In the article you will learn about the history of the Russian alphabet, as well as the rules for spelling and pronunciation of each of its letters.

Around 863, Cyril and Methodius (chronicler brothers) streamlined all "Slavic" writing, after Emperor Michael the Third ordered them to do so. The writing was called "Cyrillic" and entered the Greek script. After that, the Bulgarian school of “scribes” actively developed and the country (Bulgaria) became the most important center for the distribution of the “Cyrillic alphabet”.

Bulgaria is the place where the first Slavic "book" school appeared and it was here that such significant publications as the Psalter, the Gospel and the Apostle were rewritten. After Greece, "Cyrillic" penetrated into Serbia and only at the end of the 10th century became the language in Russia. We can safely say that the modern Russian alphabet is a derivative of the Cyrillic alphabet and the old Slavic "eastern" speech.

A little later, the Russian alphabet received 4 more new letters, but 14 letters from the “old” alphabet were gradually excluded one by one, because they were no longer needed. After the reforms of Peter the Great (beginning of the 17th century), superscript characters were completely eliminated from the alphabet, and other "doublet" characters were simply abolished. The most recent reform of the Russian alphabet took place at the beginning of the 19th century, and after it the alphabet appeared to mankind, which is observed to this day.

How many letters are there in the Russian alphabet?

The modern Russian alphabet, consisting of exactly 33 letters, became official only in 1918. It is interesting that the letter "Ё" in it was approved only in 1942, and before that it was only considered a variation of the letter "E".

Cyril and Methodius

The alphabet of the Russian language - 33 letters black and white, printed: what it looks like, print on one sheet, printed A4 format, photo.

In order to learn the spelling of each letter of the Russian alphabet, you may need its printed black and white version. After downloading such a picture, you can print it on any A4 landscape sheet.

Russian alphabet in order from A to Z, numbered in direct order: photo, print

Each letter in the Russian alphabet has its own serial number.

Russian alphabet, numbered in reverse order: photo, print

Reverse order of letters in the alphabet and reverse numbering.

How to pronounce, read the letters of the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic: transcription, letter names

Russian alphabet of capital and capital letters: photo, print

Russian written speech also requires calligraphy and calligraphy. Therefore, you should definitely remember the spelling rules for each capital and small letter in the alphabet.

How to write capital letters of the Russian alphabet for first graders: combining capital letters of the Russian alphabet, photo

Toddlers who are just starting to learn written speech will definitely need prescriptions in which they will learn not only the spelling of letters, but also all their mandatory connections with each other.

Prescription of Russian letters:

Spelling of Russian letters A and B

Spelling of Russian letters V and G

Spelling of Russian letters E and D

Spelling of Russian letters Yo and Zh

Spelling of Russian letters 3 and I

Spelling of Russian letters Y and K

Spelling of Russian letters L and M

Spelling of Russian letters H and O

Spelling of Russian letters P and R

Spelling of Russian letters C and T

Spelling of Russian letters U and F

Spelling of Russian letters Х and Ц

Spelling of Russian letters Ch and Sh

Spelling of Russian letters Щ, ь and ъ



Spelling of Russian letters E and Yu

Spelling of Russian letters I

How many vowels, consonants, hissing letters and sounds are there in the Russian alphabet, and which is more: vowels or consonants?

Important to remember:

• In the Russian alphabet, letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
• Vowels - 10 pcs.
• Consonant letters - 21 pcs. (+ ь, ъ sign)
• There are 43 sounds in Russian
• It has 6 vowels
• And 37 consonants

Introduction to the modern Russian alphabet letter e, d, e: when and who included?

Interesting to know:

• The letter ё appeared in the alphabet in the 19th century.
• The letter й appeared in the alphabet after the 15-16th century (appeared in Slavic church writings after the Moscow edition).
• The letter e appeared in the 17th century (during the development of a civil font)

What is the last letter in the Russian alphabet?

The letter Yo is the “last” letter in the Russian alphabet, since it was approved relatively recently (at the beginning of the 19th century).

Young and forgotten letters of the Russian alphabet: names

The modern Russian alphabet has gone through many transformations before finding its final form. Many letters were forgotten or excluded from the alphabet as unnecessary.

The number of letters of the Russian alphabet that do not indicate sounds: names

IMPORTANT: A letter is a graphic sign, sound is a unit of sounding speech.

In Russian, the following letters do not have sounds:

• b - softens the sound
• ъ - makes the sound hard

What is the last consonant letter of the Russian alphabet: name

The last letter (consonant) that arose in the modern alphabet is Щ (ligature Ш+Т or Ш+Ч).

Transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin: photo

Transliteration is the translation of letters into the English alphabet, while preserving the sound.

Calligraphic handwriting: a sample of the Russian alphabet

Calligraphy is the rules for writing capital letters.

Video: "Live alphabet for kids"

Every parent strives for a child to have a beautiful and understandable handwriting. The prescriptions come to the rescue. Calligraphic samples of letters, syllables, numbers are presented in notebooks for written work. They help children learn how to write correctly by outlining the principles and foundations of calligraphy. Adults also resort to the help of prescriptions. With regular training, they correct sloppy handwriting.

Recipe

Adults rarely write by hand, often when absolutely necessary. The letter was replaced by computer text. This is convenient, but at the same time, the handwriting of adults deteriorates due to lack of training. Children in schools and kindergartens are taught to write correctly and beautifully, to regularly reinforce the skill, train their hand and learn to write using special aids at home.

