Hang a bell on either side of the crib and ring. The next time he hears the sound of a bell, the child will turn his head towards the sound again.
Soft mittens. The tactile sensation is also very important. Iron your baby's arms and legs different kinds fabrics (knitted scarf, cotton patch, fur pompom).
Figure swimming. You need to conduct the lesson in a large bath. Place the baby on the back with your palm under the head. Move your hand along different paths (circles, eights). For a 2 month old baby, this is a great way to learn spatial awareness. Water procedures are a great way to relieve hypertonicity, as well as a wonderful pastime.

Most crib modules are equipped with bells and other sound elements - when the baby hears a sound, he turns his head in his direction, tries to reach the toy

3 months

Fitball lessons. At the age of 3 months, the child is already confidently holding his head, lying on his stomach. Exercises on an inflatable ball will be an excellent workout. To get started, try light swinging from side to side and back and forth. Spatial orientation develops and the vestibular apparatus improves.

Get the toy out. Put the little one on the tummy, and at some distance in front of it, lay out several bright toys-rattles. Shake them to get the baby's attention. Seeing the child's desire to get one of the toys, make support with the palm of the child's legs. Feeling reliable support, the baby will try to push off and crawl a little. Having started such a game at 3 months, the toddler will learn to crawl earlier.
Ringing bracelet. Funny bells or bells fixed on a fabric bracelet are also a great way to teach a child to orientate in space. Put these bracelets on legs or arms. They will ring when the baby moves - so he will notice the dependence of sounds on his movements.

Fitball exercises will help the baby develop coordination of movements and have a positive effect on muscle tone.

From 4 months to half a year

4 months

Change of toys. It is advisable to pick up objects with different textures for the game. First, give one toy to the baby in the palm of his hand. Try to help contrast the thumb with the rest. After feeling one toy, change it to the next. Such an activity will prepare fingers for the development of fine motor skills, and tactile perception is useful for the development of the brain.
Mirror. Toy mirrors can be fixed above the baby's bed at a distance of about 25 cm from the face. The kid will surely enjoy looking at himself in the mirror.

First coups. At 4 months, the baby can already master his first flips on the tummy and back. Stimulate such physical activity with bright books with a variety of interesting pictures.

5 months

Balls. With a bell inside it will help develop auditory perception, with soft spikes for fine motor skills, a rag one will help form a grasping skill, and will also be an excellent training for hand coordination. Starting from 6 months, the baby will be able to independently play with the ball, sitting on the arms of the mother or lying on the rug.
"Ku-ku". Favorite game of all children and not only at 5 months. Mom covers her face with her palms, then opens her face and says "cuckoo". You can hide behind a handkerchief.
Jumping. The child likes to stand on their legs with the support of adults. Accompanying the lesson with funny rhymes, help him squat and bounce.

6 months

For a six-month-old baby, try the following fun options:

Okay. A good old game loved by kids and adults.

Ladushki is a game familiar to many generations of kids. She helps the baby to develop logic, a sense of rhythm and gross motor skills, entertains the child

Explore the world. It's time to actively explore the world around you. If possible, exclude dangerous objects from the baby's field of vision so that he can touch and study everything that comes his way without fear.
Boxes, buttons. Children aged 6 months are very fond of opening all kinds of boxes, and toys with buttons will also be useful (for more details, see the article :).

7 to 9 months

7 months

Sacks of cereal. Sew small bags and fill them with different cereals. Such tactile means will help the development of fine motor skills, and they are also so interesting to explore (feel, chew, throw).
Drums. Equip the child with a wooden spoon and also some pots, bowls, and plates. Different knocks can help you pick up on sound differences, which is useful for shaping your hearing and logic.
Cloth and rustling books. Such unusual books or blocks are useful for the development of fine motor skills. First, you show the book to the kid, then he will be able to view it on his own.

Fabric books can be made by yourself or you can buy ready-made books in a store. They will serve as a trainer for fine motor skills and will help you learn colors, shapes, textures.

8 months

Bottles with cereals and water. Pour water into one plastic bottle, pour peas or buckwheat into the other. Sound experiments can be started to help develop attention and vision.
Plastic dishes, tweeters, cubes. All this can be dropped on the floor - this is how fine motor skills and the need for cognition develop. From the age of 9 months, you can complicate tasks a little: throw objects into a basket or a bucket.

Third wheel. Provide the kid with two toys (one in each hand). Place another toy on the floor in front of your child. The kid will want to take it and for this he will have to figure out that one hand needs to be released.
Musical toys. These toys are an excellent tool for developing hearing and thinking. The child compares his actions with the result: after pressing a button, music starts or a toy jumps out.

9 months

Games in the bathroom. The child sits confidently and can play with toys in the bathroom. Offer him to let the boat in or to redeem the ducklings.
Cubes and pyramids. Start playing with small pyramids, where there are not very many rings. Such exercises develop motor skills, help teach how to coordinate the work of the hands. Put the cubes in the tower, and we sound its fall “Babakh!”.
Box with holes. Small holes will serve as a "passage" inside. Toys can be pushed with fingers, and then you can see where they all hid.
Piggy banks. Bottles, jars with slots will "let in" small objects through pushing (beans, buttons, balls).