The simplest prescriptions are made independently, they are suitable for children 2 years old, 3 years old. It is necessary to take a notebook in a box and draw simple figures with a dotted line: lines, squares, triangles. And the kids with the help of their parents or on their own will circle the figures. Examples for beginners are shown below. The network contains templates for pdf, word and other formats.

For preschoolers

Children 3 - 4 years old

45 years

5 – 6 years

For the preparatory group

By points

Patterns: sticks - hooks

For 1st class

For 2nd grade

Mathematics

Classic

For adults

The printed alphabet is simpler than the written alphabet because the letters do not connect with each other. Such study notebooks are suitable for kindergarten, when kids are just introduced to the alphabet. Coloring books in a playful way will introduce the child to the alphabet when he paints a picture that begins with a certain letter. For example: a watermelon when it comes to the letter "A" or a hippopotamus when it gets acquainted with the letter "B".

During training printed alphabet the child should explain what vowels and consonants are, how hissing sounds differ from voiced, hard from soft.

calligraphic letters

The uppercase alphabet is taught before school. These are complex characters where the spelling of uppercase letters differs from lowercase ones. In this case, it is important to connect the symbols correctly with each other. Parents and teachers use modern types of exercise books or copybooks from Soviet times.

Adults and children of senior school age can use prescriptions in a wide range; for kids, notebooks are used in a narrow one. You can print the copybook, where all the letters are on one sheet - this will help you quickly remember the sequence of letters in the alphabet.

How numbers are written

Mathematical symbols are easier to write because they are much smaller: only 10 digits versus 33 letters of the alphabet, and the numbers do not connect to each other. For prescriptions, they use notebooks in a box, where each number is clearly limited and does not go beyond.

School copybooks with numbers are equipped with shading, arrows and other signs that help you understand where the character starts from, the writing algorithm. Printouts with examples of numbers are used for teaching both preschoolers and school-age children.

Calligraphy workbooks

Teachers and educators recommend purchasing special notebooks designed to prepare the hand for writing. The best prescriptions were developed and created by domestic teachers, which include the Nekin simulator, the working prescriptions of Bortnikova, Zhukova, Kolesnikova. Benefits are designed for children of different ages.

Bortnikova

Zhukova

Kolesnikova

Nekina

How to prepare your hand for writing

To prepare the hands of future first-graders, teachers have compiled a list of special tasks.

Regular exercises train fine motor skills in children of any age:

1. Finger games will help prepare the hand, but you should not give priority to only one hand, regardless of whether the child is right-handed or left-handed. Limbs should be equally involved.
2. Coloring pages - a fun pastime develops creative imagination and prepares fingers for writing.
3. Special outline notebooks for future schoolchildren. The authors propose to circle pictures or large letters by dots, draw lines without lifting the pencil from the paper (maze).
4. Recipes - the first teaching aids are developed for children 4-5 years old, 6-7 years old, for grades 1-2, for grades 3, 4. Recipes introduce kids to printed and capital letters, syllables. There are also mathematical aids with figures and numbers, notebooks in Russian, English, German, French and other languages.

A child of senior preschool age learns according to prescriptions. They can be bought at stationery, bookstores or downloaded for free online.

How to fix handwriting

Many people believe that beautiful handwriting is formed in school age, and adults can no longer fix it. In fact, it can be improved regardless of age: both a first grader and an adult are able to put their hands up. However, this is the result of long and regular training.

It is important to follow the rules and take into account the nuances:

• A comfortable place to write - you need good lighting, choose a table with a hard surface, a chair with a back. These conditions are especially important for toddlers, children 3-6 years old, junior schoolchildren but also recommended for adults.
• When working, you can not rush, you need maximum focus on the process.
• Suitable stationery. Previously, experts argued that for success in calligraphy, good handwriting, you need to use a fountain pen. Today, ball is also allowed, but with a thin rod.
• Educational material - children use prescriptions for the appropriate age. They learn to write in dots, hatching or dotted lines. Adults can get a notebook in a narrow line and train in it. If you wish, you can download ready-made online copybooks, learn how to correctly write compounds of letters, their elements, syllables and sentences.
• Initially, straight and parallel lines, circles and other simple shapes should be written. Then move on to letters and syllables.
• If necessary, they turn to calligraphy masters, they will tell you how to write letters and compounds that have errors. They will advise exercises that improve fine motor skills of hands and handwriting.

Don't expect quick results. Calligraphy will improve after hard and regular practice.

How to learn to write correctly and beautifully

It is easier to teach a student to write beautiful handwriting right away than to retrain and correct mistakes later.

Parents of preschoolers and first-graders will be helped by the advice of experienced teachers:

• Calligraphic handwriting is impossible without developed finger motor skills. To do this, you need to draw more often with pencils, sculpt from plasticine, engage in origami, beadwork. For the little ones, games with cereals will be interesting and useful. To do this, an adult needs to mix a little buckwheat and rice, and the child will sort them out.
• Beautiful handwriting is directly related to a straight posture. The kid should not be hunched over while he writes in the recipe. The back should be straight, for this he is seated on a chair with a hard back. At the same time, computer swivel chairs are not suitable.
• High quality writing pen. It is necessary to select stationery with a thin rod. When choosing between a gel pen and a ballpoint pen, the latter is preferred because it does not scratch the paper. The place for gripping fingers should be made of rubber. Such a pen will not slip in children's hands, unlike a plastic or metal counterpart.
• Handle grip. The correct position in the hand: the pen lies on the middle finger, the thumb and forefinger hold it, and the ring and little fingers are pressed to the palm. With an incorrect grip, beautiful handwriting cannot be achieved.

Compliance with the rules of calligraphy will help the child learn how to write beautiful letters from A to Z, words, numbers and numbers.

This collection containsIt contains recommendations on the use of samples of calligraphic writing of letters of the Russian alphabet, exercises and techniques for minutes of calligraphy in grade 1, which can be used by the teacher to improve calligraphic writing skills.

The collection is intended for primary school teachers.

Contact Information:

Kostanay region, Lisakovsk city

1 microdistrict, building 27

Phone - 714-33-2-13-20

Compiled by: Panasyuk E.V.

Primary school teacher KSU "Secondary School No. 1"

Explanatory note………………………………………………. 3

Features of the methodological system of teaching graphic

writing skills. ………………………………………………………. four

writing letters of the Russian alphabet………………………………….. 7

Exercises and techniques for minutes of calligraphy in grade 1 ... .. 26

Literature…………………………………………………………....... 46

Explanatory note .

The number of children with learning difficulties in writing and writing disorders is increasing every year and, according to the most general estimates, is 25-30%. Moreover, these are children who do not have learning difficulties. Difficulties do not end in primary school, but are only modified and often retained until graduation from school.

The teacher often simply "does not see" how and when many difficulties begin, even more often - he tries to correct not the cause, but the result, and often, having spent a lot of effort (his own and the student's), does not achieve the desired result.

In order to understand the causes of difficulties in teaching writing and understand how to help the student, it is necessary to know what the process of writing is, how writing differs with a formed skill from writing at different stages of its formation. What influence can have on the formation and improvement of general educational skills, as well as on the development of the child, his age characteristics.

The collection contains features of the methodological system of teaching graphic writing skills. Recommendations on the use of samples of calligraphic writing of the letters of the Russian alphabet to help the primary school teacher for the effective teaching of writing to younger students.

The exercises and techniques offered in the collection can be used by a teacher in the 1st grade in the post-letter period during minutes of calligraphy in order to improve calligraphic writing skills.

O features of the methodological system of education

graphic writing skills.

Features of the methodological system for teaching graphic writing skills are determined by the target settingcurricula "Russian literacy" for students in grades 1 of a comprehensive school - Astana, 2010. and "Russian language" for students in grades 2-4 of a comprehensive school. - Astana, 2010., approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 9, 2010 No. 367.

Children start learning calligraphy from the first grade and continue to develop calligraphic and graphic skills in subsequent grades.

The goal of calligraphy classes is to form a graphically correct, clear, fairly fast writing.

Achieving this goal depends on the solution of many tasks that confront the teacher from the first lessons of teaching writing.

Content section "Preparing for writing" curriculum "Russian literacy" for students in grades 1 secondary school - Astana, 2010 included: "correct posture, inclined position of the notebook, the ability to hold a pen while writing. Formation of spatial orientation on the notebook page (top and bottom line, right, left); visual perception: distinguishing colors, shapes, their location on the notebook page. The concept of a working (narrow) and non-working (wide) line; compliance with the working line when performing written assignments. Drawing, hatching, tracing contours, connecting lines and shapes. Coloring patterns, borders with a continuous movement of the hand, writing elements of letters, drawing straight, broken, wavy lines; drawing familiar objects.Letter elements of lowercase letters. Special exercises for the development of the eye, physical exercises for the development of the hand, small muscles of the fingers, accompanied by speech exercises, tongue twisters, poems.

In addition to the general tasks of working with the whole class, the teacher sets himself the task of correcting certain shortcomings in writing with individual students.

The formation of writing skills is based on certain principles of learning.

The principles of teaching calligraphy include both general didactic and specific principles for the formation of graphic writing skills.

Thus, the principle of visibility is especially important in teaching calligraphy. It is provided by the teacher's demonstration of the writing process on the blackboard and in the students' notebooks, the use of copybooks and other manuals. It is impossible to teach calligraphy by giving only oral knowledge, since the way of imitating the teacher's handwriting and copying samples of good writing is one of the main ways to form a clear handwriting.

It is very important that teaching graphic writing skills be conscious. Students should know how and in what order this or that letter is written, how it is connected with other letters; know why we write with an inclination, and how the inclination is obtained when writing, what the height of the letters should be, how to hold a pen, sit while writing, and others. The ability of children to notice and correct their own and other people's shortcomings also contributes to the conscious assimilation of graphic writing skills.

Modern training in calligraphic writing skills should be at the level of technological progress. The most common writing instrument today is the ballpoint pen. Therefore, at the initial stage of teaching calligraphy, the teacher needs to work out in children the skill of the position of the pen in the hand when writing: the pen is held by three fingers: thumb, index and middle. It is located between the thumb and middle fingers, and the index finger holds it from above. Children should not grip the handle tightly. The index finger should not bend. The fingers are slightly extended. The distance from the tip of the index finger to the ball is 1.5 - 2 cm. The teacher checks how freely the children hold the pen in their hand, as they may develop the wrong habit of holding the pen with four fingers in a fist.

Main methodological techniques teaching calligraphic writing skills:

Teacher showing the writing process and explaining how to write letters

( it is impossible to get first-graders to verbally reproduce the sequence of writing letters, an adult helps the child to pronounce the actions performed aloud);

Writing off by students from a finished sample - copybooks, a teacher's sample on a blackboard or in a notebook;

Imaginary letter or letter in the air;

Letter under the account;

Analysis of the shape of letters with comments, writing lowercase and uppercase letters in groups, in order of complexity of their style:

i, sh, i, sh, n, p, t, g;

l, m, L, M, i, I, A;

y, c, u, U, C, SC, H, h;

e, E, s, C, o, O, a, e, b;

b, s, b;

n, u, I, Yu, k, K;

B, c, h, Z, E, e, F, f, X, x, f;

F, U, G, T, R, B, D.