In the bathroom, you can not only swim, but also play - a set of toys or rubber ducklings will amuse your baby, allow you to combine business with pleasure.

10 months to a year

10 months

Cars. From the age of 10 months, the child will be interested in rolling the car. Show how it will ride if you push it. Inertial cars are a great option for this kind of game. Basic movements (rolling back and forth) will be useful for both boys and girls.
Musical instruments. A drum or piano trains auditory perception and motor coordination. Help your child play by humming a song or reading a verse.
Constructors. Primitive options will be useful for improving motor skills, logic, and thinking. A little later, it will be possible to use more complex constructors.
Dolls. The main thing is that dolls or toys have large facial features, where you can easily find eyes, nose, ears. Use puppets to teach your toddler about body parts. Seeing that the baby cannot cope on his own, help him by moving his finger.

11 months

Gurneys. All kinds of toys on wheels will come in handy for walks. Sustainable options will be of great help in learning to walk.
Mechanical toys. Caterpillars, cars and other toys will develop logic and motor skills. Let the baby try to start the toy himself.
We are getting closer to sports. Get a rocking horse or tolokar machine that you can ride with your legs pushing off. These toys are a great option for developing coordination and mastering running. Only conduct classes under the supervision of an adult.

A toy wheelchair will help a baby up to one year old to master one of the most important skills - independent walking without the help of mom and dad

12 months

Games with clothespins, blocks and balls, drawing and sculpting - let the kid try everything. Exercises for children under 1 year old should be varied and involve the maximum number of receptors and muscles.
Shoes. It's time to train your own shoe. Initially, help him in this matter and always encourage, praise for his successes. Motility improves, perseverance, patience and independence develop.
Photo album. It will be interesting for the kid to find familiar faces in photographs, this will help improve memory. Be there to ensure that your valuables are kept safe.

Conclusion

The educational games presented in the article do not have to be used strictly by month. The main thing is that it is interesting for the child to study. Play music for your child more often, and also do not forget about massage - this is a payload for the whole body.

To make your activities with children under one year old even more varied and interesting, watch a number of video tutorials where excellent exercises for babies are selected. Play with children more often, and you will learn to get great pleasure from this process.

Last modified 04.24.

Nine months in my mother’s tummy came to an end. Childbirth is behind, the baby lies on her mother's chest in a gentle embrace, listening to her soothing heartbeat. A cute creation of nature, fraught with incredible power! How much you have to try and demonstrate in the new world. Welcome kid! An article about the most significant successes of the baby in each month of his life up to 1 year.

The development of the child is described in great detail in the book of Professor A.M. Kazmin.

Development from 0 to 1 month. What a 1-month-old baby should be able to do

I sleep and eat!

Minutes of silence and great happiness from meeting my mother are interrupted by the feeling of hunger. In the delivery room, the first skills are manifested: finding the breast, sucking and swallowing breast milk. Congenital reflexes (searching, sucking, swallowing, etc.) help the child adapt to the new environment.

By the month the baby's strength arrives, he learns to raise his head while lying on his stomach. The look becomes more conscious. The child reacts to the mother's voice, loud sounds and bright colors. The baby spends most of the day in a dream.

What a baby should be able to do at 2 months

My first smile!

Lying on his stomach, the baby keeps his head up for some time. Legs and arms are relaxed and more active. The child gets acquainted with the fingers, tastes them. Intestinal colic may bother him.

You can observe the conscious smile of the baby. He sees and follows the object of interest better at a distance of 40 cm. Imitating an adult, he shows his tongue, thereby demonstrating communication with him.

What a 3-month-old baby should be able to do

The strong man is growing!

The baby has become stronger, rolling from belly to side, sometimes from back to belly and vice versa. Begins to get acquainted with the legs, pulls them into his mouth. Intestinal colic is behind and does not bother in this period.

The baby needs more attention. Begins to whimper, to be capricious, to walk. Having received what he wants, he gives a smile or laughs loudly.

More interest is shown in toys, he moves them with his fists and can even grab. Reacts to the sounds of rattles, while turning the head.

What a baby can do at 4 months

I want and take!

The prodigy manages to grab the rattle that interests him with one hand. When she is no longer needed, the kid leaves her. Lying on his back, he confidently raises his shoulders in an attempt to sit down. Often at this age, children get on all fours, thereby preparing to master crawling.

In speech, syllables can be traced and for the first time you can hear the word "mother".

Ability of a child at 5 months

Jagged smile

Muscle hypertonicity by this period passes. The child learns to crawl. Stands on straightened legs or sits with support. Later, the child will overcome all these processes on his own. Distinguishes "friends" from "outsiders". Knows how to hold small objects in his hands.

Speech becomes more varied, like babbling. Teeth begin to grow. Food from the common table attracts the kinder's attention.

Baby development at 6 months

I'm sitting!

A six-month-old baby doll sits on its own. He spins on his stomach, tightens his legs, crawls on his bellies. Holding onto the support, it stands perfectly. Relatives can more easily understand his desires.

The first tooth is visible and the catfish is ready for the introduction of complementary foods. Likes to be present at a common family meal. A favorite toy appears. Begins to imitate the sounds of adults: he can cough like a grandfather or laugh like a brother.