Starting from the first grade, introduced regulations related to the writing process:

Letters in words must be written with the same slope;

It is necessary to write letters at equal distances from each other;

You have to write beautifully.

Duration continuous writing should not exceed: in grade 1 - 5 minutes, in grade 2 - 8 minutes, in grade 3 - 12 minutes, in grade 4 - 15 minutes. It is important to take this into account when planning lessons, providing for a rational alternation of oral and written types of work.

Workcalligraphy at the Russian language lesson is carried out with studentsdaily 5-7 minutes. The display is carried out on the board with commenting.

Scope of clean-up work : 1-2 class - 1-2 lines; Grade 2 - 3 lines; Grade 4 - 3 - 4 lines.

After checking the work, the teacher conducts an individual correctional demonstration in the amount of no more than 3 lines.

The system of work on the formation of the skills of correct spelling of letters must be carried out necessarily, differentiated and throughout all four years of education in primary school.

During the teacher's check of class and homework, it is necessary to underline incorrectly spelled letters. To take out samples of their writing in the margins and for the student to write on a new line, as one of the best options for correcting.

calligraphic writing letters of the Russian alphabet.

Lowercase letter a consists of two elements: an oval and an inclined stick with a rounding at the bottom.

We begin to write a letter below the top line of the working line. We draw a rounded line up to the left to the top line of the working line, round down to the bottom line, we draw an oblique line through the letter's beginning point to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead down the second element of the letter - this is an inclined line with a rounding at the bottom.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and.

Right, left, down, right, up; down, right.

capital I am a letter BUT consists of three elements: a front smooth element, an elongated inclined stick with a rounded bottom and a horizontal stick.

We begin to write a letter above the bottom line of the working line. We round slightly to the right, and we lead obliquely upwards to the middle of the line between the lines, lowering the line towards ourselves, without taking our hands off, we write the second element of the letter - a straight inclined line with a rounding at the bottom. We write the third element on the top line of the working line, crossing the first two elements.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three.

Left to right, up, deviating to the right; down, right; from left to right.

Lowercase letter b consists of two elements: an oval and an elongated inclined stick, bent at the top.

Let's start writing lettersb,as well as lowercasea.Not tearing our hands away from the oval, we write an elongated oblique line up to the middle of the line between the lines and finish with a smooth turn to the right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two.

Left to right, up, left, down; to the right, up, deviating to the right; to the right.

capital letter B consists of three elements: an elongated inclined stick with a loop on the left, a right semi-oval and an upper horizontal stick with a left rounding.

We start writing a letter from the middle of the interline line. We write a straight inclined line on ourselves. At the bottom line of the working line, round to the left and lead up a narrow loop. We cross the inclined straight line above the top line of the working line. We lower the semi-oval line down, round to the left, touching the bottom line of the working line. We write the third element from the middle of the interline, rounding to the left, up and leading along the interline.

Written to the beat: one-and-and-two-and-three-and.

Right to left, down; left, up; deviating to the right, down; from left to right.

Lowercase letter in consists of an elongated inclined stick with a loop at the top and an oval.

We begin to write a letter below the top line of the working line. We lead with an upward slope, rounding in the middle of the line between the lines to the left. We lead down an elongated inclined, rounding at the bottom line of the working line into an oval.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two.

Bottom up, deviating to the right, left, down; right, up, left.

capital letter AT consists of three elements: an elongated inclined stick with a loop on the left and two right semi-ovals.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. We write a straight inclined line on ourselves. At the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the left, we lead up a narrow loop. Without bringing to the middle of the interline line, we cross the inclined straight line and continue to lead up, rounding to the right, we write the upper and lower roundings. The top rounding is smaller than the bottom one.

Written to the beat:one-and-and-two-and-and-three-and.

Top down, left, up, deviating to the right; right, down, deviating to the left; right, down, left.

Lowercase letter G consists of one element: an inclined stick with roundings at the top and bottom.

We begin to write below the top line of the working line. We round to the right, touching the top line, we lead an oblique straight line to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-time-and.

capital letter G consists of two elements: an elongated inclined stick with a rounding at the bottom to the left and an upper horizontal stick with a left rounding.

We begin to write a straight slanted line towards ourselves from the middle of the interline line. Touching the bottom line of the working line, round to the left. The second element covers the first. We write from the middle of the interline, rounding to the left, up and leading along the interline.

Written to the beat:one-and-and-two .

Right to left, down, left; from left to right.

Lowercase letter d consists of two elements: an oval and an elongated inclined stick with a loop at the bottom.

We begin to write an oval, like a small letter a. Without taking your hands off, we draw down an elongated inclined line to the middle of the line between the lines. Rounding to the left, we lead the loop up, crossing the bottom line of the working line.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and .

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, left, up, deviating to the right.

capital letter D consists of three elements: an elongated inclined stick, a recumbent loop and a large right semi-oval.

We begin to write an elongated slanted line from the middle of the interline line. At the bottom left we write a small loop. Touching the bottom line of the working line, rounding up, we write the right large semi-oval.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three .

Top down, left, right, up, left, down .

Lowercase letter e is a loop.

We start writing from the middle of the working line. We write to the right, rounding to the left near the top line of the working line and leading in a semi-oval down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-time-and .

Bottom up, deviating to the right; left, down, right.

capital letter E consists of two left half-ovals.

From the middle of the interline line, we write the upper smaller semi-oval, ending above the top line of the working line. Without rounding up, with an uninterrupted movement to the left and down, we write a large lower semi-oval, touching the bottom line of the working line.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and .

Right to left, down, deviating to the right; left, down, right .

Lowercase letter yo e, just put two dots above the letter.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-three .

Bottom up, deviating to the right; left, down, right . We put two dots above the letter.

capital letter Yo spelled the same as a capital letterE,just put two dots above the letter.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-three-four .

Right to left, down, deviating to the right; left, down, right. We put two dots above the letter.

Lowercase letter and consists of three elements. Two elements - left and right semi-ovals. The third element is made up of threeshort straight sticks.

We begin to write below the top line of the working line. Rounding to the right, we write the left semi-oval. Round the bottom line of the working line to the left. Without taking your hands off, we return to what was written and draw the connecting stroke up. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down, write a connecting stroke and a right half-oval.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and-three-and .

Left right down, left; to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, up, deviating to the right; up right; left, down, right.

capital letter AND consistsfrom the same three elements.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line, round to the right, write a semi-oval. Round the bottom line of the working line to the left. Without taking your hands off, we return to what was written and draw a connecting stroke up to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down, write a connecting stroke and a right half-oval.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and-three-and .

Left to right, down, left; to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, up, deviating to the right, to the right; left, down, right.

Lowercase letter h in its composition it has a right semi-oval and a lowerloop.

We begin to write below the top line of the working line. We lead with a large slope for rounding at the top line of the working line, rounding we lead to the left and, not bringing it to the bottom line of the working line, we write a rounded loop that extends beyond the bottom line of the working line.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and .

Left to right, down, deviating to the left; right, down, left, up, deviating to the right.

capital letter W consists of two right half-ovals.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. Rounding to the right, we write the upper semi-oval. Without reaching the top line of the working line, we start far to the left and begin to write the lower semi-oval,more than the top.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and.

Left to right, down, deviating to the left; right, down, left.

Lowercase letter and consists of two straight sticks with closurecoals below.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

capital letter And

We write the first element from the middle of the interline line. We lead, rounding, from left to right up. We write an oblique straight line down to the bottom line, round to the right and lead an oblique straight line up to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-three.

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

Lowercase letter th consists of three elements: two inclined sticks, rounded at the bottom, and a short curved line.

Lowercase letterth spelled the same as a lowercase letterand, only above the letter we write the third element - a short curved line moving to the right.

Written to the beat: one-and-two-and-three.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, right.

capital letter Y also has three elements.Spelled the same way as a capital letterAnd , only the third element is written above the letter, as in lowercaseth.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-three-and.

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, right.

Lowercase letter to consists of three elements: a straight line and two curves.

From the top line of the working line, we write an inclined straight line down. Without taking your hands off, we lead up the written line, reaching the middle of the line, smoothly round to the right, bring it to the top line of the working line, slightly round it. Without taking your hands off, we return according to what was written, we lower the repetition line below the middle of the line. We write a rounding to the right and lower the straight line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

From top to bottom, up, up, deviating to the right, to the right; left, down, deviating to the left; right, down, right.

capital letter To consists of four elements: a sharp element, an elongated straight line with a left loop and two curvess.

We begin to write from the middle of the interline line a short straight line to the right up. Without taking your hands off, we lead an elongated straight line down, round it up at the bottom line of the working line and write a narrow loop, crossing the elongated straight line above the top line of the working line. We lead upwards to the right, finish with a slight rounding and, without taking our hands off, we return as written, write a rounding to the right and lower the straight line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and-and-three-and.

Bottom up, deviating to the right; down, left, up, deviating to the right, to the right; left, down, deviating to the left; right, down, right.

As part oflower case l the front smooth element and the inclined stick with a rounding at the bottom stand out.

We begin to write above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down to the bottom line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

capital letter L similar to stringlcomposition of elements and writing.

We begin to write above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

Left to right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

Lowercase letter m consists of three elements: front smooth and two inclined sticks with roundings at the bottom.

We begin to write, like a lowercase l, above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down to the bottom line of the working line and up to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead down to the bottom line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

Partcapital letter M includes the same elements that make up a lowercase letterm,only larger.

We begin to write a capital letter, as well as a lowercase letter. We write above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we draw an inclined line down to the bottom line of the working line and up to the middle of the interline line. Without taking your hands off, we lead down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

Left to right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

Lowercase letter n consists of three elements: a straight inclined stick, a horizontal stick and an inclined stick with a rounded bottom.

We write down an inclined straight line from the top line of the working line. We return to the written up to the middle. We draw a smooth line to the right, bending down to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

Top down, up, right, up; down, right.

capital letter H consists of a sharp element, an elongated inclined stick with a loop at the bottom to the left and an elongated inclined stick with a loop at the top and rounding.

We begin to write a short straight line from the middle of the interline line. Without taking your hands off, we lead an elongated straight line down, round it up at the bottom line and write a narrow loop, crossing an elongated straight line above the top line of the working line. We draw a smooth line to the right, continue up to the middle of the line between the lines, round to the left and smoothly lower the elongated sloping down, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and.

Bottom up, deviating to the right; down, left, up, deviating to the right; up, left, down, right.

Lowercase letter about - one element - an oval.

We begin to write below the top line of the working line. Rounding to the left, touching the top line, we continue to round to the left down to the bottom line of the working line and lead to the beginning of writing the letter.

Written to the beat:and-time-and.

capital letter O - one element - an oval.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. Rounding to the left, we lead down to the bottom line of the working line, round to the right and lead to the beginning of writing the letter.

Written to the beat:and-time-and.

Right to left, down, right, up.

Lowercase letter P consists of two elements: the first is a straight stick, the second is a straight line with roundings at the top and bottom.