7 months old baby - what should be able to

Here is my nose!

At the request of the parents, he shows familiar objects, points to his body parts. Likes to play finger games. He holds objects in both hands, knocks them against each other, transfers from hand to hand, throws. Creeps more confidently and faster.

Flips through the pages of books, examines pictures. Mimics the sounds of animals. Drinks from a mug, eats from a spoon. Understands the word "No", but does not listen yet.

What a baby should be able to do at 8 months

I am standing!

The eight-month-old strong man sits on his own, crawls quickly and far, stands. The vocabulary expands with new words and imitations. He is attached to his mother as never before and it is hard to bear separation. At the request of loved ones, he gives or finds familiar things. The cub notices the reflection in the mirror and loves to play with it. Takes small parts by grasping them with the index and thumb, resembling work with tweezers.

9 months baby skill

Show me, I'll repeat!

The toddler has mastered crawling to perfection, climbs over the hills. Holding on to the support, walks to the side, sits down from a prone position and vice versa. He repeats many of the adult movements: claps his hands, picks up the telephone receiver when he hears “Hello!”.

There are more syllables and sounds in speech. Imitating the conversation of relatives, he connects sounds into whole sentences and decorates them with the appropriate intonation. The mood on the face is already easily read. Something succeeded - a charming smile, failed - eyes are full of tears and a mouth in a sad curve.

10 months - what boys and girls should be able to do

First steps

Taking the first steps without support. The distances increase, the gait becomes more confident. Knows how to independently put on something from his wardrobe, brush his teeth, comb.

Shows character, argues if something is not pleasant. Enthusiasm grows with the child. Sitting in a saucepan or putting it on your head is no wonder fidgeting fun. Shows a love of music by dancing or singing along to the beat.

What a baby can do at 11 months

Where has my nose not been?

Many children begin to walk without support, climbing stairs with the help of their parents. They dress the dolls, feed them and put them to bed. A typewriter can transport cubes from one corner of the room to another. There are more words in speech, their lack is compensated by gestures. Communication with family members becomes clearer and more accessible.

The curiosity of the crumb makes you climb where you shouldn't. Furniture in the house has a special look without handles and corners.

Child 1 year development - what should be able to

Independent man

The child confidently sits, stands, walks, crawls under an obstacle, successfully gets out of it, bends over for the necessary thing. The kid manages to achieve understanding with family, despite the small vocabulary.

Takes an active part in games with children. He waves his hand goodbye or as a sign of greeting, sends an air kiss.

Flew 12 months outside of mom's tummy. The little man became independent: he sits, walks, talks, dresses, eats, drinks, plays. Even if all this is under the supervision of an adult and not ideal, but the baby has mastered these skills and deserves the highest praise.

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The problem of intensification of development causes a lot of controversy among teachers, pediatricians and psychologists. Some experts are convinced that the sooner classes begin with a child, the sooner he will acquire skills and opportunities that are useful for later life.

Other experts believe that early education is just a toolkit for satisfying mom's or dad’s ambitions and pumping out money. Some doctors even believe that some methods are harmful to children's health.

What early development techniques are popular today? Below is a selection of information about the advantages and disadvantages of such programs. All this will allow parents to make their own judgment about each of them.

3 types of child development

Under the term " early development»The most diverse phenomena are understood. For some, early learning is synonymous with premature and inadequate interference with the little man's natural development.

According to experts, early development is the use of active educational methods in the age period from 0 months to 2-3 years.

However, such upbringing often comes into conflict with traditional educational systems, in which a child's education begins at the age of 6 or 7.

Psychological literature traditionally divides the early mental development of the baby into three types according to the degree of adequacy to the age characteristics of the child:

premature. Here is the simplest example: a newborn cannot be taught to sit, stand, and even less walk. In general, at premature development the child is not able to perceive information due to psychological and physical "imperfection";
later. It is no secret that in childhood there are so-called sensitive periods of development when the child perceives certain information in the best way: visual, speech, etc. In the case of delayed development, the process of mastering skills and knowledge becomes less productive. For example, it's too late to teach a child to skate at 12 years old if you want to raise a great skater;
timely. This is a traditional version of the development of children, in which the information given out corresponds to their age and psychological characteristics as much as possible.

The latter option seems to many to be the most adequate and correct. However, in real life, all three types of child development are found.

In this case, we are more interested in early learning. Does it always correspond to premature parenting? No. With a correct assessment of one's own and children's capabilities, as well as following the methodology and common sense, one can rather talk about advanced development.

Early childhood development involves creating an environment that is conducive to the most effective learning of skills and knowledge in infancy.

Conditions are understood as:

organization of the developing environment - filling the corners with various objects and play aids that expand physical activity, develop sensing, vision and hearing of children, etc.;
acquaintance of the kid with musical, artistic and literary works;
activation of communication with the child both on the part of the mother and on the part of other household members. This means stimulating children's speech, pronouncing their actions by adults;
purchase or production of special training materials, manuals (especially for the techniques of Montessori and Doman).

Early education is not just preparation for kindergarten or school education, but the creation of conditions for harmonious and comprehensive development, training memory, mindfulness, imagination, logical thinking, processes of analysis and synthesis of information.

Below are the time-tested and modern methods of early child development, which are most often used by parents at home or by specialists in educational centers.

Let's make one important caveat - an ideal developmental program that takes into account all aspects of a child's personality simply does not exist. Each child is a bright personality, so what suits one person will be unnecessary for another.

This is why parents should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the preferred system, its advantages and disadvantages when choosing the optimal early childhood education methodology. This will help to draw attention to the "falling" directions.

The most popular early childhood development methods for children from 0 to 3 years old

If you decide to purposefully and regularly deal with the baby according to a certain developmental method, you need to understand that the preparatory work and the classes themselves will take you a huge amount of time, and the result can be assessed only after a couple of years.

Do not forget about the natural needs of the baby. For example, at 6 months of age, learning to sit or crawl is much more important for a child than learning letters and words or swimming. Common sense will only enhance the effectiveness of the applied techniques.

The main principle of this globally popular educational system is to help the child show independence skills while learning in specially created conditions.

The educational program, developed by the author at the beginning of the 20th century, takes as a basis an individual approach to the personality of a child from the moment of his birth. This is necessary for the disclosure of the inclinations and intellectual potential of each baby.

The methodology includes 3 main parts: the child, the teacher and the organized environment. The central area is occupied by a baby, around which a special environment is created, involving independent study.

The teacher only helps children, without interfering especially in the natural course of development.

The main provision of the program is to monitor the child and refuse to interfere in his affairs, except for those situations when the child himself asks for support or help.

sensory;
mathematical;
speech;
practical life;
space.

The allocated area is filled with various didactic materials (Montessori avoided the word "toys") that correspond to the child's age: books, sorters, pyramids, containers, brushes and scoops, etc.

In the classical version, the methodology assumes the beginning of classes at the age of 3, however, some exercises will interest older children of one year old.

Montessori groups are always of different ages: in some classes there are kids from 1 to 6 years old, in others - children from 7 to 12 years old. This division has certain advantages, since older children take care of babies, and they, in turn, learn from older companions.

Pros and cons

This technique has both positive and negative aspects, which should be described in more detail.

Advantages:

stimulation of mental processes with the help of special didactic materials, taking into account the sensitive periods of childhood development;
a huge selection of manuals and educational materials;
improving self-service skills;
the formation of self-discipline.

Flaws:

many classes still require the participation of a teacher or parent, since they will need to explain to the child the rules for interacting with a specific manual;
very expensive Montessori materials (although you can make them yourself);
for strict adherence to all Montessori precepts, the child must be taken to a special center. Moreover, it is important to make sure that teachers really work entirely according to this method, and do not use individual elements;
most of the exercises are aimed at intelligence, sensing, logical thinking. However, the creative, emotional and play spheres are developing to a lesser extent;
the traditional methodology refuses to play role-playing games, reading fairy tales, considering these teaching techniques to be insignificant.

In general, the technique of the Italian doctor is popular with Russian and foreign parents. However, in the author's version, the system is used extremely rarely; rather, mothers and fathers take some of the most successful moments from it, diluting them with classes and exercises from other educational programs.

This educational and upbringing program puts forward the following postulate - the maximum development of the capabilities of each child and his self-confidence.

Unlike many other developmental systems, this technique refuses to provide a child with any types of intellectual tasks if he is not yet 7 years old.

So, children start teaching reading only in the third grade. Before entering school, children are given toys made from natural materials (straw, cones, etc.).

Another emphasis of the teachers of the Waldorf School is made on the comfort of the educational process. In the classroom, no grades are given, there are no competitive "notes", classes are completed with a small number of students - no more than 20 children.

The priority in the program is the artistic and theatrical activities of children, the improvement of the imagination. For the same purpose, the methodology prohibits children from using such modern gadgets as a mobile phone, computer and TV.

Teaching principles are built taking into account the age factor:

a child under 7 years old learns through imitation of adults;
children aged 7-14 connect the emotional component to the process of mastering knowledge;
from the age of 14, logic and intellect are connected.

Advantages:

focuses on imagination and creativity;
comfort of the educational process;
development of an independent personality.

Flaws:

too late development of intellectual functions;
lack of preparatory classes for schooling;
poor adaptability to modern realities (a phone is a necessary thing for a child today).

This technique is unique, so many parents are wary of it. On the net you can find a variety of comments about the Waldorf School: both positive and negative. Should I study this program? It is up to the parents to decide.

The American scientist Doman, studying the peculiarities of the psyche and learning of children with brain damage, established the following pattern - developmental exercises are effective only during the period of the greatest activity of the cerebral cortex, that is, at the age of 7 years.

For more information about what classes the author offers and what the basic principles of this educational program are, you can find out by reading the article by a child psychologist.

The main task of parents is to maximize the enormous potential of a newborn child.

Glen Doman's technique consists of of four main components:

physical development;
check;
reading;
encyclopedic knowledge.

The American doctor was convinced that the nervous system of a child under one year old is so unique and perfect that even at this age, the baby is able to memorize and systematize various facts and information.