We begin to write an inclined straight line down from the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead up according to what is written. From the middle up, smoothly rounding to the right, we write an inclined straight line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

Top down, up; up, deviating to the right; right, down, right.

capital letter P in its composition has three straight lines with roundings.

We write an oblique straight line down from the middle of the interline line, rounding to the left. We write an oblique straight line down from the middle of the interline, rounding to the right. The third element covers the first and second. We write from the middle of the interline, rounding to the left, up and leading along the interline.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-and-three.

Top down, left; top to bottom, right; up, right.

Lowercase letter R it contains two elements. The first is an inclined elongated stick, the second is an inclined stick, rounded at the top and bottom.

We begin to write from the top line of the working line an elongated oblique straight down to the middle of the interline line. We return along what was written to the middle of the working line, deviating to the right to the top line of the working line, write a rounding to the right and lead an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

Top down; up, up, deviating right, right, down, right.

capital letter R has two elements. The first is an elongated inclined stick with a roundleniya bottom left, the second - the upper semi-oval.

We write an oblique straight line down from the middle of the interline line, rounding to the left. From the middle of the interline, round up to the right and continue the straight line along the interline, rounding into the right semi-oval.

Written to the beat:one-and-and-two-and.

Right to left, down, left; down, up, right, down.

Lowercase letter With - left semioval.

We begin to write below the top line of the working line. Rounding up and to the left, we lead down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-time-and.

Right to left, down, right.

The formcapital letter FROM similar to the lowercase form. This is the left semioval.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. Rounding up and to the left, we lead down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-time-and.

Right to left, down, right.

Lowercase letter t consists of three elements. The first is a straight inclined stick. The second is straight, rounded at the top. The third element is a straight line, rounded at the top and bottom.

We begin to write an inclined straight line down from the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead up according to what is written. From the middle up, smoothly rounding to the right, we write an inclined straight line. Without taking your hands off, we lead up according to what is written. From the middle up, smoothly rounding to the right, we write an inclined straight line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

Top down, up; up, deviating to the right, down; up, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

capital letter T consists of four elements. One of them is a straight line, three are straight lines with roundings.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. We lead down the inclined straight line tobottomlines of the working line, rounding to the left. We write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line. We lead an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right. The fourth element covers the previous three. We write from the middle of the interline line, rounding to the left, upand lead along the line.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-three-and-and-four.

Top down, left; top down; top to bottom right; from left to right.

Lowercase letter at has two elements: an inclined stick with a rounding at the bottom and a lower loop.

We begin to write from the top line of the working line down. We lead an inclined straight line, rounding to the right at the bottom line of the working line and continue up to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead down an elongated straight line to the middle of the line between the lines. Rounding to the left, we write a loop, crossing the bottom line of the working line.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, left, up, deviating to the right.

capital letter At consists of two elements: straight lines with roundings. We start writing from the middle of the interline line. touching oblique straight line to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the left.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and.

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, left.

Lowercase letter f - This is an elongated inclined stick with two ovals.

We start to write an oval, like a small lettera . Without taking your hands off, we draw down an elongated inclined line to the middle of the line between the lines.We return according to what is written,write the right oval, touching the second element.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-three-and.

Right to left, down; up, down, up; left to right, down, left.

capital letter F consists of three elements: two ovals and an elongated inclined stick with a rounding at the bottom to the left.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line. We write the left oval, touching the top line of the working line. Rounding to the right, we write the right oval, touching the left oval. Without taking your hands off, we lead straight up to the middle of the line between the lines. We return according to what was written, we write an inclined straight line down, rounding to the left.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-and-three-and.

Lowercase letter X has two halvesla: left and right.

We begin to write a letter from the left semi-oval. Below the top line of the working line, rounding to the right, we write the left semi-oval. leaning to the right write,right semi-oval, touching the left semi-oval.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and.

capital letter X andhas two semi-ovals: left and right.

From the middle of the interline line, rounding to the right, we write the left semi-oval.Without taking your hands off, we return according to what was written. Oleaning to the rightwe write the right semi-oval, touching the left semi-oval.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-and-two-and.

Left to right, down, left; right, up, right; left, down, right.

Lowercase letter c consists of three elements. The first two are slanted sticks with roundings at the bottom, the third is a small loop.

We write from the top line of the working line oblique down. Near the bottom line of the working line, we round off to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down, rounding it to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, right; down, left, up, deviating to the right.

Title new letter C write from the middle of the interline line. We lead, rounding, from left to right up. We write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, round to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.We lead down a straight line, rounding to the left, we cross the bottom line of the working line with a loop.consists of two elements: a curly line and an inclined stick, rounded at the bottom.

Below the top line of the working line, we write an inclined line upwards. Moving to the right, we write a curved line. Without taking your hands off, we write down an inclined straight line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-and-time-and.

Bottom up, deviating to the right; right, down, right.

capital letter H has two elements. One of them is an inclined stick with roundings at the top and bottom, the second is an elongated straight line, rounded at the bottom.

We start writing from the middle of the interline line.We lead, rounding, from left to right up. We write an inclined straight line down,touchingthe top line of the working line. Rounding to the right, we lead up to the middle of the line between the lines.We return according to what was written, we write consists of three elements. These are three inclined sticks, rounded at the bottom.

Pgoes to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

capital letter W consists of four elements.

We write the first element from the middle of the interline line. We lead, rounding, from left to right up. We write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, round to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line. We lead an inclined straight line up to the middle of the interline line. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-three-and.

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right.

Lowercase letter sch similar in shapeon a small w, only has a small loop.