Surely many mothers are familiar with such a term as "Doman cards". This didactic material is cardboard cards of a certain size, on which there are words, dots, mathematical actions, photographs of plants, birds, animals, famous people, etc.

The amount of information is amazing. For better systematization and ease of use, cards should be divided into groups. Throughout the day, the parent demonstrates these cards for a few seconds, regularly introducing more and more new images “into circulation”.

Advantages:

intensification of child development;
active involvement of parents in activities with children;
expanding children's opportunities by providing the child with a large informative stream;
development of children's attention.

Flaws:

you just need a huge amount of didactic material;
little attention is paid to fine motor skills, sensory development, and objective activity;
Doman's cards do not develop logical thinking in the child, the ability to analyze and systematize facts;
the methodology does not pay due attention to creativity, play activities;
overload of the child's nervous system is possible due to too much information, as a result of which the child has tics, enuresis and other problems.

Doman's system is a typical example of intelligent techniques. The child is not taught, but rather trained with cards. At least that's what many moms and neurologists think. However, other parents praise this tutorial for its ability to grow from the cradle.

Petersburg teacher Nikolai Zaitsev several decades ago developed a unique developmental system, which includes a set of manuals for teaching a child to read and write, math skills and the English language.

Zaitsevskaya program is based on the leading activities of an early child and preschool age- the game. And this allows you to develop both the physical and emotional side of the child's personality.

Information is presented in the system, but at the same time in a playful way, which is why the child happily joins in the lesson. Moreover, it is not so important whether it is held alone with a parent (teacher) or with a children's team.

A relaxed atmosphere is an important condition for the Zaytsev education system. During the lesson, children are allowed to make noise, laugh, clap their palms and stomp their feet, change the playing material, moving from cubes to tablets or a board.

However, such emancipation does not mean that classes are entertainment. It is in the process of such a game that children not only gain knowledge, but also make an independent choice of their preferred activity.

Advantages:

wide age range - from 1 year to 7 years;
you can do it both at home and in kindergarten;
a crash course in reading in a game;
development of literate writing skills.

Flaws:

with home schooling, the parent will have to first learn this technique himself, since it differs from traditional teaching methods;
experts point out that a child who has learned to read according to the Zaitsev method “swallows” endings, gets confused when dividing a word into syllables, since he used to divide it into warehouses;
the first grade is an important milestone in the life of every child, it is at this moment that difficulties begin for children who studied using this method, since there is a discrepancy in the color designation of vowels and consonants.

According to many parents, Zaitsev's cubes are the best reading teaching aids of their kind. A child can learn to read as early as 3 years old, and this skill remains with him for the rest of his life. In addition, play techniques that make the lesson fun and direct are also included in the mother's piggy bank.

The Belgian actress Cecile Lupan was forced to develop her own method by dissatisfaction with Glen Doman's system, which was taken as a basis.

This training program can hardly be called scientific, the developed method is rather a set of classes that take into account the child's personality, interests and inclinations of each child.

The author of the technique in his books advises to communicate with the baby literally from the first seconds of his life, and there is no need to worry that he does not understand something. Lupan is convinced that the sooner a child learns something, the sooner he will understand certain patterns and connections.

In the first months, the child only gets used to parental speech, and then seemingly meaningless sounds begin to fill with meaning. As soon as he begins to pronounce the first words, he should proceed to reading (usually this is one year old).

The main idea proposed by Cecile Lupan is as follows: a child does not need attention-care, he needs attention-interest, which only a loving parent can provide.

Advantages:

the opportunity to practice from 3 months of age to 7 years;
a lot of attention is paid to early physical development;
the technique is suitable for homework;
exercises affect the intellectual and emotional sphere, sensing;
very close communication between mother and child;
stimulation of the cognitive interest of the baby.

Flaws:

requires complete dedication from the parent;
a lot of didactic materials that mom will need to make;
a kind of training.

Since the author is not a teacher, it cannot be said that her approach is completely scientific. However, mothers can take on some of the moments, for example, the creation of homemade books about their child, in which you can enter author's fairy tales and insert his photographs.

The surname of the authors thundered back in the days of the Soviet Union. A married couple began to raise children according to their own program, which could amaze an unprepared person with unusual techniques and educational methods.

The Nikitins did not recommend limiting the experimental nature of the child to devices, therefore they had a negative attitude towards any strollers (including strollers) and arenas, calling them prisons.

They followed the principle of children's independence of the spouse in the choice of activities for the child. They gave up special training and classes. Kids could do what is closer to them, without restrictions. Parents only helped to deal with difficulties.

The Nikitin system includes hardening and physical education techniques. To do this, it is necessary to create a special environment in the house, including sports equipment and exercise equipment. These gadgets should not stand out, they are as natural as, for example, furniture.

The authors are convinced that a child should not be "over-organized" or abandoned. Moms and dads should not be indifferent to children's development and pastime, however, when participating in children's games, one should not stand in the position of an overseer and controller.

The main principle of the system is the Montessori version of sensitive periods - the extinction of the child's ability to develop effectively as he grows up. Simply put, if you do not develop certain abilities in time, then they will not reach the optimal level.