We write from the top line of the working line oblique down. Near the bottom line of the working line, we round off to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down. Near the bottom line of the working line, we round off to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right.We lead down a straight line, rounding to the left, we cross the bottom line of the working line with a loop.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and-four-and.

From top to bottom, to the right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right; down, left, up, deviating to the right.

capital letter SCH write from the middle of the interline line. We lead, rounding, from left to right up. We write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, round to the right and lead an inclined straight line up to the middle of the line between the lines. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line. We lead an inclined straight line up to the middle of the interline line. Without taking your hands off, we write an inclined straight line down to the bottom line of the working line, rounding to the right.We lead down a straight line, rounding to the left, we cross the bottom line of the working line with a loop.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two-and-three-and-four-and.

Left to right, down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right, up, deviating to the right; down, right; down, left, up, deviating to the right.

solid sign b consists of two elements: a curly line and the letter ь.

Below the top line of the working line, we write an inclined line upwards. Moving to the right, we write a curved line. We lead an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right. We rise up and closer to the middle of the working line we round to the left.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two.

Bottom up, deviating to the right; right, down, right, up, left, down.

Letter s consists of three elements: sloping with rounding, short sloping stick and sloping stick with rounding at the bottom.

We start writing from the top line of the working line. We lead an inclined straight line down, at the bottom line we round to the right, we rise up and closer to the middle of the working line we round to the left, without touching the written part. Without taking your hands off, we lead up to the top line of the working line, write an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right. We start writing from the top line of the working line. We lead an inclined straight line down, rounding to the right. We rise up and closer to the middle of the working line we round to the left.

We begin to write a letter from a semi-oval. Below the top line of the working line, rounding to the right, we write a semi-oval. The second element is drawn to the middle of the first, from left to right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two.

capital letter E We start writing from the middle of the interline line. We write up, rounding to the right, semi-oval. On the top line of the working line to the middle of the first element, we write a horizontal short straight line moving from left to right.

Written to the beat:and-one-and-two.

Left to right, down, left; to the right.

Lowercase letter Yu consists of three elements: two straight lines and an oval.

We write down an inclined straight line from the top line of the working line. We return to the written up to the middle. We draw a smooth line to the right, arching down. We write an oval.

Pgoes to the beat:one-and-and-two-and.

Top down, up, right; down, right, up, left, down.

capital letter YU consists of four elements.

We start writing a short straight line from the middle of the line. Without taking your hands off, we lead an elongated straight line down, round it up at the bottom line and write a narrow loop that crosses the elongated straight line above the top line of the working line. We draw a smooth line to the right, down and write an oval. consists of three elements: a smooth front oval and two inclined sticks with a rounded bottom.

We begin to write above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right. Not bringing to the top line of the working line, rounding to the left, we write a small oval. Without taking your hands off, we lead to the top line of the working line and lower the inclined straight line down, rounding to the right.

Pgoes to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

capital letter I n We begin to write above the bottom line of the working line. We round off, touching the bottom line of the working line, draw the line up, tilting it to the right. Without bringing to the middle of the interline line, rounding to the left, we write a small oval, touching the top line of the working line. Without taking your hands off, we lead to the middle of the line between the lines and lower the inclined straight line down, rounding to the right.

Written to the beat:one-and-two-and-three-and.

Left to right, up, left, down, right, up; down, right.

Russian letters differ from each other not only in style and sound designation, but also in size. Correct spelling follows certain rules. Uppercase and lowercase letters - what every schoolchild knows, especially an elementary school student. But the knowledge gained at school is forgotten very quickly, and adults are unlikely to remember the definitions of these terms.

Uppercase and lowercase letters are two types of graphic icons in writing. Interestingly, the division into such varieties is not in all languages. They are present in Cyrillic, and also in the Greek alphabet, Latin, Armenian. The situation in Georgia is unusual. There are no capital icons (with a specific meaning of use), but certain sections of the text (for example, titles, headings) are typed in large icons. They have small inscriptions, but differ from them in size. In other writing systems, the division into uppercase and lowercase letters does not exist.

For the first acquaintance with them, it is enough to learn a brief information:

• capital - the one that is larger;
• lowercase - one that is smaller in size.

And in order for the information to be remembered better, linger in the head for a long time and not turn into confusion, you need to study the issue deeper, delving into the details.

uppercase

This is a capital, large, beautiful, initial. The letter sign is increased in size compared to the rest. Most often, it is the only one in the line, it is with it that the sentence begins. In elementary school, children with great diligence learn to draw the first alphabetic character - because it should turn out beautiful.

The first official use of capital letters is seen in the 15th century. However, further research showed that people tried to beautifully arrange the initial characters of the name, surname, sentence long before the beginning of the 15th century. Such graphic icons, decorated with ornaments and curlicues, were called drop caps.

Capital letters inThe text is written only in those cases that are confirmed by spelling rules. The most common of them, which are most often encountered in practice, will be indicated below.

Another definition of "capital" is found in elementary school at the stage of teaching writing. It is less common, therefore it does not appear in dictionaries. It is used only to distinguish between the type of writing, the antonym for the word "capital" is "printed". When a teacher asks to write a word, a sentence, a text in cursive, he means lowercase and uppercase letters. And their choice should take place on the basis of the studied rules.

Lowercase

This is a small letter. In a sentence and text, it is much more common than graphic icons of the previous type. This is explained by the fact that small letters are used several times more often in writing - these are the rules of Russian spelling.

All letters that do not fall under the rules for writing capitals are lined up in one line and have the same height, therefore they are called lowercase.