Advantages:

used from birth to school age;
children's independence;
the intellect of the child develops well;
improving logical thinking and imagination;
play as a teaching technique;
special attention is paid to physical development;
the invention of special didactic toys - for example, Nikitin's cubes, a unique one.

Flaws:

restlessness of the baby due to the fact that he chooses his own activities;
this lifestyle is more suitable for rural areas;
hardening is considered a rather extreme type of education;
due to advanced development, children may not be interested in going to school.

This system has both ardent supporters and no less categorical opponents. However, some points have not lost their relevance in today's time, while others are dubious.

This program, called "the method of intellectual development of the child" was developed by P. V. Tyulenev, a teacher and sociologist. Studying with MIRR, you can teach your kid to read and write, to develop mathematics, to develop musical and athletic abilities.

The author of the system is convinced that a child needs to be developed from the first days of life. The most important thing at this moment is to provide him with a variety of tactile stimuli so that the cerebral cortex can actively form.

The choice of activities depends from the age of the child:

in the first two months, the baby is shown triangles, squares and other geometric figures depicted on a paper sheet;
from 2 to 4 months, children are shown drawings of animals, plants, letters, numbers;
at the age of 4 months they play Toyball, when the baby throws cubes and other game accessories from the crib;
from 5 months, musical instruments are placed near the baby. The baby, touching them, tries to extract sounds and develop musical inclinations;
from the age of six months they master letters, looking at a special magnetic alphabet. At 8 months, the child is asked to bring a letter, at 10 months - to show the letter, and then - to name a letter or a whole word;
from the age of one and a half, they play chess with the baby;
from 2 years old, the baby does not just add words from letters, but tries to type them on a computer keyboard;
With three years children try to keep a diary on a laptop or computer.

Advantages:

versatile development of the baby;
exercise does not require much time from adults;
exercises are suitable for every child;
good preparation for schooling;
disclosure of all the inclinations of a baby.

Flaws:

it is not easy to find benefits;
it is difficult to talk about the effectiveness of exercises;
too strict restrictions from the author;
the age characteristics of the baby are not always taken into account;
limiting the cognitive freedom of the child;
the prevalence of the intellectual component over all the others.

An ambiguous technique that is not to the liking of many specialists. However, even in it you can find interesting points that can be put into practice. It is only important to monitor the child's reaction to the introduced innovations.

Other author's developmental techniques

In addition to the above, there are other developmental or educational systems. Their use allows the child to better master the preschool or school curriculum, develop certain abilities, or simply grow up as a versatile personality.

The most popular are the following teaching methods:

"It's too late after three." A Japanese entrepreneur and just a caring father wrote this literary work, in which he described the importance of the early development of a baby in the first years of life.
Dynamic gymnastics. M. Trunov and L. Kitaev, having brought together ancient Russian gymnastic exercises, offer parents effective methods for the development of the physical sphere, as well as for the correction of increased or decreased muscle tone, clubfoot, torticollis, etc.
Gmoshynska's technique. The best method instill in the kid artistic skills - to draw from infancy. A child even before 1 year of age manages to create "canvases" with the help of palms, fingers, soft felt-tip pens.
Musical program by Vinogradov. The creator of the method is convinced that even a child of one year old already understands the most complex classical works. There is no need to explain the meaning of music to the crumb in detail, let him decide on his own emotions and impressions.
Music of the Zheleznovs. This is another musical technique for young children. The discs contain lullabies, nursery rhymes, music for finger and outdoor games, dramatization, massage, fairy tales, learning the alphabet, learning to count and reading, etc.

Of course, this list is not entirely complete. However, the presented methods are enough to understand how diverse and interesting they are. When developing them, the authors took into account their experience or took as a basis the pedagogical heritage.

It is curious that these systems can be combined with each other using the most successful individual elements. Experiments are welcome.

Pros and cons of early development

Moms and dads are convinced that they themselves decide how to raise a child. However, this opinion is not entirely correct, since the process of education is increasingly influenced by social initiatives and various stereotypes.

One of the most controversial issues is the early development of children under 1 year old. Usually, specialists and mothers take two extreme positions: some advocate the use of developmental techniques, others are extremely negative in relation to any intervention. Let's consider their arguments.

Arguments for"

The modern world places higher demands on a person. In order for a child to have time to master the necessary and important skills, it is necessary to develop his abilities from infancy.
Children who study in accordance with such methods usually have a higher level of development compared to their peers. Children earlier master all kinds of skills: reading, writing, counting.
Complex educational systems, covering the development of several aspects of the personality at once, help to identify the inclinations in a child, a tendency to certain activities. This allows you to enroll the baby in specific courses in the future.
If a baby is studying in a development center in the company of peers, this allows him to socialize earlier, get used to life in a children's team.

Arguments against"

Healthy and normal developing child able to master basic skills on his own when the time comes. That is why one should not "mock" the child's psyche.
Intensive classes can harm the baby if the parent or teacher does not take into account age characteristics child's body, his temperament and adaptability.
Many popular techniques focus on intelligence and "physics", but emotional and social development is undeservedly forgotten. This can disrupt adaptation in children's society.
It is extremely difficult to deal with the baby every day, fulfilling all the requirements and conditions of the method. If you follow all the rules, then mom does not have time for anything else. If you carry out tasks from time to time, all knowledge will evaporate very quickly, ”and the effectiveness will be very small.
Many specialists pay attention to the delay in acquiring certain skills. For example, a six-month-old baby needs to learn to sit down or crawl, since this is his most important "task", but reading or counting at this age is completely unnecessary. Most likely, before school, he will completely forget all his skills and become equal to his peers.
Excessive requirements for a child and a desire to raise a genius can negatively affect the entire future of a child's life. From babies, whose parents stuff them with unnecessary information, neurasthenics, perfectionists often grow up. Therefore, problems with socialization cannot be ruled out.

Thus, each side has strong reasons why parents will have to choose for themselves whether to apply the methods or follow the natural course of child development.

In the first 12 months, the development of the child proceeds at an accelerated pace. At this time, the kid manages to get to know the world, gain a good vocabulary, build initial and elementary logical chains.

Many experts are convinced that if you do not deal with the baby in the first year or two, then the child will not be able to compensate for the lack of knowledge and skills.

However, excessive fanaticism and adherence to literally all the tenets of developmental techniques may, on the contrary, not benefit, but harm children's development.

If you decide to take into work the methods of child development mentioned above, you must follow certain rules. They help to avoid negative consequences and make learning more natural:

carefully observe the baby's reaction. If he does not like the activity, he expresses his protest in the form of tears or discarding the proposed toys, you need to stop and occupy him with something else;
the baby should not be taken away from the activity that he is passionate about this moment, for the sake of development. If the baby prefers to play cubes, rather than look at the pictures, wait until he finishes the game;
all exercises and assignments included in your chosen educational system must be understandable and credible. You should also rehearse all the lessons before you approach the child with them;
baby education should be comprehensive. In no case should you develop only the physical or cognitive sphere. It is necessary to pay attention to all aspects of the child's personality, including emotional and social;
there is no need to turn the process of acquiring knowledge and skills into an automatic action. It is important to stimulate the child's interest in the process itself, to form curiosity, curiosity and observation.

Having considered all the basic nuances of each technique, you can make a preliminary selection of the most preferred training system. However, one should focus not on the opinions of other parents, but first of all on the characteristics of the child. After all, its development is a responsible business!

The first year is the most important one. The kid learns to get up, walk, he has a speech. What do you need to know about the development of a child in the first year of life and how to help him achieve success in learning?

0-1 month

The first 4-5 weeks of extrauterine life, the toddler is actively adapting with the help of improving senses and accumulated personal experience. The baby knows how to suck, sneeze and cough, make sounds. At 2-4 weeks, the first fixation of the gaze appears on the mother's face - today's children develop faster than their parents. At the 4th week of life, a revitalization complex is formed, when the baby suddenly becomes involved in communication with his parents. For example, he begins to actively move when addressing him, keeps his gaze on his face, gives the first smiles, perks up at sounds, recognizes mother's voice and smell, lying on his tummy, tries to raise his head.

2 months

The toddler has fully included in his environment and seeks to more and more actively manifest himself at every opportunity. The baby sucks the breast with pleasure and learns to get it. Already for several minutes he can keep his gaze on the stationary object of interest and tries to follow the moving one. He turns his head towards the sound and always looks with the eyes of parents, hearing their voices. Pronounces sounds with might and main, while mostly vowels. He actively moves his arms and legs when he is happy and wants to communicate with his mother. Some babies begin to roll over from side to back. Experts say that by this age the eyesight of the little one acquires sufficient clarity, and in their passive arsenal there are already four colors: red, green, blue and yellow. The first attempts to reach for a toy or take your own fingers into your mouth are also fundamental achievements of this age.

3 months

The kid happily and very consciously walks, that is, he tries to tell his loved ones about his impressions before foot dialect. For a long time he examines the objects of interest to him, follows the movement and actively pulls the pens towards what he liked. He knows how to hit objects, causing them to move, and slowly masters grasping. Holds the head firmly, tries to open the cams and legs. Likes to listen to nursery rhymes, lullabies, musical rhythmic music with frequent bar repetitions. He tries to take an active part in the creative process with his own hum and movement.

4 months

The first period of infancy is almost over, and the baby has become quite an adult. Certainly! It is now much easier to understand and exchange information. He recognizes and turns to his name, perfectly distinguishes his own from strangers both in voice and in appearance. In every possible way he makes it clear which toy he likes best and what he wants to do and what he does not want. Finally, he has his first play activity. The crumb grabs objects with one or two hands, kicks and pushes them, twists, hits them. Among your favorite toys, there is sure to be a place for a mother's chest and a strand of hair. As for the sounds, their number is noticeably enriched with consonants. And now the crumb gives out short syllables: "ba", "pa", "dya", "ga", "ma" (sometimes "o" appears in the syllables).

5 months

Just a little to six months! And you can feel it. The little tester rolls over from the back onto his tummy, knows how to lean on the outstretched arms. And he also actively tries to sit up, pulling himself forward mainly due to the strength of the arms. He actively handles objects: examines them, pulls, throws, pushes, transfers from hand to hand. He discovers more and more body parts and loves to study them, moving, grabbing, examining himself.