Note! The stress in the term "lowercase" falls not on the first, but on the last syllable, no matter how much one would like to associate its pronunciation with the pronunciation of the word "line".

Useful videos: how to write uppercase small letters?

Main differences

Uppercase and lowercase letters have a number of differences from each other.

They are as follows:

• The size. The capital letter is about 2 times larger than the small one. This is clearly visible when using a notebook sheet in a wide line: a large letter occupies the entire height of the line, and a small letter fits in half of it.
• Writing. The capital letter has much more details and features of the style, which first-grade students are diligently trying to learn. It is much more complicated than small in outline.
• Frequency of use. The capital letter is found in the text much less often than the small one, because its choice must be justified by certain rules.

Having learned for himself the difference between uppercase and small graphic icons, a person stops confusing these two terms with each other.

Examples

An illustrative example of how the styles of both categories look like.

When comparing the graphic icons next to each other, it immediately becomes clear which of them are CAPITAL and which are lowercase.

Capitalization spelling

In Russian, the use of two types of inscription is subject to the rules of the corresponding section of orthography. According to them, the new sentence begins with a capital character, which seems to lead the army of small, ordinary icons. It shows that the previous thought has ended and another has begun, or simply denotes the beginning of a thought. Direct speech, quotations, each new line of the poem begins with the title.

But there are other, more complex rules that explain the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters:

1. Names, surnames, patronymics of people and adjectives based on them. For example: Andrey Igorevich Yablochkin, Petkin's car.
2. Names of animals and adjectives made from them. For example: Tuzik, Murka, Kesha, Fluff, Tuzikov collar.
3. Geographical objects, places, names (continents, cardinal points, countries, cities, villages, villages, territories, republics, islands, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes). For example: the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Atlantic Ocean, the city of Moscow, the mainland Africa, the village of Yantarny, the Republic of Adygea.
4. Names of firms, companies, shops, enterprises. For example: the Rostvertol plant, the Pyaterochka store, the Belvest shoe company.
5. Names of great historical events, the most important documents (First World War, Petrine era).
6. Names of publications, works of art, dishes (Murzilka magazine, Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper, Moonlight Sonata, painting Barge haulers on the Volga, Caesar salad).
7. Names of ministries, important state organizations (Ministry of Education, City Duma).
8. High positions of great national importance (President, Queen).
9. The first word of the names of holidays and important events (Birthday, Christmas, Easter, Victory Day).
10. The pronoun "you" when special respect is required.
11. Abbreviations - consist entirely of capital icons (KPRF, MLM, SFU).

In all other cases, when the word is not included in the category of proper names, but is a common noun, lowercase are writtenstyles.

Possible difficulties in choosing an option

In Russian, most of the rules are ambiguous and have additional explanations or exceptions.

Important! When the choice of letter size (capital / small) is required to fill out important documents or perform serious tasks, work, it is better to check yourself in dictionaries and reference books.

Possible difficulties in choosing the size of a graphic icon:

1. Proper names of mythical, historical, literary heroes, which began to be used in a generalized, figurative sense, to denote a certain character or way of life of people. The rules for writing such words are ambiguous: some are written with a capital letter (Oblomov, Napoleon, Hamlet), others with a lowercase letter (Donquixote, Judas, Hercules, which have become common nouns). A variant of their use is given in the dictionary.
2. The names of geographical objects and important historical events, used in a generalized (figurative) sense, have the same distinctions and their own spelling features: Sodom (debauchery), Olympus (top), Kamchatka (last places) and Chernobyl, Mecca, Hiroshima.
3. The names of devices, techniques, units of measurement, obtained by the names of their inventors, are written with a lowercase letter. For example: X-ray, volt, pascal and so on.
4. and terms where one of the words is a proper name, as well as adjectives composed of them, do not have a large icon (Achilles' heel, Demyan's ear, x-rays).
5. Adjectives that were composed by the last name and first name of a person using the suffixes -sk, -ovsk, -insk - are written with a lowercase letter (Dalevsky dictionary, Prishvin prose).

Useful video: lowercase Russian letters

Conclusion

In fact, delving into the material taught in the classroom at an educational institution, the pupil and student master the spelling of graphic signs well, understand the differences and features of their use, which means that they do not have serious difficulties in observing this norm.

The main thing is to remember the definitions, to understand some of the difficulties for yourself. And in case of difficulty, do not forget about the possibility of referring to the dictionary.

In contact with

A person's handwriting is formed in childhood, in the first grade, and this time should not be missed, since it will be much more difficult to retrain a child. And teachers, as a rule, pay attention to the formation of handwriting only in the first grade, and even then not properly. The first assistant to the child in the formation of handwriting is copywriting. Already in kindergarten your kid got acquainted with these notebooks when he wrote hooks and curls, and, I hope, now the prescriptions no longer scare him. You can switch to writing in capital letters.

But it’s worth starting to write in capitals no earlier than in grade 1, only after getting to know the letter. The teacher will show how to write correctly, and prescriptions will help to consolidate the skill. Recipes are also suitable for correcting handwriting.

In addition, they will serve as a good help to caring parents in teaching a child in the summer. In the summer it is very important to study in copybooks, because the skills, especially in primary school, are greatly lost in children over the summer and it will be difficult to start studying again in the fall without daily summer training.

But not all prescriptions are equally useful. When buying copybook, pay attention to the spelling of the letters, whether they are depicted correctly.

You can download and print copybooks from this page of our site, we have already made sure that the letters in them are written correctly, and the arrows indicate in what order to write the elements of the letters.

To view the full version of the copybook, click on its thumbnail image.

Uppercase spellings