6 months

First "anniversary"! Congratulations! The crumb already knows how to sit. Even if he does not sit down himself, he perfectly holds this position at the end point. And he also tries to stand on his legs, holding on to the vertical support. Toys are attracting him more and more, especially new ones. Now the baby is ready to overcome 30-40 centimeters of space separating him from the cherished goal, he reaches for the toy and sometimes pulls himself up to it. If you put a couple of containers and smaller toys in front of the toddler, he will gladly begin to shift objects back and forth. By the way, this tiny smart guy shows his favor to those he likes, and flatly refuses to communicate with those who do not.

7 months

From the main news of the beginning of the second half of the year, one can single out the beginning of babbling. Now the baby talks incessantly, combining long syllables and words from sounds. Demonstrates strong emotional attachment to mom and unwillingness to part with her. Perfectly sits down and stands firmly on its legs. By the way, the baby already knows how to step over near the support, have you noticed? Some kids try to crawl and some people do it great! Now it is no longer a problem to roll over for a toddler. He feels free in space. Among the games, interest in nesting and laying out objects prevails, stringing is about to take place. And the most favorite game is "okay", "how a horse jumps" and "cuckoo".

8 months

The crumb has finally socialized. Now he will never be left alone if he does not want to. Fears of loud household objects and other unpleasant sounds appear. The child crawls quickly and with pleasure, stands at the support for a long time, plays while standing, dances and jumps dashingly on his mother’s lap, supported under the armpits. The kid has mastered a spoon and a cup. And among the acceptable food, small pieces appear, because the crumb tries to bite off and chew. Yes, most importantly, if you want to hurry up with the pot, then the time has come - the young researcher shows full readiness to get acquainted with this subject.

9 months

Yes, your little one is a chatterbox! He "tastes" the syllables, relishes them, experiments with the sequence of sounds and recites the results loudly. By the way, the first imitation repetitions are appearing right now. So far, it is difficult for the baby to "mama", but he is happy to say "ma-ma-ma-ma" or instead of "ball" - "mea-ma-ma". He shows all the main parts of the body and face, tries to name them. Some people squat down and stand up on their own, lightly touching the support, jumping, and crawling quickly. Games become more varied and manipulation of objects more difficult. Books and paper do not leave the crumbs indifferent - the passion for the pages makes itself felt. Now the baby can easily tear and wrinkle paper sheets.

10 months

And some are starting to walk! Our congratulations! The rest easily cope with this with the help of one / two mother's hands and do it extremely playfully. The first stairs are also a victory. By the way, climbing stairs can be your main street fun. The kid chooses toys and friends. He is drawn to communicate, and, imagine, the first communication among peers is no longer a myth, but a daily reality. The crumb knows how to achieve a result using a foreign object as a means. And in the speech, serious imitative tendencies were outlined. The baby listens carefully to the conversation of adults and persistently repeats the rhythm, intonation and the likeness of syllables.

11 months

The baby has grown very much. It is already difficult to call him a baby. Yes, and increased independence. The toddler begins to eat himself, wipes his mouth with a napkin. It moves itself in space. Understands short requests-commands addressed to him: “give”, “bring”, “take”, “put down”, “play”, “press”, etc. By the way, she loves to explore buttons and holes with her fingers. In communication, gestures appear: he waves his pen "bye-bye", raises the pen as a sign of greeting, points at himself while talking about him. Well, and very much waiting for the approval of his actions and mother's praise!

12 months

Happy Birthday!!! Finally! And the birthday boy has grown to be a very clever girl! In his arsenal there are up to 15-20 words, even if they are understandable only to him and to you, but they are. This is enough to clearly state your desires, priorities and rights. The kid moves beautifully, plays outdoor games and is capable of precise movements: he can assemble a turret from cubes, put a bunch of toys, roll sausages and plasticine balls, sculpt a cake. Kids master paints and felt-tip pens, learn the first applications, try to collect mosaics and large puzzles. Sports are also held in high esteem. It is no longer a problem to climb several rungs of the Swedish wall, walk on a wide bench, crawl under something, jump over an obstacle, climb over it, hang on the horizontal bar and rings, run and dance your favorite ducklings. In food, addictions also appear and a clear understanding of where the food is and where the delicacy is. You can't believe that just recently there was only talk about this clever toddler!

We stimulate development

The development of a baby, especially in the first year of life, is inherent in nature. That is, each toddler must learn to eat, walk and talk. You can, however, significantly speed up the pace and enrich your toddler's arsenal of skills. For this, what is introduced in the language of psychologists is developmental learning and a stimulating environment. Let us recall the main points of early development:

talk to your baby constantly (even when he is very small). Your speech, like nothing else, stimulates the development of the entire nervous system of the crumbs;
use textured surfaces, rugs and toys in the game - this enriches the tactile experience and actively stimulates the brain;
offer the toddler toys and games that are slightly ahead of his abilities, so that he has room to grow. For example, rattles at 2-3 weeks, crayons and felt-tip pens at 6-7 months, a pyramid at 8, a puzzle of two or three parts at 10 months;
your smile, soft voice, positive emotions and regular praise will accelerate your baby's development many times over and will not spoil you!

Develop with pleasure!